Sport anatomy

1. DEFINITION OF BASIC CONCEPTS
BIOMECHANICS, HUMAN KINETICS,
KINESIOLOGY AND PHYSIOTHERAPY,
PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS AND IT’S
APPLICATION IN NORMAL BODY
FUNCTIONING.
Course title: Sports Anatomy and Biomechanics.
Course code: ANA 410
Department of Human Anatomy,
SHHT, FUTA.

2. NAMES
ALAO OLUWATOYOSI ANA/16/8819
ADEJOLA ESTHER ANA/16/8795
ADEYELE DAVID ANA/16/8806
KADIRI GRACE ANA/16/8841
OLOGUN GOODNESS ANA/16/8854
SUNDAY CHIBUIKE ANA/16/8879

3. BASIC CONCEPTS MECHANICS
 Mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the motion
of objects and the forces that cause that motion.
 The major areas relevant to biomechanics are:
 Rigid-body mechanics
 Deformable-body mechanics
 Fluid mechanics

4.  Deformable-body mechanics studies how forces are
distributed within a material, and can be focused at
many levels (cellular to tissues/organs/ system) to
examine how forces stimulate growth or cause
damage.
 Deformable-body mechanics is used to study how
biological materials respond to external forces that
are applied to them.

5.  Fluid mechanics is concerned with the forces in fluids
(liquids and gasses).
 A biomechanist would use fluid mechanics to study heart
valves, swimming, or adapting sports equipment to
minimize air resistance.

6.  In rigid-body mechanics, the object being analyzed is
assumed to be rigid and the deformations in its shape so
small they can be ignored.
 This assumption almost never happens in any material, but it
is reasonable for most biomechanical studies of major
segments of the body.
 Most sports biomechanics studies are based on rigid-body
models of the skeletal system.

7.  Rigid-body mechanics is
divided into statics and
dynamics.
 Statics is the study of
object at rest or uniform
(constant) motion.
 Dynamics is the study of
objects being accelerated
by the action of forces.
Have two branches;
 Kinematics
 Kinetics

8.  Kinematics is motion description. In kinematics the motions
of objects are usually measured in linear (meters, feet, etc.) or
angular (radians, degrees, etc.) terms.
 Examples of the kinematics of running could be the speed of
the athlete, the length of the stride, or the angular velocity of
hip extension.
 Kinetics is concerned with determining the causes of motion.
 Examples of kinetic variables in running are the forces
between the feet and the ground or the forces of air
resistance.
 Kinetic information is often more powerful in improving human
motion because the causes of poor performance have been
identified.

9. KINESIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOTHERAPY
 Kinesiology, derived from the Greek
word for movement, 'kinesis', is the
study of the mechanics of bodily
movements.
 Kinesiology is the scientific study of
human or non-human body
movement. Kinesiology addresses
physiological, biomechanical, and
psychological dynamic principles and
mechanisms of movement.
Applications of kinesiology to human
health (i.e., human kinesiology)
include biomechanics and orthopedics
; strength and conditioning; sport
psychology; motor control; skill
acquisition and motor learning;
methods of rehabilitation, such as
physical and occupational therapy;
and sport and exercise physiology.

10. PHYSIOTHERAPY
 Physiotherapy is the treatment of
injury, disease and disorders
through physical methods such as
exercise, massage, manipulation
and other treatments over
medication and surgery.
 A physiotherapist's purpose is to
improve a person's quality of life by
using a variety of treatments to
alleviate pain and restore function
or, in the case of permanent injury
or disease, to lessen the effects of
any dysfunction.

11. PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS
 Nine principles of biomechanics have been proposed.
 The principles can be organized into ones dealing primarily
with the creation of movement (process) and ones dealing
with the outcome of various projectiles (product).
Movement Principles Projectile principles
Force-Motion Optimal projection
Force-Time Spin
Inertia
Range of Motion
Balance
Coordination Continuum
Segmental Interaction

12.  It says that unbalanced forces
are acting on our bodies or
objects when we either create or
modify movement.
 In quiet standing the force of
gravity is balanced by ground
reaction forces under our feet, so
to move from this position a
person creates larger horizontal
and vertical forces with their
legs.
Force-Motion Principle
A free body diagram of a person quietly
standing

13.  An important thing to notice in this principle is the sequence
of events. Forces must act first, before changes in motion
can occur
 Example ---
 Suppose a person is running on a sidewalk and a small
child darts directly in the runner's path to grab a bouncing
ball. In order to avoid the child, the runner must change the
state of motion.
 Force–Motion principle tells us that the runner's sideward
movement (a change in direction and speed) had to be
created by large forces applied by the leg to the ground.
 The force applied by the leg comes first and the sideward
motion to avoid the collision was the result.

14.  Substantial changes in motion do not instantly occur but are
created over time.
 It is not only the amount of force that can increase the motion
of an object; the amount of time over which force can be
applied also affects the resulting motion.
 Examples ---
 A person using a longer approach in bowling has more time to
apply forces to increase ball speed.
 Increasing the time to apply force is also an important
technique in slowing down objects (catching)
Force-Time Principle

15.  Inertia can be defined as the property of all objects to
resist changes in their state of motion.
 Though inertia can be viewed as a resistance to motion
in the traditional sense, this property can also be used to
an advantage when modifying motion or transferring
energy from one body segment to another.
Inertia

16.  This is the overall motion used in a movement and can be
specified by linear or angular motion of the body segments.
 The purpose of some movements might require that some
body segments limit range of motion, while others requiring
maximum speed or force might require larger ranges of
motion.
 Since moving through a range of motion takes time, this
principle is related to the force–time principle
Range of Motion

17.  A baseball pitcher varies
range of motion of
different body segments
to improve acceleration of
the ball

18.  This is a person's ability to control their body position
relative to some base of support.
 Stability and mobility of body postures are inversely
related, that is the more stable the less mobile
 In fact some joints of the body
sacrifice mobility for stability and
vice-versa???
Balance
 Example ---
 Athletes in the starting
blocks for sprints choose
body postures with less
stability in favor of
increased mobility in the
direction of the race.

19.  The principle says that determining the optimal timing of
muscle actions or segmental motions depends on the goal of
the movement.
 If high forces are the goal of the movement, joints rotations
are usually observed, while low-force and high-speed
movements tend to have more sequential muscle and joint
actions.
Coordination Continuum

20.  The principle says that the forces acting in a system of
linked rigid bodies can be transferred through the links
and joints.
 There are several terms used in describing this
principle, hence it is confusing. Additionally, it’s not
particularly useful in analyzing movement in
biomechanics
Segmental Interaction

21.  The principle says that for most human movements
involving projectiles there is an optimal range of projection
angles for a specific goal.
 Biomechanical research shows that optimal angles of
projection provide the right compromise between vertical
velocity (determines time of flight) and horizontal velocity
(determines range given the time of flight) within the
typical conditions encountered in many sports.
 Example– The more vertical throw of a basketball player
as against the more horizontal throw of the baseball
pitcher
Optimal Projection

22.  The last principle involves the Spin or rotations
imparted to projectiles, and particularly sport balls.
 Spin is desirable on thrown and struck balls because
it stabilizes flight and creates a fluid force called lift.
 This lift force is used to create a curve or to counter
gravity, which affects the trajectory and bounce of the
ball.
Spin

23.  Examples—
 A volleyball player striking above
the center of the ball to impart
topspin to the ball when
performing a jump serve.
o The topspin creates a
downward lift force, making
the ball dive steeply and
making it difficult for the
opponent to pass.
 The spin put on a pass in
American football stabilizes the
orientation of the ball, which
ensures efficient flight

24. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS TO
NORMAL BODY FUNCTIONING
 Human beings are able to produce a variety of
postures and movements giving them the ability to
move from one place to another, i.e. the locomotive
function. This is made possible by our
musculoskeletal system that supports body loads
and movement of body segments. This function is
embedded in the principles of human
biomechanics. (Levangie P., 2005)

25. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
 Prosthetics /Orthotics:
The use of prostheses is one
of the most important
rehabilitation programs for
those who lose their limbs. A
high-quality lower-limb
prosthesis can restore the
locomotive function of the lost
limb, and can boost
functional status, physical
appearance, as well as
general health. However, it is
not uncommon that residual
limb pain, gait deviation and
prosthetic structural failure
occur when using a lower-
limb prosthesis. (Murdoch G.,
1990)

26. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
 Exercise and Sport :
Biomechanics in sport
incorporates a detailed analysis
of sport movements in order to
minimise the risk of injury and
improve sports performance.
Sport and exercise biomechanics
encompasses the area of
science concerned with the
analysis of the mechanics of
human movement. It refers to the
description, detailed analysis and
assessment of human movement
during sport activities. Mechanics
is a branch of physics that is
concerned with the description of
motion/movement and how
forces create motion/movement.
(Brukner P., 2012)

27. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
 Gait & Locomotion:
The deformities may greatly
increase energy consumption
and thus limit function. Under
normal conditions, however,
energy consumption is optimal.
Correction of biomechanics
towards normality improves
energy consumption. For this
reason, correction of deformities
aims at normality. As, in principle,
normal function rather than
normal anatomy is the goal,
biomechanics and muscle
function need to be understood
in normal and pathological
situations. (Ganjwala D., 2011)

28. APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS
(CONTD)
 Orthopedics/Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation biomechanics is a field
of study that addresses the impact of
disability and the effectiveness of
rehabilitation therapies and
interventions on human performance.
Engineering and physics principles
are applied to evaluate and analyze
body movement and manipulation.
(Koontz A., 2006)
 Equipment Design:
use of biomechanical analysis in the
design of implantable artificial
prostheses, such as artificial hearts
and small-diameter blood vessels; in
the engineering of living tissues, such
as heart valves and inter-vertebral
discs (Aruin A., 2013)

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