Analytical Profile of Coleus Forskohlii | Forskolin .pdf
Esophageal abnormalities visualized on barium swallow studies
1.
2. •More commonly occur in the cervical oesophagus near cricopharyngeus muscle than in the
thoracic oesophagus. They
•typically arise from the anterior wall and never from the posterior wall; they can also be
circumferential.
• Associations
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
• GvHD
• GORD/GERD (especially a distal oesophagus web)
• external beam radiation.
• Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into
the lumen.
oesophageal web
3. • More commonly occur in the cervical esophagus near
cricopharyngeus muscle than in the thoracic esophagus. They
typically arise from the anterior wall and never from the posterior
wall; they can also be circumferential 4. Occasionally, multiple webs
are visualized during maximal distension.
• Associations
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
• graft-versus-host disease
• gastro-esophageal reflux disease (especially a distal esophagus web) 7
• external beam radiation
4. Multiple smooth tapered concentric narrowing of the cervical esophagus in keeping with esophageal webs.
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome
with jet effect
5. • To detect the level of obstruction in case of radiolucent foreign body in esophagus,marsh mellow coated
with barium is swallowed
• Passage of marsh mellow will be
hindered
• at the level of obstruction
• Barium swallow shows irregular areas
of narrowing and dilatation ----“Shish
kebab”
Foreign Body Impaction
6. Diffuse oesophageal spasm
• “corkscrew” “rosary bead" esophagus The esophageal muscle is hypertrophied, but histologically normal
7.
8. CA ESOPHAGUS
• Preferably high viscosity with normal density barium is used.
• Classical finding in carcinoma-rat tail appearance
9. ACHALASIA CARDIA
• Barium swallow showing dilatation of the esophageal body
• With short segment stricture.
• A “bird- peak " like tapering of the esophagus at the GE junction.
• Achalasia (primary achalasia) is a failure of organized esophageal peristalsis causing impaired relaxation of
the lower esophageal sphincter, and resulting in food stasis and often marked dilatation of the esophagus.
• Obstruction of the distal esophagus from other non-functional etiologies, notably malignancy, may have a
similar presentation and has been termed "secondary achalasia" or "pseudoachalasia".
• The lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax, either partially or completely, with elevated pressures
demonstrated manometrically 4. This appears to be due to loss/destruction of neurons in
the Auerbach/myenteric plexus. Early in the course of achalasia, the lower esophageal sphincter tone may
be normal or changes may be subtle.
• Peristalsis in the distal smooth muscle segment of the esophagus is eventually lost due to a combination of
damage to the Auerbach plexus and vagus nerve (possibly partly due to damage at the dorsal motor nucleus
of the vagus nerve).
10.
11.
12. HIATUS HERNIA
• High abdominal pressure is required to demonstrate.
• Pt has to strain.
• Lie down,straighten legs & then raise them up.
• Manual compression of abdomen.
• Pt stands upright,ask him to bend downward with leg straight.
• Stomach should be distended to demonstrate HH.
• Barium meal in Trendlenberg position. Displacement of the cardio-esophageal junction above the
esophageal hiatus . Part of the stomach is present in the chest
• Reflux of barium into the esophagus
16. ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
• Varices are best demonstrated in mucosal relief study after using Buscopan/ valsalva maneuver.
• Mild dilatation of the esophagus with multiple persistent filling defects in the lower third of the
esophagus and/or longitudinal furrows.
20. Air-contrast esophagram shows thick esophageal mucosal
folds (arrows) and an ulcer (arrowhead) due to GERD.
Single contrast esophagram shows stricture (arrow) and
sliding hiatus hernia
21. Gastro esophageal reflux
• SIPHON TEST
• Fill the stomach with 50% barium(150-200ml)
• Follow this 1-2 mouthful of water to remove traces of barium in esophagus
• Pt in supine with left side raised 15% up
• Keep one mouthful of water in pt mouth
• Ask pt to swallow water-a jet of barium will shoot into water column as it enter GO junction
• Alternatively with full stomach,ask pt to roll side to side • Reflux will be seen
• The water siphon test may be performed as part of a barium swallow to assess for gastro-esophageal
reflux. It is performed in the supine RPO position with the patient drinking water continuously. The test is
said to be positive if there is visible barium reflux in the esophagus, and is more sensitive for gastro-
esophageal reflux than observation spontaneous reflux
22. Oesophageal reflux
• reflux oesophagitis with a deep ulcer (straight arrow). There is also asymmetric
narrowing of the distal esophagus with the distal esophagus with a relatively abrupt
cutoff (curved arrow) at the proximal border of the narrowed segment
23. INFECTIOUS ESOPHAGITIS
•Increasingly common because of the use of steroid and cytotoxic drugs, disseminated
malignancy,
•and increasing incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• CANDIDA ESOPHAGITIS
24. CANDIDA ESOPHAGITIS
• Radiographic findings include
1. Abnormql esophageal motility ( dilated, atonic esophagus ) is often an early stage
2. Irregular, nodular, plaque-like mucosal pattern ( arrow), irregular folds(arrowhead) with
marginal serrations ( shaggy appearance )
3. Multiple ulcerations of various sizes
4. Frequently involve the entire thoracic esophagus
28. Candida esophagitis
• Shaggy esophagus associated with Candida infection , image "A" depicts the longitudinally oriented
plaque-like lesions visible in Candida esophagitis , image "B" depicts the granular appearance of
the esophageal mucosa secondary to edema and inflammation
29. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
• Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in a patient with AIDS
• Double contrast esophagram shows a large flat ulcer in profile (large arrows) in the midesophagus
with a cluster of small satellite ulcers (small arrows)
•
31. CORROSIVE ESOPHAGITIS.
• Most severe corrosive injuries are caused by alkalis Barium study is unnecessary during
acute phase.
• Radiographic findings
• Diffuse superficial or deep ulceration involving long portion of the distal esophaguS
1. Abnormal motility
2. Fibrotic healing results in a long esophageal stricture ( arrow) that extends down to the
cardioesophageal junction.
• Note : barium was aspirated into left main bronchus(green arrow)
35. Barrett’s oesophagus
• The reticular mucosa is characteristic of Barrett's columnar metaplasia, especially with the associated web
like (arrow) stricture.
39. KILLIAN JAMIESON DIVERTICULUM
• Killian-Jamieson diverticulum is a pulsion diverticulum, that protrudes through a lateral anatomic
weak site of the cervical esophagus below the cricopharyngeus muscle. AP view shows
diverticulum (arrow) originating laterally.
• Lateral view confirms diverticulum does not originate posteriorly as a Zenkers diverticulum would.
41. THORACIC DIVERTICULUM
•Arises in the distal of the esophagus, just above diaphragm
••Pulsion diverticulum (arrow) that probably related to incoordination of esophageal
peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
42. Feline Oesophagus
• The appearance is almost always associated with active gastro-
esophageal reflux 2,3 and is thought to be due to contraction of the
muscularis mucosae with resultant shortening of the esophagus and
'bunching up' of the mucosa in the lumen 2.
• Feline esophagus also known as esophageal shiver, refers to the
transient transverse bands seen in the mid and lower esophagus on a
double-contrast barium swallow.
• Transient horizontal ridges throughout the esophagus (they disappear
with a subsequent swallow).
• These features are typical of the so-called feline esophagus.
43. Schatzki rings
• A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow esophageal B-
ring occurring in the distal esophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
• The pathogenesis of the Schatzki ring is unclear with conflicting hypotheses that include
redundant pleats of mucosa, congenital abnormalities and modified peptic strictures.
Interestingly, there is a reduced incidence of Barrett esophagus in patients with a Schatzki ring.
• Depending on its luminal diameter, an esophageal B-ring may be symptomatic or asymptomatic 4:
• <13 mm: almost always symptomatic
• 13-20 mm: sometimes symptomatic
• >20 mm: rarely symptomatic
• When it is symptomatic, it is termed a "Schatzki ring" ref.
44.
45.
46. Boerhaave syndrome:
Boerhaave's syndrome is rupture of the esophageal wall. It is
most often caused by excessive vomiting in eating disorders
such as bulimia although it may rarely occur in extremely
forceful coughing or other situations, such as obstruction by
food.
Boerhaave's syndrome is a transmural or full-thickness
perforation of the esophagus, distinct from MalloryWeiss
syndrome, a non-transmural esophageal tear also associated
with vomiting.
These syndromes are distinct from iatrogenic perforation,
which accounts for 85-90% of cases of esophageal rupture,
typically as a complication of an endoscopic procedure,
feeding tube, or unrelated surgery.
47.
48. Mallory-Weiss tear
A Mallory-Weiss tear results from prolonged and forceful
vomiting, coughing or convulsions. Typically the mucous
membrane at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach
develops lacerations which bleed, evident by bright red blood
in vomitus, or bloody stools.
It may occur as a result of excessive alcohol ingestion.
This is an acute condition which usually resolves within 10
days without special treatment.
49.
50. Esophageal hematoma:
These unusual lesions have been associated with increased
esophageal intraluminal pressure, most often vomiting,
instrumentation, and anticoagulation or bleeding disorders.
Some are spontaneous.
Blunt trauma is a rare cause.
Hematomas are self-limited and almost never progress to
perforation.
Most esophageal hematomas resolve in 1-2 weeks with
conservative treatment.
53. Dysphagia lusoria
• The oesophagus may be compressed by a congenitally aberrant right subclavian artery.
• If this is symptomatic a diagnosis of dysphagia lusoria is made
• Here it is seen as oblique tubular extrinsic compression in upper oesophagus.
54.
55. Leiomyomas
Leiomyomas are the most common benign esophageal
neoplasm and are often large yet nonobstructive.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are least common in
the esophagus.
56. A calcified esophageal mass is almost always a leiomyoma.
On the left a patient with a calcified esophageal lesion
(arrows) protrudes into azygoesophageal recess on
radiograph.
62. • A 4 cm segmental narrowing with an irregular margin and shouldering
appearance at the distal half of the esophagus suggests tumoral
infiltration.
• Evidence of prior sternotomy is noted.
63. Gastric cardia cancer invading the distal esophagus
(barium swallow)
• Severe stricture with shouldering appearance is present at the distal
portion of the esophagus and gastric cardia that causes pre-stricture
dilatation and contrast media stasis compatible with esophageal
pseudoachalasia.
69. Cricopharyngeal bar
• Cricopharyngeal bar refers to the radiographic appearance of a
prominent cricopharyngeus muscle contour on barium swallow.
• Causes include 1,2:
• idiopathic (i.e. normal variant)
• cricopharyngeal muscle spasm/achalasia (i.e. failed relaxation)
• cricopharyngeus muscle hypertrophy and/or fibrosis
There is smooth and prominent
impression of the cricopharyngeus
muscle at the level of C5-C6 results
in a stenosis.
71. • ASPIRATION
• Difficulty in swallowing, long history of GERD and recent unintentional loss of weight.
• During the rapid-drinking phase, the patient accidentally aspirated a small amount of barium (without any
elicited cough reflex). Contrast outlines the trachea and right main bronchus and smaller amount reached
bronchioles.
• Barium aspiration is an indication to terminate a study, and we sent the patient to be under close
observation in the hospital for 24 hours.
