Research design and process

1. Dr S S N Raju Indukoori
RESEARCH DESIGN

2. IMPORTANT FACTORS
1. Concepts : Common and Uncommon
2. Definitions : Dictionary and Operational
3. Variables : Independent, Dependent, Moderate,
Intervening, Extraneous.
4. Theory : Systematic interrelation of concepts,
definitions and Propositions
5. Models : Representation, analysis
6. Constructs : Hypothetical and conceptual
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3. WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?
• It is a plan and structure based on research question as a process or
methodology.
• It is a framework for defining and specifying relationships among the
variables.
• Statement of data collection, measurement, analysis and interpretation with
time based activity.
• Allocation of limited resources by showcasing crucial choices in
methodology.
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4. VARIABLES RELATIONSHIPS
1. Co relational – Symmetrical
2. Causal
a. Reciprocal
b. Asymmetrical
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5. 1. CO RELATIONAL- SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIP
• Two variables fluctuate or vary together
• Correlation exists
• Neither of the variables are the reasons or cause
• Example: Low work attendance and active office club participation
• Neither low work attendance nor active office club participation
are the reasons
• Life style preference, excessive stress could be the reasons.
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6. 2. CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
• The essential element of causation is
• A “produces” B
or
• A “forces” B to occur
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7. 2. CAUSAL STUDY RELATIONSHIPS
A. Reciprocal
• Two variables mutually influence or reinforce each other.
• Example: Advertisement and brand usage
• Reading advertisement leads brand usage, Brand usage leads
to read advertisements.
• Price reduction increases the demand, increased demand
makes the price rise.
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8. 2. CAUSAL STUDY RELATIONSHIPS
B. Asymmetrical
• Changes in one variable (IV) is responsible for changes in another
variable (DV).
• IV / DV depends on
• Degree to which each variable may be altered.
• Time order between the variables.
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9. 2. CAUSAL STUDY RELATIONSHIPS
B. Asymmetrical: Example
• Incentives increases productivity
• Good rain fall increases the yield.
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10. 2. CAUSAL STUDY RELATIONSHIPS
B. Asymmetrical
• Stimulus-Response
• Property-Disposition
• Disposition-Behavior
• Property-Behavior
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12. FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH DESIGN
• Clear nature and objective of the problem
• Type of research method
• Efforts in data collection
• Skills of researchers
• Research Budget
• Availability of time
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13. RESEARCH DESIGN CHOICE
Based On Type of Research Methods
Nature of research question Exploratory Vs Explanatory / Formal Study
Method of data collection Monitoring Vs Communication
Research environment Laboratory Vs On field survey
Researcher control of variables Descriptive Vs Analytical / Experimental
Purpose of the study Descriptive Vs Analytical / Experimental
Time dimension One time / Cross Sectional Vs Longitudinal
Participants Perception Actual routine Vs Modified Routine
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14. Successful research in terms of qualitative results, less time and
cost depends on perfect combination of research method and its
design
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