5. EGEE 102-Pisupati 5
World Coal Consumption
• World coal consumption is projected to
increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to
7.6 billion tons in 2020.
• US annual coal consumption is
approximately 1 billion tons
6. EGEE 102-Pisupati 6
Coal Reserves (M metric
tons)
Africa, 67.7
Far East
and
Oceania,
322.2
C & S.
America,
23.7
North
America,
286.6
W. Europe,
99.6
E. Europe
& FSU,
288.3
Middle
East, 0.2
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html
US – 275.5
World -1088.6
10. EGEE 102-Pisupati 10
Calorific Value (Heating
Value)
• Heating or Calorific Value is the amount
of heat released when a unit mass of
fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g)
• Calorific value has implications for
pollution measurements such as SO2
whose emissions are calculated on a lb
per million Btu basis
11. EGEE 102-Pisupati 11
Coal Ranks
• There are 4 general ranks for coals:
• Lignite low rank
• Subbituminous
• Bituminous
• Anthracite High rank
12. EGEE 102-Pisupati 12
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio)
World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 Years
USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves
Annual Use
Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease,
usage is also expected to change
Coal’s Future
15. EGEE 102-Pisupati 15
Petroleum
• Naturally occurring liquid containing a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons
(molecules made of C and H atoms)
• Also contains few compounds
containing N, S, and O atoms
16. EGEE 102-Pisupati 16
Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm- 4%
Oxygen ppm
17. EGEE 102-Pisupati 17
Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)
Middle East,
675.6
Africa, 74.9
Far East and
Oceania, 44
W. Europe,
18.8
S. and
Central
America, 89.5
North
America, 55.1
E Europe &
FSU, 58.9
US – 21.8
World – 1,016
18. EGEE 102-Pisupati 18
Production and Consumption (mn
bbls/day)
BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000
(http://www.bp.com)
• World
• Production – 73
• United States
• Production – 9.2
• Consumption – 18.9
20. EGEE 102-Pisupati 20
One Barrel of Oil (42 US
gallons) produces …
• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons)
• Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2)
• Kerosene (4.1)
• Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)
• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2)
• Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers (2)
• Total Yield: 44.4 gallons
21. EGEE 102-Pisupati 21
How long can we
depend on Petroleum?
• World =
1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day =
13,967 days= 38.1 years
US
= 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day
= 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate
= 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day
= 2,344 days or 6.4 years
23. EGEE 102-Pisupati 23
Natural Gas
WHAT IS IT?
• Principally methane, CH4, with some
ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and
impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2.
CALORIFIC VALUE
• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500
Btu/lb)
24. EGEE 102-Pisupati 24
Natural Gas Types
• WET- contains HCS other than Methane
and ethane
• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly
undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2
formation upon combustion.
25. EGEE 102-Pisupati 25
Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)
Far East and
Oceania, 375.4
Africa, 409.7
C. & S.
America, 227.9
North
America, 261.3
W. Europe,
159.5
E. Europe and
FSU, 1947.6
Middle East,
1836.2
US - 167 T Cu. ft
World - 5210 T cu. ft
26. EGEE 102-Pisupati 26
• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years
• World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years
How long can we
depend on Natural Gas?
27. EGEE 102-Pisupati 27
Utilization-Combustion
Premium Fuel
• Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel
(1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
• No ash in the fuel - no mess
• Easy transportation and no storage
space required
• Better combustion efficiency
• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release
28. EGEE 102-Pisupati 28
Composition Heating Value
Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb
Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb
Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb
All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.
1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft
Gas
Comparison of Fossil
Fuels
29. EGEE 102-Pisupati 29
Cost of Energy/MMBtu
for oil
• Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel
• If the price is $22/barrel
• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu
MMBtu
Barrel
x
Barrel
MMBtu
per
Cost
8
.
5
1
1
22
$
30. EGEE 102-Pisupati 30
Cost of Energy per
MMBtu- Natural gas
• Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu. Ft
• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)
• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft
MMBtu
Btu
x
Btu
ft
Cu
one
x
Ft
Cu
MMBtu
per
Cost
6
10
000
,
1
.
.
1000
44
.
7
$
31. EGEE 102-Pisupati 31
Cost of Energy- $/Million
Btu
• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate
average price is $33.26/ton in PA
• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77
million BTUs/ton
32. EGEE 102-Pisupati 32
US Energy use and
Environmental
Consequences
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
Emissions
Particulate Matter
PM10
PM2.5
NH3
33. EGEE 102-Pisupati 33
US Air Emissions, Mtons
(1999)
Gas Emissions
Carbon Dioxide 1,520
Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NOx 25.4
SO2 18.8
Particulate Matter 23.7
36. EGEE 102-Pisupati 36
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are
precursors to the formation of ground level
ozone and thereby to photochemical smog
• Precursors to the formation of acid rain
• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection and may cause permanent
alterations in the lung.
37. EGEE 102-Pisupati 37
Carbon Monoxide
• Product of incomplete combustion
• Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream
• Particularly dangerous to persons with
heart disease.
38. EGEE 102-Pisupati 38
Sulfur Dioxide
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic
children and adults
• in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in
the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of
existing cardiovascular disease.
• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major
precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a
significant health concern
