We must also take more determined steps to protect the ecosystems that support economic growth and sustain life on earth” Ban-ki-Moon - 2011

1. GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY
CHALLENGES

2. “We must also take more
determined steps to protect
the ecosystems that support
economic growth and
sustain life on earth”
Ban-ki-Moon -2011

3. Introduction
“What legacy will our generation be remembered for? It is
clear that unless the behaviour of this generation changes, there
shall be little left for the futuregenerations. Companies will
continue to lose millions due to unsustainable production
methods. Sustainablle development is now urgently required to
address the developmental challenges affecting society today.
Sustainable development will enable us to achieve socio-
economic development without compromising the prospects of
future generations to meet their needs. Unless we adopt
sustainable development patterns our growth will be short lived.

4. Emergence of Human Impact on the
environment

5. Rise in Global consumption patterns
• Global population which stood at 1.65 billion in 1900 grew to 6 billion
in 2000 and is expected to reach about 9 billion in 2050
• Between the years 1900 and 2000 world Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) at constant prices increased about 19-fold
• During the same period industrial and manufacturing output
increased by more than fifty fold
• Total world consumption of marketed energy is projected to increase
by 44 percent from 2006 to 2030.
5

6. Industrial development and environmental
sustainability
 Industries considered a hub of sustainable economic growth in world
economies, however associated with residuals and environmental issues
 Industry is a major employer of human resources
• Many industries use more materials and energy than their production
processes require, due to continued use of obsolete and inefficient
technologies and methodologies.
• Producers and consumers have adopted patterns of production and
consumption that do not take into consideration the limits of the planet’s
available resources and its assimilative capacity for emissions, a situation
further complicated by continued population growth.
• Climate change is one main consequence, but loss of biodiversity, land
degradation and desertification, air pollution, surface and groundwater
pollution, chemical contamination are also important.
• Current production systems are therefore unsustainable: they do not allow
today’s needs to be met without jeopardizing the ability of future
generations to meet theirs.

7. Resource intensityin emerging
economies
)
Source: (SERI, 2010)

8. Functional limit of economic growth
Impact on nature
Quality
of life
Economic
growth
8
Unsustainable patterns of production and consumption

9. Two planets needed by 2050
1900 2100
2002 2050
If current patterns of production &
consumption are maintained
9

10. The de-couplingchallenge
Use of
nature
Quality
of life
Economic
growth
Changes on
Production
and
Consumption
Changes
on
Production
10

11. 11
Resource use
Human well-being
Economic activity (GDP)
Environmental
impact
Resource decoupling
Impact decoupling
time
Source: International Resource Panel (2011)
Decouplingas policy imperative

12. Decoupling Concept
• The concept of decoupling means
that humanity can continue to meet
increasing wants without straining
the environment and resource
extraction in the process. Industries
have a role to play in the process of
achieving decoupling.

13. What is decoupling?
 Absolute decoupling
 An absolute reduction in total resource use,
even as GDP continues to grow
 Relative decoupling
 A reduction in the resource intensity of the
economy i.e. the rate of increase in
resource use is lower than the rate of
increase in GDP.

14. Global Energy Crisis

15. Global Perspectives and National Context
 “Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3
billion tonnes per year, and are expected to increase to
approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025.” - World
Bank, 2012
 New waste streams such as electronic waste are fast growing
and adding a burden to the already existing solid was
management challenges

16. The call for sustainable development
“Sustainable development is the development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising future generations to meet their own
needs”

17. Progression of Sustainable
Development Discourse
1987
Brundlandt
Commission
“Our
Common
Future”
1992
RIO Summit
“Agenda 21”
2002
World Summit
on Sustainable
Development
(WSSD)
“Johannesburg
Plan of
Implementation”
2012
RIO +20 Summit
“Our Common
Future”
Themes
1) Green
Economy
2)Institutional
Framework for
Green Economy
2015
Post 2015
Developmental
Agenda
Sustainable
Development
Goals

18. What is aGreen Economy?
• Results in improved human well-being
and social equity while significantly
reducing environmental risks and
ecological scarcities.
– The Rio+20 Outcome Document, “The
Future We Want”, endorsed the green
economy as a tool for achieving
sustainable development

19. THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT
AGENDA/AGENDA 2030
17 GOALS
169 TARGETS
“The post 2015 development agenda defines a
period that is guided by the new Sustainable
Development Goals as from 2016-2030”

21. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
• Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
• Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all
• Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
• Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
• Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation

22. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
• Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
• Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
• Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
• Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
• Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development

23. Global Sustainability Challenges

24. Global Environmental Challenges
• Waste generation e.g Municipal Solid Waste,
Industrial waste
• Air pollution, Climate change and global warming
• Depletion of the ozone layer
• Hazardous chemicals and waste
• Water pollution
• Electronic waste
• Deforestation
• Land degradation and soil loss

25. Waste generation
Image Source: Khisa, 2009); (Muzamw2
e5
se, 2014)
; Image Source: (UNIDO/Microsoft/CPCT/CMPA, 2011)
“Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year, and are
expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025.” - World Bank, 2012

26. Opportunities for Waste to Energy – Case
study – Sudokwon Landfill South Korea

27. Challenges in solid waste management
• Lack of policy frameworks of waste management in
selected countries
• Weak enforcement of existing policies and laws;
• Lack of integrated solid waste management
frameworks;
• Lack of segregation and separation at source
• Poor physical infrastructure for waste management
• Financial constraints in the adoption and adaptation
of new and environmentally friendly technologies;
• There is a marked deficiency in market based
instruments that can encourage private sector
involvement in solid waste management;
Image Source: Khisa, 2009); (Leuenberger, 2014)

28. Challenges in solid waste management in
Africa
• Uncoordinated efforts among civil society, and private sector players in
solid waste management
• Insufficient number of trucks and other solid waste management
equipment
• Lack of adequate maintenance costs of solid waste management
equipments;
• Lack of sanitary engineered landfills;
• Limited facilities for separation and treatment of hazardous wastes;
• Lack of adequate sanitary engineered landfills Improper waste disposal
methods (open waste dumping is common in the continent);

29. Challenges in solid waste management in Africa
• Immense health risks associated with the informal management of mixed
waste streams (hazardous and non-hazardous ones);
• Lack of education on good waste management practices;
• Negative perceptions/ attitudes towards waste management;
• Low levels of waste recovery and recycling;
• Limited numbers of waste recycling companies, treatment and waste
recovery schemes;
• Poor road infrastructure and transport networks for urban solid waste
management;

30. Need for ISWM
(Source: UNEP, 2009)

31. Water Pollution
• Industrial activities and disposal
of effluent cause pollution of
water bodies.
• Sewage disposal,
• use of toxic agrochemicals
• use of mercury and cyanide in
artisanal gold mining activities
pose risk to water quality.
Images: Leuenberger; 2014

32. Selected Industrial
Se
ctors and their
waste
Industrial Sector Major Waste Products
Leather Chromium salts, Sulphides, Dyeing
chemicals
Steel Making Metal oxides
Textiles and garment production Dyeing chemicals; Chlorine
Cement Production Silica
Mining Mercury, Cyanide
Pulp and paper Alcohols, lignin, SO2, CO2
Brewing BOD, COD, Caustic, keisehlough
Dairy BOD, COD
Pesticides Manufacturing Volatile Organic Compounds

33. Major
industria
l pollutants and
effects
Industrial Pollutant Effects
Heavy metals e.g Mercury,
Chromium, Cadmium; Lead
Neurotoxicity in young children
Eco-toxicology in aquatic organisms
Bioaccumulation
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
e.g DDT, Lindane
Bioaccumulation
Long range transport
Dangerous at low concentrations
High resistance to degradation
Waste oils Carcinogenic and reproductive effects

34. Global Warmingand Climate Change
• The oxides of sulphur, carbon and nitrogen
that are produced during combustion
processes are the main causes of the
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change.
• Combustion processes involving fossil fuels
are the major sources of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

35. Global Warmingand Climate Change
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the
earth’s global temperatures could rise by up to 2 Degrees Celsius of air
emissions are not reduced from different sectors of the economy including
industry.
• Climate change has potential to result in increased drought, flooding, heat
waves, tsunamis among other extreme weather events reduced
agricultural productivity and emergence of diseases and pests.
• This has more significant effects especially in developing countries which
have low resilience and are highly vulnerable to effect of climate change.

36. Global warming and climate change
• Increased concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere results in the greenhouse effect and a gradual increase
in the earth’s temperatures

37. Ozone Depletion
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFCs
are responsible for the depletion
of the ozone layer include the
following
– Aerosol propellants
– Refridgeration chemicals
– Dry Cleaning chemicals
– Organic solvents
– Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
– Fast food containers
– Incineration of vinyl chlorides
Image Source: (Leuenberger, 2014)
Ozone hole caused by
reactions with CFCs

38. Deforestation
• The main drivers of rapid
deforestation are:
– industrial-scale agriculture such as soya and
palm oil production and cattle ranching
– industrial logging driven by international
demand for timber
– poverty and population pressure as people
seek farmland,
– fuel wood
– building materials
– infrastructure development, especially for
roads, mining and dams
Destruction of rest land causes loss of
biodiversity
Image Source: (CCMP, 2009)

39. Deforestation
• “Deforestation, mainly through the conversion of forests to agricultural land,
continues at an alarming rate of approximately13 million hectares per year (for
the period 1990–2005). Deforestation results in the release of the carbon
originally stored in trees as carbon dioxide emissions. This occurs rapidly if the
trees are burned and slowly if the wood and leaves decay naturally (CCMP,
2009)
• According to FAO, 2015 Zimbabwe has an annual forest loss of 300 000ha/year
and this rate is not sustainable

40. Deforestation – impact on non-forest based
industries
• Deforestation has the potential to affect the viability of non-
forestry based industries e.g. beekeeping, mushroom
production and edible worms processing
Image Source: (Mukwazhi; 2014; Katebe; 2013); Mukwazhi 2013; Apiconsult , 2015

41. Challenges in up-scalingsustainable
development in developingcountries
• Inadequate mainstreaming of sustainability into policy frameworks
• Lack of coherent policy that support, scattered regulations and policy covering the
• Where policies exist, implementation remains a challenge
• Lack of adequate economic instruments to promote adoption of green
technologies
• Limited awareness on the sustainable development concept amongst various
stakeholders
• Limited access to technologies
• Lack of green funds to support corporate initiatives.
• Isolated approaches and limited collaboration among stakeholders
• Emphasis on pilot projects without full scaling-up and replication
• Perceptions – sustainability regarded as a foreign concept for stalling development of
developing countries

42. Stakeholder collaboration is key towards
sustainable development
Public Private Partnerships Who are the Key Stakeholders?
• Government and Policy Makers
• Environmental Management
Agency
• Industry/Private Sector
• Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory
Authority (ZERA)
• Civil Society/NGOs
• Academia
• Research Institutions
• Financial Institutions
• Media
• Energy Service Providers e.g Energy
Service Companies (ESCOs)
• Communities