This document discusses non-renewable fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas that currently make up the majority of US energy consumption. It outlines the composition and reserves of each fuel, as well as projections that reserves will be depleted within the next few decades given current usage rates. The combustion of these fossil fuels for energy production releases emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter that contribute to issues like global climate change, acid rain, and adverse human health effects like increased respiratory illness. Renewable energy alternatives are presented as important to address both environmental impacts and the limited nature of non-renewable resources.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Prospect of Coal Based IGCC to Meet the Clean Energy ChallengeIJERA Editor
The development of a country is nearly proportional to the average per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in our country. However, the rate of average energy consumption is increasing day by day throughout the world. With increasing the production of energy, the problem of environment pollution from the power generation sources and energy efficiency becomes more imperative. Coal is the major source of primary energy of the world, however, the energy efficiency of coal based power plant is low, and also it significantly polluted the environment. Therefore, to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from coal based power plant is an important issue to discuss. In this paper, the primary reserves of energy throughout the world are discussed. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a latest technology used to improve the performance of coal based power plant. The process of IGCC and the present condition of IGCC throughout the world is discussed. Finally the advantages of IGCC and necessity of moving towards IGCC from convention coal based power plant is discussed in terms of cost, efficiency and environmental issues.
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Prospect of Coal Based IGCC to Meet the Clean Energy ChallengeIJERA Editor
The development of a country is nearly proportional to the average per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in our country. However, the rate of average energy consumption is increasing day by day throughout the world. With increasing the production of energy, the problem of environment pollution from the power generation sources and energy efficiency becomes more imperative. Coal is the major source of primary energy of the world, however, the energy efficiency of coal based power plant is low, and also it significantly polluted the environment. Therefore, to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from coal based power plant is an important issue to discuss. In this paper, the primary reserves of energy throughout the world are discussed. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a latest technology used to improve the performance of coal based power plant. The process of IGCC and the present condition of IGCC throughout the world is discussed. Finally the advantages of IGCC and necessity of moving towards IGCC from convention coal based power plant is discussed in terms of cost, efficiency and environmental issues.
Global warming indicates the danger of increasing temperature of earth and its environment. This ppt also tell us about the harm of early future. Melting Icelands or glaciers & increasing sea water level
Geo is very important information about geological life and environment so this PPT presentation is very crucial and give me information about geological survey
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Global warming indicates the danger of increasing temperature of earth and its environment. This ppt also tell us about the harm of early future. Melting Icelands or glaciers & increasing sea water level
Geo is very important information about geological life and environment so this PPT presentation is very crucial and give me information about geological survey
Global Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy FutureGlobal Warming & Our Energy Future
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
5. EGEE 102-Pisupati 5
World Coal Consumption
• World coal consumption is projected to
increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to
7.6 billion tons in 2020.
• US annual coal consumption is
approximately 1 billion tons
6. EGEE 102-Pisupati 6
Coal Reserves (M metric
tons)
Africa, 67.7
Far East
and
Oceania,
322.2
C & S.
America,
23.7
North
America,
286.6
W. Europe,
99.6
E. Europe
& FSU,
288.3
Middle
East, 0.2
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html
US – 275.5
World -1088.6
10. EGEE 102-Pisupati 10
Calorific Value (Heating
Value)
• Heating or Calorific Value is the amount
of heat released when a unit mass of
fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g)
• Calorific value has implications for
pollution measurements such as SO2
whose emissions are calculated on a lb
per million Btu basis
11. EGEE 102-Pisupati 11
Coal Ranks
• There are 4 general ranks for coals:
• Lignite low rank
• Subbituminous
• Bituminous
• Anthracite High rank
12. EGEE 102-Pisupati 12
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio)
World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 Years
USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves
Annual Use
Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease,
usage is also expected to change
Coal’s Future
15. EGEE 102-Pisupati 15
Petroleum
• Naturally occurring liquid containing a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons
(molecules made of C and H atoms)
• Also contains few compounds
containing N, S, and O atoms
16. EGEE 102-Pisupati 16
Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm- 4%
Oxygen ppm
17. EGEE 102-Pisupati 17
Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)
Middle East,
675.6
Africa, 74.9
Far East and
Oceania, 44
W. Europe,
18.8
S. and
Central
America, 89.5
North
America, 55.1
E Europe &
FSU, 58.9
US – 21.8
World – 1,016
18. EGEE 102-Pisupati 18
Production and Consumption (mn
bbls/day)
BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000
(http://www.bp.com)
• World
• Production – 73
• United States
• Production – 9.2
• Consumption – 18.9
20. EGEE 102-Pisupati 20
One Barrel of Oil (42 US
gallons) produces …
• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons)
• Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2)
• Kerosene (4.1)
• Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)
• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2)
• Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers (2)
• Total Yield: 44.4 gallons
21. EGEE 102-Pisupati 21
How long can we
depend on Petroleum?
• World =
1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day =
13,967 days= 38.1 years
US
= 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day
= 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate
= 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day
= 2,344 days or 6.4 years
23. EGEE 102-Pisupati 23
Natural Gas
WHAT IS IT?
• Principally methane, CH4, with some
ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and
impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2.
CALORIFIC VALUE
• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500
Btu/lb)
24. EGEE 102-Pisupati 24
Natural Gas Types
• WET- contains HCS other than Methane
and ethane
• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly
undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2
formation upon combustion.
25. EGEE 102-Pisupati 25
Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)
Far East and
Oceania, 375.4
Africa, 409.7
C. & S.
America, 227.9
North
America, 261.3
W. Europe,
159.5
E. Europe and
FSU, 1947.6
Middle East,
1836.2
US - 167 T Cu. ft
World - 5210 T cu. ft
26. EGEE 102-Pisupati 26
• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years
• World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years
How long can we
depend on Natural Gas?
27. EGEE 102-Pisupati 27
Utilization-Combustion
Premium Fuel
• Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel
(1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
• No ash in the fuel - no mess
• Easy transportation and no storage
space required
• Better combustion efficiency
• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release
28. EGEE 102-Pisupati 28
Composition Heating Value
Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb
Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb
Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb
All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.
1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft
Gas
Comparison of Fossil
Fuels
29. EGEE 102-Pisupati 29
Cost of Energy/MMBtu
for oil
• Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel
• If the price is $22/barrel
• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu
MMBtu
Barrel
x
Barrel
MMBtu
per
Cost
8
.
5
1
1
22
$
30. EGEE 102-Pisupati 30
Cost of Energy per
MMBtu- Natural gas
• Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu. Ft
• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)
• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft
MMBtu
Btu
x
Btu
ft
Cu
one
x
Ft
Cu
MMBtu
per
Cost
6
10
000
,
1
.
.
1000
44
.
7
$
31. EGEE 102-Pisupati 31
Cost of Energy- $/Million
Btu
• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate
average price is $33.26/ton in PA
• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77
million BTUs/ton
32. EGEE 102-Pisupati 32
US Energy use and
Environmental
Consequences
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
Emissions
Particulate Matter
PM10
PM2.5
NH3
33. EGEE 102-Pisupati 33
US Air Emissions, Mtons
(1999)
Gas Emissions
Carbon Dioxide 1,520
Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NOx 25.4
SO2 18.8
Particulate Matter 23.7
36. EGEE 102-Pisupati 36
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are
precursors to the formation of ground level
ozone and thereby to photochemical smog
• Precursors to the formation of acid rain
• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection and may cause permanent
alterations in the lung.
37. EGEE 102-Pisupati 37
Carbon Monoxide
• Product of incomplete combustion
• Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream
• Particularly dangerous to persons with
heart disease.
38. EGEE 102-Pisupati 38
Sulfur Dioxide
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic
children and adults
• in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in
the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of
existing cardiovascular disease.
• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major
precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a
significant health concern