The variety, cultivation practices ,requrements to grow Apple ias explained Briefly by Nawaraj Pandey.

1. The general information
about the temperate
fruit,
Apple (Malus plumila
2077-4-30
Nawaraj Pandey AFU 7th FOA

2. Introduction
 Temperate ,deciduous ,widely distributed fruits belongs to the family:
Rosaceae.
 Sandy loam, Slightly acidic to Neutral type of soil Ph(5.8-7)
 Ancester of M.domestica is M.sieversii(by gene sequence) and also
M.sylvertris(Crab apple) is common Asian ancestor cultivar
 1. Red delicious, Golden delicious, Royal delicious, Jonathan ,Mc
Intosh ,Golden supper, Granny smith ,Rome beauty(Fugi){high chilling
varieties}
 2.Cox orange pippin ,Crispin, Red june ,[medium chilling varieties}
 3.Anna, Nana , Tropical beauty, Winter banana, [low chilling variety}

3. Statistical Information:2019/20
apple cultivated 42 district ,6 province and karnali contribute 41%(18/19)
province Area (Ha) Production
Area(MT)
Production
(MT)
Yield(MT/Ha)
1 652 455 2853 6.25
2 - - - -
3 111 78 561 7.16
4 1606 632 7450 11.79
5 685 348 2570 7.4
6 7221 2331 15388 6.6
7 912 506 2564 5.67
Nepal 11186 4349 31386 7.22
Nepal 18/19 10886 4113 28885 7.02
73242 tonnes(4.94 billion)
import from China for the first 3 months of Fs18/19
4% of AGDP,0.9% of GDP

4. Distribution of cultivars on the basis of
chilling unit.
 Chilling hours are pumped lomger night and lower temperature in the full or half
winter
 Chilling unit is directly concerned with dormancy
 If apple dosnot get chill flower bud may not open or delay and flower bloums
unequally/irregular pattern If more chill interval the tree will be exposed of
disease
 Low chilling Var. cultivate in high chill unit area, flower blooms earlier and
severed damage by frost damage.
 Low and medium chill var can cultivate in high chill unit area ,where as high chill
var cannot grown in low chill area.
 High chilling cultivars are mostly grown in1800-2800 m. chilling hour >1000 Hr.
 Medium chilling cultivars are grown in 1200-1800 m. chilling hour 500-1000 Hr.
 Low chilling cultivars are grown up to 1200 m. chilling hour 300-500 Hr.

5. Morphological and Floral Characters
 Dwarf(3m.or 10Ft) to medium height (8m.or 24ft)in nature.
 The size,height,nature of apple variety is determine by their rootstock
 The branch density ,shape is determine by Training and pruning
 The outer protective layer of Epicuticular wax .
 Perfectly Monoecious ,Crosspollination, ,flower are developed from the
direct stem .Five petaloid cymose inflorescense with 4-6 flower
 Apples are not the true breed type of plant.
 GOLDEN DELICIOUS is the only variety capable for selfpollination,but more
fruitful when crosspollinated with other .
 Apple pollination only in a compatible variety ie:early-early,not early-late

6. Propagation :M and MM series
 Also from Bud Spot (mutation part or branch)
 From the seedling Chances of parental character is very less or no chance ,
 Mainly by Grafting,in NEPAL the common rootstock is M. baccata(Edy mayal)
 Dwarf variety practices from Alexander , Aristotle
 .Most popularity in 15th century.
 Now the most common rootstock :M-series( 1912 and 1917)
 1912 ,EastMalling Research Station of South-Eastern Agricultural College at England
produced Malling series(M-I to M-IX)
 1917 collaboration between East Malling and John Innes Institute In MERTON gave
MALLING MERTON series.which are resistant from Eriosoma lanigerum ,The woody apple
aphids.

7. Abnormalities
 1.Bud spot formation
 2.APPLE BITTER PIT: physiological disorder rather than disease is the result of
Lack of Ca , dotted with corky spot with dead tissue and bitter flavor.
 Heavy pruning also leades to bitter pit
 3.JUNE DROP:naturally or any adeverse condition

8. Harvesting time
 The quality and quantity of fruit depend on training, pruning ,rootstock
 Normal rootstock cultivars :40-200kg/plant and dwarf variety :10-80 kg/plant
 At the time of harvesting buds are ready for the next season at he side of fruit,
so the method of harvesting also determine the quantity for the next season.

9. Post harvesting
 Dumping by water , precooling by hydrocooling , presorting to reduce infection,
washing by 100-150 ppm calcium chloride to controle bacterial controle and
bitter pit , sorting and gradeing ,packing ,marketing (Marketing Modalities
are,:
 Humidity 90-95% temperature 32-40 degree ,hydrocooling
 Apple growers -------->Consumers
 Apple growers --------> Retailers-------->Consumers
 Apple growers -------->Wholesalers-------->Retailers-------->Consumers
 Organic apple growers---->District Cooperative Federation
 ------->Wholesaler (B. H. Enterprize) -------->Retailers in Kathmandu
 (Supermarkets)------>Consumers
Commonly store in higher concentration of CO2 and well ventilation and storage type
: ordinary storage(apple,potato) ,field storage (potato,carrot apple),cold
storage(almost all type)
 controle and modified atmosphere use of growth inhivitors like 1-
methylcyclopropene(1-mcp) ,fungisides watering

10. Toxicity and other products
Toxicity of seed
 Amygdalin falsely promote cance
cure
 Cyanide compound like Cynogenic
glycosides may convert into HCN
 They are lethal in nature if the
concentration is high in
metabolism reaction
Other product
 Apple cider
 ,jam
 juss
 ,fruity
 ,salad

11. Dormancy break in M.baccata seeds
1.Gibberellic and 2. controle
 1 GA:1000,1250,1500 ppm(24Hr)
 Effective result at 1250ppm
 Enhanced GP,but not completely
overcome
 2. controle means by distillation
water:there is no effect in
Germination
3.By 98% of conc. H2SO4
 Seeds suck 10,20,30 minute
 Effective result at 10 minute.
 Very useful for germination by the
corrosive nature and help to create
pore –more imbibition but time
duration severely effect .for 30
min. GP only 85.33%

12. Germination effect in Edy mayal(Jumla)
by P. Wagle and RK Jha
medea21 GP% MGT days
Controle(distilled water) 68 31
GA(1250ppm) 85 25
H2SO4(98%) 93.33 21