2. Warm-up
Nov. 2
Which of the following list of events of WWII in the correct
chronological order?
A. Pearl Harbor, Germany’s invasion of France, V-E day, D-day
B. Germany invades the USSR, D-day, Pearl Harbor, the atomic
bomb
C. the USSR conquers Berlin, the atomic bomb, D-day,
President Roosevelt dies
D. Germany’s invasion of France, Pearl Harbor, D-day, the
atomic bomb
3. Rise of Dictators
• WWI and the worldwide
economic depression of
the 1920’s and 1930’s
weakened or destroyed
the governments of many
nations.
• Desperate for some relief
from poverty, hunger, and
political instability, people
began to embrace new
ideas about government
and to support politicians
who promised them
solutions.
4. Italy
• Benito Mussolini – leader
of Italy
• Government – Fascist
Dictatorship
• Goals – Make Italy a
world power again and
acquire new territory
• Acts of Aggression –
Invaded Ethiopia, Libya,
and Albania
5. Spain
• Francisco Franco – Fascist
ruler who led rebellion
against new communist
government
• Government – Fascist
Dictatorship
• Acts of Aggression –
– Spanish Civil War –
Between Communist and
Fascist
6. Japan
• Leaders– Hirohito (Emperor),
Hideki Tojo (Premier)
• Government – Constitutional
Monarchy controlled by
militaristic leaders
• Goals – Establish Japanese
Empire in Asia and the Pacific
• Acts of Aggression
– Invaded Manchuria
– Attacked China
– Attacked European colonies of
Burma, Indonesia, & Indochina
– Attacked U.S. fleet at Pearl
Harbor
7. 7
TREATY OF VERSAILLES ISSUES TO
BE SETTLED
• TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS
• REPARATIONS
• ARMAMENT RESTRICTIONS
• WAR GUILT
• LEAGUE OF NATIONS
8. 8
1. In January, 1921, there were 64 marks to the dollar.
2. By November, 1923 this had changed to 4,200,000,000,000 marks to the dollar….
PRICE OF A LOAF OF BREAD
1. In 1918 a loaf of bread cost just over half a mark.
2. By 1922 the cost had risen to 163 marks for a loaf of bread.
3. By November of 1923 a loaf of bread cost 201 billion marks
GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I
9. Rise of the Nazi Party & Adolf Hitler
• Majority of Germans hated Allies from WWI for what they did
to Germany
• This led to the rise of new political parties
– Nazi Party - Led by Adolf Hitler
• Nazi’s tried to seize control of the government, but the plan
failed and Hitler was arrested
• While in Prison Hitler wrote Mien Kampf
– In this book he called for the unification of Germans
– Argued for the creation of an “Aryan Race”
– Inferior races should be enslaved
– Jew were the reason many of the worlds problems
10. Rise of the Nazi Party & Adolf Hitler
• After his release form prison Hitler changed his
approach
• Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933
• Once in office Hitler called for new elections
– Cracked down on communist and socialist parties
• 1934 Nazi party voted to give Hitler dictatorial
powers
• He declared himself Fuhrer and began rebuilding
Germany’s army
11. Germany
• Adolf Hitler – leader of Germany in WWII
• Government – Fascist Dictatorship
• Goals
– Restore Germany to past glory
– Acquire new territory
– Unite all Germans under German rule
– Eliminate “undesirables” from Germany – “extermination policies”
– Holocaust – mass killing of Jews and other “undesirables” by Nazis
during World War II
– Concentration Camps – camps where “undesirables” were executed by
Hitler’s Nazi Party
– Establish dominant position in the world
• Early Acts of Aggression
– Invaded the Rhineland
– Unified with Austria
– Demanded the Sudetenland
– Conquered Czechoslovakia
– Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union
13. 13
Early War
• Acts of Appeasement – as Hitler
acts out aggression, the powers in
Europe (British & France) attempt
to prevent another world war by
appeasing Hitler
• Munich Agreement – after
Czechoslovakia, France & Great
Britain meet Hitler in Munich to
discuss his aggression – Hitler
promises to stop attacks if allowed
to keep previously conquered
lands
15. 15
Germany Vs USSR
• The World is shocked
when two bitter
enemies, Germany and
the USSR sign a
Nonaggression Pact
promising not to attack
each other
16. World War II Begins
• Following the
German invasion
of Poland on
September 1,
1939, France and
Great Britain
declared war on
Germany and
World War II
began
17. Fall of France
• Fall of France – very little happened in
WWII until 1940 when Germany invaded
France through Belgium.
• New German military tactics allowed
them to move through Belgium in one
week and attack the French and British
armies in Northern France before the
French were completely ready.
• The German attack combined the use of
tanks & aircraft to break through French
& British lines and drive them apart.
• The British & French armies, who were
expecting the battles to be like WWI
battles, were surprised by the new
tactics. The British army narrowly
escaped complete destruction thanks to
an evacuation at Dunkirk.
• The French Army, divided and quickly
encircled, was forced to surrender.
18. Battle of Britain
• Battle of Britain – Germany defeated
and occupied France in a matter of
weeks.
• With France out of the war, Germany
was able to concentrate all of its
resources on defeating Great Britain.
• Rather than invading the island
nation, the Germans decided to force
the British to surrender by using
submarines to cut off supplies from
the U.S. and airplanes to bomb them
into submission.
• The Battle of Britain was fought in
the skies over England where the
British Air Force, aided by newly
invented radar, battled successfully
against superior numbers of German
aircraft. Despite German plans, the
British held on throughout 1940.
24. US Involvement
• Cash-Carry Policy – the US
would sell supplies to any
country, but they had to pay
cash and come pick up the
supplies themselves
• Lend-Lease Act– allowed the
US to lend or lease war
materials to any nation whose
defense was vital to US
– In reality the gave weapons to
Britain and abandoned
neutrality
26. 26
Japan Attacks the US
• US put a trade embargo on Japan
• US code breakers learn that Japan plans to attack
the US.
• The Japanese surprise attack of Pearl Harbor
brought the United States into WWII
• Dec. 7, 1941
27. Internment Camps
• Internment Camps were places where the
United States put Japanese Americans to keep
an eye on them.
• Discrimination against Japanese-Americans
• Japanese American
Citizens League
(JACL)
• Reparations
27
28.
29. 29
Preparing for War
• 5 Million volunteers & 10 Million draftees
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
– Nurses, radio operators, ambulance drivers –
anything not involving direct combat
• Production
– Automobiles – Tanks, Boats, Planes
– Mechanical Pencils – bombs parts
– A war ship could be made in four days
30. Warm up Nov. 4
The US economy and industry during the war years
can best be described as
A. slow because there was not much production
B. booming because production increased and
jobs were abundant
C. hurting because jobs were scarce
D. improved because men finally made enough for
women to stay home
31. 31
Labor Issues
• Women & Minorities in
Military – for first time, large
numbers of women &
minorities serve in military in
World War II – still mostly
white males in military
• Rosie the Riveter – Symbol
of women in the workforce
during WWII
• Scientist retooled
– Penicillin
– Manhattan Project
32. 32
Fed. Gov’t takes control
• Office of Price Administration (OPA)
– Froze prices
– Raised income taxes
– Rationing – meat, shoes, sugar, gas
• War Production Board (WPB)
– Converted businesses
– Collected scrap iron, tin, paper, rags,
33. Citizens Pitch In
• Rationing - method of
limiting food by using
rations to purchase
food – govt. issues
limited amount of
rations to each family
34. US at War
European Theater
– North Africa – 1942 – U.S. troops land in North
Africa and open a second front against Germany
& Italy
– Italian Invasion – 1943 – Allied invasion of Sicily
and the Italian mainland leads to the fall of the
fascist government and forces Germany to divert
resources to protect its southern flank
– Stalingrad – considered to be the turning point in
WWII
35. 35
US at War
• D-Day – June 6, 1944 - D-Day invasion begins the
liberation of France and Europe. Germany was attacked
from the Soviet Union, Italy, and France
– Largest land-sea-air operation in army history
– 3 million troops
• By September the Allies had freed France, Belgium, &
Luxembourg
• Shortly after Roosevelt
re-elected to a 4th term
39. 39
US TROOPS MARCH IN A VICTORY PARADE AFTER
THE LIBERATION OF PARIS IN LATE AUGUST 1944
40. 40
Battle of the Bulge
• October 1944 Allies captured their first
German city.
• Hitler wanted to mount offensive.
• US prisoners were taken to a field and
slaughtered.
41. Yalta Conference
• Yalta Conference of the “Big Three” about
what to do at conclusion of World War II.
Allies were winning war and meeting in
February 1945 was to set post-war policies
– Big Three – leaders of Allies – Churchill
(British), Stalin (USSR), FDR (US)
42. 42
Victory in Europe
• US troops entered Germany from the west and
Russia entered from the east.
• With troops closing in on him Hitler commits
suicide.
• On May 8, 1945 Eisenhower accepted the
unconditional surrender of the Third Reich
• V-E Day Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945 –
Germany surrenders
• Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
43. 43
War in the Pacific
• “island hopping”
• Battle of Midway
• Guadalcanal
• Iwo Jima
• Okinawa
44. War in the Pacific
• Battle of Coral Sea – 1942 –
U.S. prevents Japanese from
being able to invade Australia
by stopping them at the Battle
of Coral Sea
• Battle of Midway – 1942 – U.S.
stops Japanese advance
toward Hawaii and changes the
balance of naval power in the
Pacific at the Battle of Midway
• Philippines – 1944 – U.S.
troops retake the Philippines
from the Japanese
45. War in the pacific
• Battle of Iwo Jima – 1945 –
U.S. takes important step
toward preparing for invasion
of Japan by winning
• Battle of Okinawa – 1945 –
Okinawa invasion brings U.S.
a step closer to Japan
mainland & gives military idea
of how costly invasion of
Japan would be
47. Manhattan Project
• Manhattan Project - Code name for the
Atomic bomb
• Headed by J. Robert Oppenhiemer
• July 16, 1945 1st successful test of the Atomic
Bomb
• Tested in Los Alamos,
New Mexico
54. The Home Front
• Economic Gains
– Unemployment fell to as low as 1.2%
– Weekly wages rose by 35%
• Population Shifts
• Baby Boomers
• GI Bill of Rights
54
56. Warm-up
Nov. 13
The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to
A. punish Germany for WWII
B. prevent Germany from rearming
C. keep Communist countries weak
D. help Western Europe recover
57. Cold War
• Cold War - Conflict between the U.S.A and the
Soviet Union
– Never fought each other directly
58. The United Nations
• Formed after WWII
• The United Nations - Main job is to work for world peace
after WWII
1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, money and
technology)
• 1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations (Palestine
ruled by England)
1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in Palestine were
Arab)
• 1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of Israel
• Arab nations immediately attacked it
• Israel won the war plus others in following years
59.
60. Soviet Expansion
• Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe at the
end of WWII
• Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Soviet
governments
• He set up pro-Soviet communist governments in
Eastern Europe
• Wanted to avoid another invasion form the west
• U.S. thought communist wanted to take over the
world
61. Containing the Soviets
• Truman Gov. used
containment policy
• Containment Policy - U.S.
would work in military and
nonmilitary ways to
prevent communism from
spreading.
62. Containing the Soviets Continued
• U.S. helped Greece and Turkey defeat communist
forces
• Truman Doctrine – said the U.S. would help any free
nation attempting to resist communism
63. The Marshall Plan
• European countries needed
help after WWII
• 1947 – U.S. announced the
Marshall Plan
1. Named after Secretary of
State George Marshall
• Marshall Plan - Goal was to
rebuild the cities, farms and
industries of Europe
• U.S. thought that it would
help Europe to resist
communism
64. The Marshall Plan Continued
• Offered Marshall Plan
to the Soviets and
Eastern Europe
• Stalin turned it down
because he feared that
it would threaten
communist rule
– Soviet Union developed
own plan for Eastern
Europe called COMECON
65. Berlin Airlift
• 1945 – Germany divided
into zones
• Parts controlled by U.S.,
England, and France
became West Germany
• Part controlled by Soviets
became East Germany
• Former German capital of
Berlin was also divided into
halves
– It was located inside the
Soviet controlled East
Germany
66.
67. Berlin Airlift Continued
• Soviets wanted west
out of Berlin and East
Germany
• 1948 – soviets close all
ground routes into the
city
• Berlin Airlift - U.S. and
England flew supplies
into West Berlin for
nearly a year
68. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Western European countries, Canada, U.S. and
Iceland promised to defend each Other in
case of an attack
• Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe formed a
similar alliance
• Europe was divided into two groups
69. Balance of Terror
• 1950’s U.S. and Russia
develop Hydrogen
Bomb and missiles to
carry nuclear weapons
• Threat of nuclear war
becomes possibility
70. McCarthyism
– McCarthyism – The desire to stop the spread
of communism also involved preventing it
from spreading to the U.S., Led by Senator
Joseph McCarthy
– A series of “Red Scares”, highlighted by
Senator Joseph McCarthy’s statements about
alleged communist infiltration of the
government and the army, led to the civil
rights violations of those who were
communists, were suspected of being
communists, or were suspected of knowing
someone who might be a communist.
71. Cold War “Thaw”
• Mid 1950s – Both American
and Soviet leaders wanted
to reduce cold war tensions
• After Stalin’s Death Nikita
Khrushchev takes control of
USSR
• Khrushchev called for
peaceful coexistence
(Soviets would compete
with the west but avoid
war)
72. Cold War “Thaw”
• Stated that the USSR would surpass the west
economically
• Tried to make the USSR more economically
competitive
– Tied to improve working conditions and housing
and to increase consumer good
– Emphasized technological research
73. Cold War “Thaw”
• 1957 – Soviet launched
the worlds 1st space
satellite (Sputnik I)
• Stunned the U.S.A. and
boosted the Soviet’s
prestige
• Both superpowers
continued a massive
military buildup
74. Cold War “Thaw”
• Planned a four-power
summit for Paris in May
1960
• Soviets shot down an
American U-2 spy plane
and captured its pilot
shortly before the summit
• Khrushchev denounced
the U.S.A and cancelled
the summit
75. Trouble in Berlin
• 1960 – John F Kennedy
became president
• East Germans went to
West Berlin to escape
communism
• Communist built the
Berlin Wall
– Guards shot anyone tying
to escape
76.
77. Bay of Pigs
• 1959- Fidel Castro took
over Cuba
• Began taking over
American owned
businesses
78. Bay of Pigs Continued
• Bay of Pigs - Kennedy
approved plan for anti -
Castro Cuban exiles to
invade Cuba and
overthrow Castro
(American help)
1. Invaders were crushed
at the Bay of Pigs
79. Cuban Missile Crises
• Cuban Missile Crises - Russia began putting
nuclear missiles in Cuba
• U.S. responded by blockading Cuba
• Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to
remove missiles if U.S. promised not to invade
Cuba
• Closest we ever came to nuclear war
• Both sides began trying to improve relations
80.
81. Warm-up
Nov. 13
How is the Truman Doctrine related to
communism?
A. It makes it illegal to join the communist
party.
B. It is the constitution of the communists in
Europe.
C. It pledged aid to nations trying to combat
communist takeover.
D. It was the financial doctrine used to
execute the Marshall Plan.
82.
83. The Brezhnev Era
• Military spending stifled growth in other
sectors
1. Many industries technology was
outdated by 20 years
2. Farmers were only 1/6 as productive as
American counterparts
3. Forced to again import grain from the
West
84.
85. The Brezhnev Era
• Increased the Soviet
nuclear arsenal and
conventional weapons
- Felt military power
gave the USSR a
stronger position in
world diplomacy
86.
87. Cold War in Asia
• China- Communist gained control
1. Led by Mao Zedong
• Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to
island of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan)
Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek
88. Cold War in Asia Continued
• U.S. saw this a part of a communist plot to
rule the world
• Japan – General Macarthur became military
ruler
– Created a new democracy
– Also kept Japanese Emperor as a symbol of the
nation
– U.S. helped rebuild Japan
– U.S. and Japan became close allies
89. Cold War in Asia Continued
• Korea – had been
Japanese colony since
1910
1. Split into North and
South after WWII
2. June 1950- communist
North Korea invaded
South Korea
90. The Korean War
• United Nations sent troops
from 16 countries to defend
South Korea
• Gen. Macarthur appointed
to lead the U.N. forces
• Landed forces behind
enemy lines
• Retook South Korean capital
within weeks
• U.S. decided to free North
Korea from communist rule
91. The Korean War
• Tried to cut it off from China
• China entered the war
• Macarthur wanted to bomb
China
• Truman was afraid that it
would start World War III
• Macarthur publicly said that
Truman was denying him
the tools he needed to win
the war
• Truman fired Macarthur
92. End of the Korean War
• War became
unpopular in America
• Truman retired
• 1952- Dwight
Eisenhower becomes
president
93. End of the Korean War Continued
• Eisenhower went to
Korea let China know he
would compromise to
end the war
• Also let China know he
would use atomic bomb
if war continued
94. Background of the Vietnam War
• 1950- France wanted
U.S. to help it keep
Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh led
Vietnamese communist
to victory against the
French
95. The Geneva Accords
• Meeting held in Geneva Switzerland
• Divided Vietnam into two halves
1. North was communist – led by Ho
Chi Minh
2. South was noncommunist – led by
Ngo Dinh Diem
• Accords called for free elections to in
1956
1. Diem refused to hold elections in
the south (knew he would lose)
• U.S. sent military advisors to help him
keep control
96. Vietcong
• Vietcong - South Vietnamese communist
• Goal was to drive Diem and the Americans out
and reunite Vietnam
• 1961 – JFK becomes president and sends more
military advisors
1. Let the military overthrow Diem
2. Believed a better leader could win the war
97. Deeper U.S. Involvement
• 1963 Lyndon B Johnson
became president
1. 1st President to send
combat troops to Vietnam
98. Deeper U.S. Involvement Continued
• Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution – gave
President Johnson the
power to take all
necessary measures to
protect Americans in
Vietnam
• Johnson used this as a
declaration of war
– Began bombing North
Vietnam
99. Debate over war
• Most people supported the war in the beginning
• Military leaders told everyone that the war was going
well
• Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a full scale of
North Vietnam
• Some people wanted the U.S. to pull out
1. Soldiers had little support among the
Vietnamese people
2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was
100. The Tet Offensive
• The Tet Offensive - January 1968 – Vietcong launched
surprise attacks on all cities in South Vietnam
• Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Vietnamese
new year)
• After this the government
had a hard time convincing
the public the US was
winning the war
101. The Tet Offensive Continued
• Tet Offensive showed the American people
that the war was far from over
• People found it hard to believe the
Government
• Ending the war became more important than
winning
102.
103. Nixon Ends the War
• 1968 – Richard Nixon
elected president
1. Promised to end the
war
104. Nixon Ends the War Continued
• Withdrew American soldiers
and turned the war over to
the South Vietnamese army
• 1972 – last American troops
were withdrawn
• More bombs dropped on
Vietnam than in all of WWII
• MIAs – remained
1. Vietnam remained a
painful scar in American
history
105. Nixon Eases the Cold War
• Nixon thought of
foreign policy in terms
of power not morals
1. Believed the enemies
of your enemies were
your friends
• Tried to divide China
and Russia
106. Nixon Eases the Cold War
Continued
• Nixon Traveled to Russia for Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks (SALT)
• Signed 1st agreement with Russia to limit the
growth of nuclear missiles
• Both sides were allowed 4,000 missiles
between them
107. Carter’s Foreign Policy
• Jimmy Carter served as
president from 1977 to
1981
• Wanted to help 3rd
world countries
• Worried about human
rights – peoples basic
rights because they are
human
108. Carter’s Foreign Policy Continued
• 1977 - Signed a treaty
that gave the Panama
Canal back to Panama
in 2000
109. Carter’s Foreign Policy Continued
• 1979 – Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan – Soviets
invade Afghanistan attempting to make area
communist – long war and Soviets can not get
Afghanistan to surrender – eventually U.S.S.R. leaves
area and loss has large effects on decline of U.S.S.R.
• U.S. imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the
Soviet Union
• U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics held in
Moscow
110. Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle
East
• President Carter
experienced both his
greatest achievement
and worst setback in
the Middle East
• Camp David Accords –
Egypt became the 1st of
Israel’s neighbors to
recognize its right to
exist
111. Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle
East Continued
• 1979 – Group of Iranians seized the
American embassy and hold hostages
for over a year
• The Iranian Hostage Crisis – Islamic
revolutionary group overthrow Shah or
Iran – U.S. supports and houses Shan –
Iranian revolutionaries storm U.S.
embassy in Iran and take hostages –
Pres. Carter attempts rescue of
hostages and attempt is disaster –
eight are killed – eventually, after Iraq
invades Iran, hostages are released
• American hostages were freed in
January 1981
112. Ronald Reagan
• Became president in 1980
• Called Soviet Union an Evil
Empire
• Began most expensive
arms build up in history
• Defense system “star
wars”
• His Economic policy was
called Reganomics. He
wanted to give Tax cuts to
everyone, spent billions of
$ on defense
113. Ronald Reagan
• Reagan challenged communist everywhere
• Smuggled weapons to the rebels in Afghanistan
• Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua
• Iran Contra Affair - Nicaragua is communist – U.S.
supports fighting revolution – Contras are the anti-
Communist side – U.S. supports Contras and trains
them to fight
– Congress finds out about Contras and forces training and aid
to stop
– White House then sells weapons to Iran and gives the money
to Contras
• Backed the Government in El Salvador against
communist rebels
• Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of Grenada to
overthrow a communist government
114. Reforming the Soviet Union
• 1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble
• Top leaders were old and sick
• Communist economy was falling apart
• Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win
situation in Afghanistan
• People didn’t have comfortable lives or freedom
• Eastern Communist nations became restless due
to seeing how prosperous the West was
115. Reforming the Soviet Union Continued
• Mikhail Gorbachev
became leader of
Soviet Union
• Wanted stop arms race
(Bankrupting Country)
• Wanted to reform
system
• Allowed people to
criticize government
116. Reforming the Soviet Union Continued
• Reagan and Gorbachev liked and trusted each
other
• Soviet Union agreed not to use force to
control Eastern Europe and to end the war in
Afghanistan in exchange for the U.S. ending
the arms race
• 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed an
agreement to destroy all of their medium
range nuclear missiles
117. The Soviet Union Collapses
• 1988 – George Bush
became president
• 1989 -Soviet Union pulled
the last troops out of
Afghanistan
• 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn
down
• 1990 - East and West
Germany officially reunited
• Eastern European freed
themselves from
Communism
118. The Soviet Union Collapses Continued
• August 1991 – Hard line
Communist leaders tried to
seize control of the
government
• Boris Yeltsin led the fight to
defeat the communist and
became very popular
• 1. He was wiling to break
completely with
communism
119. The Soviet Union Collapses Continued
• Gorbachev lost power as a
result of not being trusted
by either the people or the
communist
• December 25, 1991 – The
Soviet flag was lowered for
the last time in the Kremlin
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
meant the end of the Cold
War
