The Legislative Branch Of Government

The Legislative Branch Of Government
Legislative Control of Bureaucracy It is fair to say that the Constitution makes the legislative branch of government, also interchangeably referred to as
Congress, the source or author of federal administration (Willoughby 1927; 1934). Establishing, empowering, structuring, staffing, and funding federal
agencies all rest on the legislative branch. Article I, section 9, clause 7 is clear in that "No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
Consequence of Appropriations made by Law." Article II, section 2, clause 2 demands that all federal positions not distinctively established by the
Constitution "shall be established by the Law." The objective of these provisions were composed to restrain presidential power. The president cannot
constitutionally take any money from the Treasury in the absence of an appropriations statue; the president cannot create or legally empower a single
administrative office without delegated legislative authority. The legislative branch of government has substantially enhanced it role in federal
administration, relying solely on its constitutional powers. In theory, it's the responsibility of Congress to oversee and maintain adequate control to
assure that agency regulations and standards are consistent with legislative content. There's several ways Congress achieve this task. Congress
exercise more control by being more specific regarding what it expects from the agency. Congress also, put forth some form of veto or modification of
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The Pros And Cons Of The Government Budget
Budget is the expenditure plan that based on the revenue and priorities that had been stated beforehand. It is a planning for government
expenditure within a period of time and used to plan and monitored the responsibility center operations and its profit (Shim & Siegel, 1994). It is
basically a government plan in using and raises the resources in the budget year. Based on the Ulbrich (2003), it stated that A budget, whether for a
school district, the U.S. government, or a household, is a spending plan that is based on expected revenue and the setting of priorities for the
quantity and quality of services to be provided and the transfers to be made. (Ulbrich, 2003, p. 320) Meanwhile, budgeting could be defined as the
process of decision making made by the units in the government that incorporate procedure on how to allocate the resources and distribute the
resources (Magner & Staley, 2008). It is the process on how to decide the allocation of resources in the government. In government, budget is being
planned to explain on how the money and resources is being spend and earn. The budgeting plan would include all the detail such as a set of
objectives, programme structure, revenue, expenditure and performance estimates (Xavier, 2001, p. 4). Annual budget would be planned first in every
year to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every country practice different procedure in making their budget plan. They has their own set of rules and procedures in the use of public money
(Hassan & Tan, 2012, p. 10). For a country that practice presidential system like United States, their head of government and states are the president.
Meanwhile, in the country that practice parliamentary stytem like in Malaysia, their head of government is the prime minister and their head of state is
the king. So, their budgetary process would be slightly different because the people that involve during the process is

What Is The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act?
Policy Background
The Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act (S. 2011) would amend Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to allow for the negotiation of drug prices on
behalf of Medicare beneficiaries for those medications covered under Medicare Part D. The policy would be enacted at the federal level, and the policy
tool used to do so would be federal funding. Under this bill, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) would be given
the power to negotiate drug prices as well as establish and apply a specific formulary for Medicare–covered prescription drugs. Past rhetoric had
implied that Donald Trump would have supported this bill; he condemned the role of pharmaceutical companies creating high drug prices as ... Show
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In response to a loss of revenue from Medicare Part D prescription drug payments, drug manufacturers may increase the cost of pharmaceuticals
elsewhere, such as the private sector. This escalation in prescription drug prices could result in the price of different insurance policies to increase as
well, placing a greater burden on private insurance holders. Specific, quantifiable predictions regarding possible payment increases for privately
insured individuals have not been as well–established as has the overall trend of a probable increase in these costs.
(2) Policy Goal: Access
The passage of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Act will also inadvertently increase access to many types of medications for individuals who
qualify for Medicare Part D. There is a clause within the bill that would establish rebates to be paid by pharmaceutical companies for low–income
beneficiaries. These rebates, in addition to lowered costs, would considerably lessen the financial burden placed on low–income beneficiaries. This will
allow more individuals greater access to expensive medications. As an example, each year, financial reasons hinder about 16% of diabetic Part D
beneficiaries from filling at least one of their prescriptions (Williams, Steers, Ettner, Mangione, & Duru, 2013). This increase in access will help
mitigate the occurrence of cost–related nonadherence to prescription medications, and other such consequences

Labor Force Nonparticipation Undermines Recent Claims of...
Labor Force Nonparticipation Undermines Recent Claims of ARRA Success Introduction The Congressional Budget Office (2012) reported that the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) continued to have a positive impact on unemployment rates during the most recent quarter.
Despite estimates that over 90 percent of the $833 billion allocated had been spent by the end of September 2012, job production is expected to
continue due to a lagging effect. During the third quarter of 2012, an estimated 135,000 full–time equivalent (FTE) jobs were created due to the impact
of the ARRA. This estimate was based on the quarterly reports filed by funding recipients. When a number of additional factors were included in
employment calculations, including historical precedent, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the ARRA was responsible for creating
between 0.2 and 1.0 million FTE jobs during the third quarter of 2012. The Congressional Budget Office (2012) assesses short–term impact of fiscal
policy by relying on the predicted impact of changes in monetary policy by the Federal Reserve and the products of Macroeconomic Advisors and
HIS Global Insight (Reichling and Whalen, 2012). The models used by these organizations assume economic output depends on labor supply,
technology, available capital, and demand for goods and services. The validity of this model depends largely on the assumption that economic cycles
recur with minor changes only. The ARRA was passed

M. Rivlin 's Efforts Establishing The Congressional Budget...
This paper will discuss Alice M. Rivlin's efforts establishing the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). It will detail the major players, including Rivlin
and explain what CBO's sources of power. This paper will also discuss what stance Rivlin should take regarding political patronage and how she should
manage the situation. Finally, this paper will address which organizational structure she should adopt for CBO using the framework of five
determinants of organizational structure.
The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 established the Congressional Budget Office and on April 24, 1974 sworn in its first director, Alice M. Rivlin.
CBO was established to make Congress a major player in the budget process. Originally Congress was pressed to ... Show more content on
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Some major power players in Rivlin's appointment and confirmation on the House–side were Chairman Al Ullman and then Rep. Brock Adams. On the
Senate–side, Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, who recommended Rivlin, Edmund Muskie was a major influence in her appointment.
One of the first things Rivlin did was bringing on Robert Reischauer, a fellow economist from the Brookings Institute, as her right–hand man at CBO.
She also reviewed the Budget Act, which specified what CBO was charged, which was relatively short. Therefore CBO had considerable freedom
under the legislation since both the Senate and House had no clue what they wanted from their new budget shop. This provided Rivlin an enormous
opportunity to look at other models of how to structure CBO. She could model CBO after other sister agencies like the General Accounting Office
(GAO), Congressional Research Service (CRS), the former Office of Technology Assessment (OTA),Office of Management and Budget (OMB), or the
Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation Staff. Some suggestions were to organize CBO along functional lines with policy areas like defense or
human resources in separate divisions–each containing a numbers and analysis subdivision. Another suggestion was to spread the numbers function all
around to enable program divisions with a focus on customer relations. But Rivlin also had to be aware of political patronage. Both Congressmen and

Budget Deficit Is The Amount Of Federal Money
1) Budget Deficit
Def: It is the amount of federal money spent each year that is more than the federal income, so that the federal expenditure is greater than the federal
revenue.
CE: In 2016, the Congressional Budget Office faintly decreased the estimation of the government's budget deficit by $10 billion from the original
$534 billion for the fiscal year of 2016.
2) Expenditures
Def: It is the amount of federal money or revenue that is spent, especially on social programs like social security.
CE: In 2014, the Republicans and Democrats revealed a $1 trillion expenditure deal that would raise the pay for federal workers and have a generally
large outcome on the lives of American citizens.
3) Fiscal Year
Def: It begins on October 1st and ends on September 30th, where the federal budget plan is developed.
CE: In the fiscal year of 2016, the Congressional Budget Office dimly decreased the government's budget deficit by $10 billion from its original amount
of $534 billion.
4) 16th Amendment
Def: Created in 1913, it's a constitutional amendment that allows Congress to collect an income tax.
CE: In 2011, the Republican presidential candidate Rick Perry took back his proposal to repeal the 16th amendment due to his presidential bid in 2012.
5) Authorization Bill
Def: They establish entitlements and discretionary government programs, which they either continue or change.
6) Appropriation Bill
Def: It's passed every year to cover the budget year and give authorization for

The US Economy
The United States is currently experiencing a slow recovery from the recession of 2008–09. The current unemployment rate is 7.7%, which is the
lowest level since December of 2008 (BLS, 2012). However, this rate is believed to higher than the rate that would occur if the economy was
operating at peak efficiency, and it is also believed that there are structural issues still underpinning this performance. For example, the number of
Americans who have exited the work force as the result of prolonged unemployment is believed to be higher than usual. In addition, the Congressional
Budget Office (CBO, 2012) notes that long–term unemployment of greater than 26 weeks is at a much higher rate than normal, which will have
adverse long–run effects on the economy, since workers with long–term unemployment often find their career paths derailed. The current rate of GDP
growth, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, is 2.7% (for Q3), and it was 1.3% in Q2 of this year. This rate reflects relatively slow
growth, with challenges remaining in the domestic market and with sluggishness in Europe suppressing exports to that region. The rate of GDP
growth is predicted to slow to a decline of 0.5% between Q4 2012 and Q4 2013, the US re–entering recession, according to the Congressional Budget
Office's projections. These projections are based on the provisions of the Budget Control Act being enacted, though any observers are doubtful that this
will occur. Inflation, the third major

Expanding Powers Of Presidency : The United States Government
Albert Jian
PLSC 210 11AM
Prompt 2
April 11th, 2016
Professor Armitage
Expanding Powers of Presidency
The President is regarded as the most powerful individual in the United States government nowadays, with powers expressed in the constitution or
congressional act, inferred from the constitution, or assumed by himself. While the executive branch appears the most powerful at current times, most
framers had thought that legislative branch would possess the most power. In The Federalist No. 51, James Madison expressed his concerns in the
inequalities between the three branches; particularly, he stated that, "[i]n republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates".
Most framers did not foresee a future with strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Presidents asserted inherent powers that were inferred from the constitution to expand their powers. Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution states that
the president "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed". The clause is known as the take care clause, which many presidents used to extract
more powers from. In the famous case of Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson signed a treaty with France to purchase Louisiana at
a high price of $15 million dollars. As a strong anti–federalist, Jefferson performed such a federalist action that simply surpassed the restrictions of
constitution on executive branch. Yet, Jefferson defended himself of his action that: "strict observance of the written laws is doubtless one of the high
duties of a good citizen, but it is not the highest. The laws of necessity, of preservation, of saving our country when in danger, are of higher obligation".
Jefferson also argued that the purchase is crucial to United States national security by avoiding a war. Most federalists in Congress chided at his
ultra–federalist approach in the purchase and saw the action as a political opportunity as it discredit Jefferson and his power. Since most Americans
and Congress agreed with his actions, there were no negative consequences to Jefferson's improper use of his presidential power. Louisiana Purchase
thus became a precedent in presidential power on

Raising Minimum Wage Essay
While some believe that raising the minimum wage will resolve poverty issues and lack of pay with the signing of legislation, the raising of the
minimum wage to $10.10 an hour (as advocated by President Obama and the Democrats) would cause the poverty issue to be worse than it already is;
inflation would occur, employees would be laid off, and minimum wage employees would lose welfare benefits, thus offsetting the wage increase. The
Government should consider the effects on the American economy as a whole, as opposed to just considering the wage at which certain individuals are
paid. While some might argue that raising the minimum wage would provide for a 'living wage', the raising of the minimum wage would result in
significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the Kroger Company were required to pay two to three additional dollars in operating costs, the effect on cost of living would have a negative effect,
thus being counter–intuitive to the minimum wage increase. If only 2.9% of American workers work on the minimum wage (Sherk), is it worth
raising their wages only to increase the cost of living for everyone else? While many argue for a minimum wage increase in order for a 'living wage',
not having employment as a result of a minimum wage increase would strongly demonstrate a counter–intuitive effect. According to the non–partisan
Congressional Budget Office, a $10.10 federal minimum wage would mean a net loss of five hundred thousand workers in the American workforce
(Congressional Budget Office). In addition, a strong example of this could be seen in July of 2013 when the city of Washington, D.C. talked about
raising their minimum wage, and Walmart strongly disapproved of this. Walmart, considering setting up shop in D.C., threatened to abandon its
presence in D.C., should the minimum wage be raised (Tull). As a result, DC missed out on a chance to gain several jobs for its people, but this did
not occur because of a minimum wage increase. Basically, supporting the raising of the minimum wage as a result of poverty is incomparable to the
amount of jobs that would be lost as a result of an increase. While many cite poverty as a

The Federal Budget Process Essay
Running head: The Federal Budget Process The Federal Budget Process Abstract This report focuses on the federal budget process of the United
States of America. The annual federal budget begins with a detailed proposal from the President in February. The budget request is developed by the
President's Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Next, Congress creates a blueprint called a budget resolution that sets limits on how much each
committee can spend (or reduce revenues) over the course of the year. The terms of the budget resolution are then enforced against individual
appropriations, entitlement bills, and tax bills on the House and Senate floors. In addition, Congress sometimes uses a special procedure called... Show
Second, the president uses the budget request to lay out his relative priorities for federal programs (Myers, et al, 1989; Policy Basics, 2011). "The
President's budget is very specific, and recommends funding levels for individual federal programs or small groups of programs called "budget
accounts." The budget typically sketches out fiscal policy and budget priorities not only for the year but for the next five years or more. It is also
accompanied by historical tables that set our past budget figures" (Policy Basics, 2011 Para 4). The third role that the President's budget plays is
that it can be used to alert Congress of what spending and tax policy changes the President recommends. It is not necessary for the President to
propose legislative changes for those parts of the budget that are governed by permanent law if he feels none are needed (Policy Basics, 2011).
Majority of the federal tax code is set in permanent law, and will not expire. Similarly, more than one–half of federal spending – including the three
largest entitlement programs (Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security) – is also permanently enacted. Interest paid on the national debt is also paid
automatically, with no need for specific legislation. (There is, however, a

Budget Process
Citizens of the United States are legally required to pay taxes and follow the laws of their government. Thus far, with only having four weeks of
interning at the House of Representatives, I have learned a lot about governmental accounting and politics. For example, one of the biggest complaints
of American people is their increasing tax rates. Every year, the government has the responsibility of negotiating and preparing a budget for the
upcoming years based primarily on taxpayer dollars. There is a long process that goes into creating a budget and allocating appropriations. But what
happens when a major event occurs that cannot be appropriated ahead of time? This research paper will explore the budget process and how taxpayer
dollars contribute, how appropriations are made, and what happens to the budget when the nation experiences an unexpected natural disaster or terrorist
attack.
The government is comprised of the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. Split up between these three branches are
important roles performed by the President, Congress, and Supreme Court. During the congressional budget process each branch has an important part
to play. This process all starts in the beginning of February when the president submits his budget request. By law, the Budget and Accounting Act,
requires that the budget be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
history for one of the most traumatic terrorist attacks on America. Al–Qaeda had hijacked planes full of passengers and flew them into the world trade
center located in New York and into the pentagon located in Virginia. The 4th plane was believed to have a target to hit the U.S. capital in DC but
with the lack of knowledge to fly the hijacker crashed into a field located in Pennsylvania. In response to this attack they put in place the emergency
supplemental appropriations act, created compensation funds and the tax relief act for victims, and established the office of homeland

Congressional Oversight Essay
Congressional Oversight In this paper the subject of interest is the role of congress in the oversight of strategic intelligence, or the lack there of.
Does congress have a proper role in the oversight of strategic intelligence? If not what should the proper role be? These are the questions best
answered by looking at the history of congressional over sight and where it is at today. The next few pages will cover the topics above and shed light
on what it is congress calls oversight. The question What is congressional oversight? Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and
supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation. Congress exercises this power largely through its standing committee
system... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1974 when President Truman signed the National Security Act, which recognized the intelligence community and required congress be "fully
informed". In 1956 President D. Eisenhower establishes the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board to counsel the White House on the quality
and adequacy of intelligence. 1976 President Ford establishes the Intelligence Oversight Board to advise the President of the legality of intelligence
activities. 1977 The House of Representatives establishes the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. It was not intel 1991 that congress
passed the Intelligence Authorization Act, requiring the President to inform congress in writing of all covert actions undertaken by the CIA. Then the
attacks of 9/11 happened and in July 2004 the 9/11 Commission released a public report of approximately 40 suggested reforms, several of which were
to improve Congressional oversight of intelligence activities. The committee also stated that congress was most responsible and their dysfunctional
oversight of intelligence was always dependent on newspaper headlines. This leads to January 2007 when the House responds to the 9/11 Commission's
recommendations by establishing the House Appropriations Select Intelligence Oversight

Economic And Income Inequality
Economic and income equality have risen significantly in the United States over the years. In 2013, the top 1% accounted for roughly 20% of
America's income, before taxes. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the average income of the top 1% of America's population has
"grown by 275 percent between 1979 and 2007," even after taxes. In stark contrast, the middle class has experienced growth of about 40 to 60% and
the lowest income population has only experienced growth of about 18%. This resulted in the richest households nearly tripling their share of the
country's income while the majority struggled to keep up. Since the 1970s, the gaps between classes have steadily grown further apart, much further
apart than the income disparities between classes in other developed countries. For example, 90% of Denmark's income growth went to the bottom
90%, whereas almost half (47%) of America's income growth went into the pockets of the top 1% of the nation. Although some of this disparity is due
to Denmark being a socialist country and America being a capitalist country, there are many other possible reasons at play accounting for the drastic
changes in America's economy.

Book Review : Alice M. Rivlin
Alice M. Rivlin is a woman who has achieved a variety of accomplishments in her life. Rivlin excelled in college and earned a bachelor's degree from
Bryn Mawr College, and at Radcliffe College she earned a master's degree along with a doctorate in economics. With such a high education, it is no
surprise that Rivlin got into politics early and held such a variety of positions ("Alice M. Rivlin – Biography"). In fact one of her most pristine jobs
later in her career was serving as the Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 1996 to 1999.
During her early career, Rivlin worked at an assortment of places from nonprofits to high up government official positions. The job that began her
career was at Brookings Institution, she would later go on to become Deputy Assistant Secretary at the US Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (HEW) where she was in charge of program communications. Following that, Rivlin was HEW's Assistant Secretary for planning and
evaluation but after parting from that job she returned to the Brookings Institution in 1969 ("Alice M. Rivlin – Biography").
In the 1990's at George Mason University, Rivlin became the First Professor of Public Policy and served as deputy director of the White House Office
of Management and Budget (OMB). She continued to move up until she became OMB's Director and remained in that position until she continued on
to the Board of Governors in 1996. Once she left the Board, she returned to

Power Over The United States
Although bureaucracy's have a significant amount of power over the United States most important decisions and laws they cannot always execute or
perform certain actions. Two particular forces who oversee and control bureaucratic agencies are congress and the president who is part of the
executive branch. Both congress and the president are constantly competing for agency control (Lecture 7 10/24/16). They both have their own
individual and unique sets of strategies they use such as using congressional control, appropriations process, privatization, executive order and
management of agency budget in order to seize complete command. The main goal of these two means of control are to ultimately limit the discretion
of bureaucrats and to also if possible shrink the size and number of bureaucracies.
Congress is a major component in deciding how well an agency will do and how well it will carry out its obligations. Despite the fact that
bureaucracies in American can control, manipulate and have a profound impact on the lives of citizens and the nation as a whole, according to Herbert
Kaufman "congress possesses an "awesome arsenal" of weapons that it can use against agencies: legislations appropriations, hearings investigations,
and personal interventions in order to limit their effect. Now besides congress having the duty and responsibility of creating laws for the United States
of America, congress can also check and balance bureaucratic agencies. They do so by using a

Compare And Contrast The Office Of Management And...
The United States is currently $18.2 Trillion in debt, a figure so absurd it's hard to fathom. Does this national monetary crisis have anything to do
with the Congressional Budget Office? Does the blame reflect on the Office of Management and Budget? Many American's complain about the
nation's debt, but little have even heard of either of these two offices. So what are the roles and powers of these two offices? The Congressional
Budget Office (CBO) acts as a financial planner to congress for our nations spending. The CBO is part of the legislative branch of government. The
CBO aids congress by analyzing data to support the budget creation process. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is another entity with a
similar responsibility. The OMB is part of the executive branch. The OMB's main purpose is to advise the president on budget related matters. So what
are the differences between these two offices?... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The agency began operating on February 24, 1975, when Alice Rivlin was appointed its first Director." (CBO, 2011). The CBO was formed out of
conflicts between the executive and legislative branches in terms of budgeting. These budgetary conflicts peaked in 1974 before the implementation
of the CBO. In contrast, the OMB is part of the executive branch. The OMB was originally called the Bureau of Budget, but was retitled in 1971. The
simple definition is that the CBO works closely with congress, while the OMB is an aid to the

Government, Economics, and Fiscal Policy Essay
The statement "I want my job back!" has become a war cry for the masses. Great amounts of money are being dumped into the economy, but with
little to no return. The system is failing and people are becoming restless. In light of the recent "Occupy Wall Street" protests the question begs to be
answered, "Are we going to get our jobs back?" With so many politicians declaring they have the answers, how can we find the correct path to follow?
Something is missing from both plans, but first the plans should be discussed before criticism can begin. It is time for the government to return to a
Laissez–faire "Hands Off!" economy.
On one side you have President Obama who declares that higher taxes on the wealthy and large corporations will solve ... Show more content on
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This bill seems to do a lot of good, it creates jobs. But it does so much more. The American Jobs Act of 2011will decrease the national deficit by $6
billion dollars over the next ten years. "That estimated deficit reduction of $6 billion over the coming decade is the net effect of $447 billion in
additional spending and tax cuts" (Congressional Budget Office). Why so little return for the amount of money being spent? Almost a half trillion
dollars are being spent and only 6 billion dollars are being reduced from the deficit. This bill is leaving something out.
Americans know the value of a balanced budget. If no more money is spent than brought in the creditors do not bother to call. But for those who
spend more than they make it is not such an easy process. First many phone calls begin as creditors begin to look for their money. If no money can be
paid back the family must declare bankruptcy. If a family cannot live outside its means than why should the government? If a corporation cannot
operate within its means it soon folds. So why should the government try?
It is for our protection and betterment that we find a way to lower the deficit and still allow jobs to be created. In the current economic storm
businesses are weary of hiring because they have been required to follow unnecessary regulations. The cost of hiring a new $60,000/yr IT employee is
estimated to be approximately $150,000 (Monte). The

S. 744 Immigration Reform Case Study
Fifth, we assess the benefits of the changing law on immigration. As outlined in the bill S.744, immigration reform will bring many benefits. Once
legalized the residency, or given citizenship, the formerly illegal immigrants are protected legally, they have the opportunity to find better employment,
or they have more opportunities for education and training, or they can create small businesses. As a result, their salary or income will be increased.
Thus, allowing undocumented immigrants to receive legal status or citizenship will help to expand the economy. It is not a myth, because when they
earn a higher salary, they will consume more goods and services, they pay more in taxes, thereby contributing to economic growth. Moreover,
immigration

The Evolution of the Federal Budget Process
Federal spending is necessary for the economy and is essential to the accomplishment of national goals and advancement. This is why a budget is
needed, however, there is no actual process mentioned in the Constitution that explains how Congress should do this. The Constitution states:
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts
and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. (U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 9).
This statement only says that the power has been designated to Congress. It does not stipulate how to use this power nor does it give instructions for
the budgeting process. Even as the role of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to this, the legislative branch had no way to determine is own spending priorities and had nothing to compare to the President's budget. The
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 also created several other instruments for Congress to use during budgeting. First, the Congressional Budget Office
was conceived to provide financial data to Congress. This financial data includes an economic analysis of the President's budget and its own budget
proposal for comparison. Previously, Congress had no choice but to use information from the Office of Management and Budget which was part of
the executive branch. After the CBO was created, Congress was liberated from its reliance on the information from the executive branch. Second, it
also created the House and Senate budget committees. These committees deliberate over the President's budget using the CBO's report as a guideline.
They then draft and prepare the budget resolutions for each house. Once again, legislature was used to further define the government budgeting
process. It did not, however, include instructions as to how to achieve actual budgeting goals such as a balanced budget or lowered debt. It has failed
to set a reform to force hard decisions.
Conclusion
The separation of power doctrine as well as the checks and balances system have created a culture of restraint between the legislative and executive
branches. Each branch's initial instinct is always to contain the

The Stains of Watergate
On June 17, 1972, security guard Frank Wills became a national hero. At twenty four years old, he was working the midnight shift at the Democratic
National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. He discovered tape over a basement door lock and thinking
none of it, he removed the tape. On another inspection round, he found the lock taped over again and called the police. They locked the doors, turned
off the elevators, and started checking darkened offices. At 2:30 a.m. on the 6th floor of the Watergate complex, the police discovered five men who
were identified as the Plumbers Unit on orders by The Committee to Re–elect the President (CREEP) to burglarize the DNC. The men, one who was an
ex–CIA agent, were convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping. However, what started as a third
–rate burglary unravelled into a broad
network of political corruption and espionage within the Nixon administration that became known as Watergate. Before the summer of 1972, the term
"Watergate" meant nothing more than a luxurious complex in Washington, D.C., but because five highly cunning men were somehow caught by an
average, $80–per–week security guard, it became associated with the greatest political scandal of the century and many more after that. The Watergate
scandal proliferated public skepticism of and mistrust in the federal government, and an angry American public called for immediate response. The
widespread public mistrust and

Labeling And Generic Medicine : Pricing And Market Share
According to the article "Originator and generic medicine: pricing and market share" the cost of pharmaceutical drugs accounts for a significant
portion of the total health expenditure (Eon Van Der & Brendenkamp, 2013). Pricing strategies are used to create affordable costs, while also
providing quality for prescription drug management programs. As part of the goals of pricing strategies, benefit management programs use
pharmaceutical benefit managers to negotiate prices, create a savings out of every component of the benefit program, as well as improve clinical
outcomes (Jones, 2003). Pharmaceutical benefit managers are used to administer drug benefits on behalf of health plans, and employers
(Congressional Budget Office, 2007). The article "Developing an effective generic prescription drug program" by John Jones, discusses a variety of
pricing strategies that are offered by pharmaceutical benefit managers. Additionally, the pricing strategy personally recommended by the author will be
discussed. Pharmaceutical benefit managers (PBMs) use a variety of pricing strategies to charge employers for prescription drugs. Among these pricing
strategies are implementing generic drug programs. The article "Developing an effective generic prescription drug program" states that the use of
comprehensive generics program can considerably decrease prescription drug costs, control utilization, and play a major role in helping to improve
overall patient outcomes (Jones, 2003). The article

Recovery Economy Failure
Introduction
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act), is an economic stimulus package that was signed into law in February of 2009
(Grunwald, 2010). The Recovery Act was enacted to stimulate the United States (U.S) economy during the (2007–2009) recession (Investopedia. 2009).
According to The White House, the Recovery Act "includes measures to modernize our nation's infrastructure, enhance energy independence, expand
educational opportunities, preserve and improve affordable health care, provide tax relief, and protect those in greatest need. (The White House, United
States Government, 2009)".
Market Failure
2008 was the year that the US economy faced its largest challenge since the Great Depression. In fact, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cons
As seen above, the Recovery Act took aim at several issues facing our economy, essentially having something for everybody. However, many believed
that it was too complicated and too costly. (Grunwald, 2014).
At the time that the Recovery Act was enacted, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation estimated
that it would increase budget deficits by $787 billion between fiscal years 2009 and 2019. However, later estimates show the total impact to be over
$840 billion by 2019. According to the CBO, close to half of the funds distributed occurred in fiscal year 2010, with more than 95 percent of the
Recovery Act's budget being used by the end of December 2014. (Congressional Budget Office, 2015).
Many U.S citizens complained that the Recovery Act was too confusing; it was hard for them to determine what tax breaks they qualified for, and some
even noted that their taxes had increased.
Extended unemployment benefits and other entitlement programs provided the unemployed an incentive to remain

Congressional Budget Office
Government financial forecasts derive from both legislative and executive branches. The Office of Management and Budget and the Congressional
Budget Office both play big roles in the development and implementation of the United States' budgets. Their main program involve coordinating with
several departments. The main objective of the Office of Management and Budget, also known as OMB, is to assist the President in carrying out his
commitments and priorities for the executive branch. It aids many executive departments and agencies in implementing and carrying out the President's
vision. The OMB does this through five critical areas of focus; budget development and execution. management, coordination and review of Federal
regulations, legislative... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It monitors the President's budget and offers a sense of protection in regards to government spending. It brings an unbiased viewpoint to public
debate. For example when President Obama implemented the Affordable Care Act the CBO provided information on how it affected the budget. The
report said that the ACA would lower the budget deficit because the taxes and fees would offset the programs cost. The Office of Management and
Budget and the Congressional Budget office have some overlapping roles and different powers within our government. They both play key roles in the
Federal budget and how it impacts US citizens. They work together while also providing

The Executive Branch OMB
Created in 1970, the mission of the Office of Management is to serve the President in implementing his vision across the Executive Branch. Of the
many components that are within the Executive Branch OMB is the largest. They work directly with the President as well as many other agencies to
implement the priorities of the President. One of the main jobs of the OMB is to help the president in preparing the budget report. The OMB
measures the quality of agencies, programs, policies, and procedures to see if they are in compliance with the President's policies. The OMB also
helps improve management to develop better performance measures. Made up of four Resource Management Office, each being led by an associate
director. The staff is comprised... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CBO ensures that all of its work is nonpartisan, hiring employees regardless of their political background. The CBO reports cost estimates for
individuals bills, which provide an in depth analysis of the financial impact the bill will have over the next 10 years. They look out for unfunded
mandates as well, the bills that are proposed by committee with any funding sources. They also provide an economic analysis for expenditures
already authorized by Congress over the next 10 years. They analyze the President's budget created by the OMB to provide a second opinion. The
CBO can warn the government about the negative impact of government spending by explaining the impact of decisions made for government
programs. Many emergency debt relief programs would not be possible without the analysis of the CBO. The Congressional Budget Office is in a sense
another form of checks and balances. By constantly monitoring the President's budget they provide a second analysis on government spending,
spending that could have lasting effects on national

The Office Of Management And Budget (OMB)
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) was established through the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. The OMB is the financial planning
and management division of the Executive Office of the President (What is the Office of Management and Budget (OMB),) The director of the
OMB is appointed by the President, and is in charge of the fiscal policy, the director speaks in front of congressional committees to discuss prosed
budgets (Office of Management and Budget legal definition of Office of Management and Budget). The OMB does not have the authority to make
laws, however it assists the President in developing the federal budget. The OMB evaluates the policies of the federal agencies, and makes sure that
they are managing their finances appropriately.

Congressional Budget Office Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography
Congressional Budget Office. "Reduce Federal Funding for the Arts and Humanities."
Congressional Budget Office, Congressional Budget Office , 22 June. 2015, https://www.cbo.gov/budget–options/2013/44786 Accesses 8 Mar. 2017
This article was written by the government so I know it is very reliable and trustworthy. Since I could not find any reliable sources that disagree with
my topic I chose to use this source that explains why there were budget cuts against the arts, and the arguments for and against it. This article also gives
statistics from over the years on how much the government spent on performing arts programs, and how their budget went down slowly over time.
Additionally, this article discusses why performing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The source is extremely helpful in further explaining the benefits of arts programs and their impacts. For example, this article goes into more detail
about how the students feel about performing arts programs. Also, I have no sources other than this one, that talks about actual methods of integrating
the arts in a creative and fun way that both the teachers and the students would enjoy. This show a different side to the argument in favor of performing
arts programs rather than just stating facts, which is good to show the more emotional reason why students respond well and benefit from the arts. I
could use this article to help my reader connect emotionally to my

Antitrust Laws
Antitrust laws– laws covered under this regulation are intended to prevent the monopolizing of cer–tain services that could end up negatively affecting
the market by driving up or down the price of a good or service to such an extent that people cannot afford it. It also has the responsibility to ensure
there is adequate competition and to make prices fair and services accessible to as many people as possible. (Economics, 2014). Consumer Product
Safety Commission (CPSC)– this regulation's effect on the market is quite significant because if a product is deemed unsafe for the public, it can
have a huge effect on all levels of production. If the company offers any sort of stock, those who have shared may be greatly impacted as well. It is even
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The public probably has a better understanding of how contracts work, as the concept is the same whether it's be–tween private–private partnerships, or
private–public. Whether the principle is the government or a pri–vate company, their role in the contract must still be clearly defined and is not easy to
change once it's been created. Universities indirect effect on markets makes them more difficult to monitor in house as the curriculum is not decided by
any branch of government and the budget does not have any re–quirements on it. However, as previously mentioned, they turn out professionals who
may have a bi–ased view on how markets should behave and who should have influence. Most people are familiar with antitrust laws but not
specifically how they work. They are not easily monitored but can carry sig–nificant weight in getting corporations to agree to correct behavior that is
deemed to be in violation. The three monitoring agencies have different responsibilities, but the goal of each is the same, to limit the effect of deficits
on the economy (market) to the extent possible. Each report to different levels of government, but are aware of the responsibilities of the others. They
may not work in conjunction with each other well, which can create gridlock in Congress, limiting funds available for critical programs. Most people
are familiar with the seemingly regular stalemates that

Medicaid: A Case Study
PPACA was initially envisioned to expand eligibility for Medicaid and Medicare. However, since Medicaid and Medicare are administered jointly
through state and federal government, this provision could not take place after the Supreme Court determined that PPACA could not force states to
expand their Medicaid program. The Court reasoned if states refused to expand their Medicaid program under the law, as it was written, then HHS
would legally be entitled to withhold the state's current Medicaid funding for non–compliance (Kaiser, 2015). Currently, an individual with an annual
income that is within 133% of the federal poverty level is eligible for Medicaid, if living in a state that expanded Medicaid (Dixon, 2014). Under
PPACA, the federal government

Essay On The Federal Budget
A couple of large concerns always arise when discussing politics: the state of the Union, what the president is currently doing, and a few other topics.
No topic, however, is as talked about in major concern than the federal budget. As tax payers, the American people always wishes to know where
their tax dollars are going. The problem is that very few people actually know who sets the federal budget, and how much power this branch of
government really has.
The governmental branch that controls the federal budget is the legislative branch, also known as Congress. An instance when Congress really
stretched its muscles in terms of the federal budget was the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. This bill permitted Congress
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This establishes the total targets of five budget key areas: authority, outlays, revenues, surplus or deficit, and public debt. The resolution also sets a
budget authority and outlay targets of each of the 21 spending categories. Finally, the committee prepares guidelines in the annual budget resolution for
cutting programs to meet spending targets. A few other key responsibilities that the HBC may receive is to sometimes includereconciliation
instructions that instruct committees to develop legislation that will change current revenue or direct spending laws to conform with policies
established in the budget resolution, and to make summary budget scorekeeping reports in order to measure the budgetary effects of pending and
enacted legislation against the levels recommended in the budget resolution.
Another budget committee is the Senate Budget Committee, or SBC. The SBC's prime responsibilities is very much like the House Budget
Committee's, where the SBC must draft budget plans for Congress and monitor and enforce rules surrounding spending, revenue, and the federal
budget. The only difference between the HBC and SBC is their resolution to the budget, which is jointly agreed upon through a conference committee
and becomes the budget resolution, or federal budget. This budget does not become a new law of the US as the president does not sign

Macro Research Paper
The Great Debt Shift from 2000 to 2012
The United States is facing a structural budget deficit in recent years. The fiscal situation has an increasingly dire and unsustainable outlook over the
next 10 years and beyond. However, looking back ten years before, when George Bush took office at the beginning of 2001, the federal government
was running a substantial budget surplus and projected rising surpluses. Here comes to a question: how did federal government get into this fiscal
mess. My paper dedicates to examine the federal budget balance and government policies over last ten years and analyzes the reasons for this dramatic
change from substantial surpluses to massive deficits. Furthermore, I will also shed a light on the dilemma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Revenues then increased for four years – from $1,880.1 billion in FY 2004 to $2,568 billion in FY 2007 – before sliding to $2,524 billion in FY 2008,
and then dropping further to $2,105 billion in FY 2009 as the recession exploded. In 2010, President Obama and Republican leaders struck a deal that
extended them for two more years as part of a broader package meant to support the still–fragile economy.
The debt ballooned under Bush with debt held by the public increasing from $3.5 trillion to nearly $6 trillion and gross federal debt going from $5.6
trillion to nearly $10 trillion. In fact, "From 2001 through 2010, the cuts added $2.6 trillion to the public debt, nearly 50% of the total debt accrued
during this period." As the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found, "the tax cuts account for $1.7 trillion in extra deficits in 2001 through 2008,
and $3.7 trillion over the 2009–2019 period." In addition, the extra debt–service costs caused by the Bush–era tax cuts, amounts "to more than $200
billion through 2008 and another $1.7 trillion over the 2009–2019 period – nearly $330 billion in 2019 alone."
Besides the constant decrease in government revenue, increase in government spending also contributes to the large deficit. One major factor that
worsened the fiscal outlook was a large increase in federal discretionary spending. After the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, Bush
administration conducted

The Budget Making Of The Cbo
If the CBO really matters, it is due to the fact that honest numbers matter. If its numbers are credible, that is because a culture has developed where
honesty is valued and where it does actually make a difference. The CBO was created out of controversy between the executive and legislative
branches. There was a lack of fiscal responsibility on the side of congress. Budget making by a committee was then a way to confront resource scarcity
face on. This was a way for the congress to also check the executive branch in the budget making process. On February 25, 1975, Alice Rivlin was
sworn in as director of CBO. This was the official beginning of the CBO. She was basically a staff of one. The only other employees were the staffers
of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One thing all economists do agree on is that income and revenues to spend on resources are scarce. Using particular economic resources for one
purpose makes it so that they are not available for another. This may seem like a logical standpoint, but it is one aspect of having scarce resources
effecting public policy. Businesses and individuals alike understand the danger o scarce resources and revenues. In terms of individuals, the choice is
between consumption and investment whereas for a business it is between capital gains and labor. The public sector has to, for instance, choose
between what is done with taxes and spending. Some revenues will need to be raised in order to finance the government, but the real question comes
from where those funds come from. The way the government or public sector deals with this is through the type of decision–making that takes place
though budgetary processes conducted by the CBO. There is a lot more to all of this than just politics. There is a difference between making trade–offs
for uses of funds than for those policies to change decisions. For instance, the government could say that it has two goals in terms of policy. They
two policies are providing health care for everyone and providing enough defense capacity to be able to fight two wars at the same time. The real
costs of these endeavors have to come into perspective. The classic way of looking at this dilemma is the guns versus butter model.

History Of House Appropriations Committee
Congressional Background Congresswoman Lee's Washington office is located at 2267 Rayburn House, Washington DC 20515. Her phone number is
202–255–2661 (Barbara Lee 'Contact', retrieved from https://lee.house.gov/contact). Lee's chief of Staff is Julie Little Nickson. Her legislative
director is Emma Mehrabi, and her District Director is Adrienne Ursino (Office of Barbara Lee, October 6, 2017, phone call). Congresswoman Lee is
currently serving on the House Appropriations Committee, as one of 52 members, 30 of which are Republicans and 22 of which are Democrats. The
committee is chaired by Rodney P. Frelinghuysen (R–NJ). The Appropriations committee is tasked with writing legislation in order to allocate money
to various government... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Committee has 36 total members, 22 Republicans and 14 Democrats. One major issue for the committee is the Resolution on the Budget for FY
18. The hearing for the markup for this resolution occurred on July 19. The plan included budget cuts to both Medicare and Social Security (House
Budget Committee, retrieved from https://budget.house.gov/hearing/markup–concurrent–resolution–budget–fiscal–year–2018/) Congresswoman Lee's
Leadership positions include the Chair of the Whip Task Force of Poverty, Income Inequality and Opportunity, as well as the Co
–Founder and Co–
Chair of the Congressional HIV/AIDS Caucus. She is also the Former Co–Chair and Current Whip of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, The
Vice–Chair and Founding Member of the LGBT Equality Caucus, and finally, the Co–Chair on the Asian Pacific American Caucus Health Care Task
Force. Lee was also a US Representative to the United Nations 68th and 70th General Assemblies (2014 and 2016), where she focused on the
advancement of women's rights (Barbara Lee 'Committees and Caucuses', retrieved from https://lee.house.gov/about/committees–and–caucuses). Lee
has also received a multitude of awards during her ten terms to date in Congress, including the Leaders of Democracy Award from the MLK Memorial
Foundation (2015), the National Parks Heritage Award from the National Parks Conservation Association (2015), The Congressional Leadership Award
from the UN Association of the USA (2014), and Humane Advocate from

Congressional Budget Office: A Case Study
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) uses nonpartisan economists and budget analysts to create independent reports for proposed legislation.
(IntroToCBO: Congressional Budget Office, 2016) The CBO supports Congress in a variety of ways. First, it researches and predicts cost estimates
for almost every legislative bill that makes it out of committee. It is important to note that the CBO does not make policy recommendations; it strives
to be objective in analyzing the economic impact of a specific piece of legislation. (about:overview:cbo, 2016) These reports are called cost estimates
and they attempt to show how much revenue or spending the proposed piece of legislation would generate or cost over the next decade.
The second way they support Congress is to create baseline budget and economic projections for the next 10 and 30 years. (IntroToCBO:
Congressional Budget Office, 2016) The 10 year predictions are generated several times a year but the 30 year predictions are only generated once
per year. Since Congress can have a significant change in makeup every election the CBO creates these reports on the assumption that law that were in
effect when the projection was created will remain in effect. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(products#5: CBO, 2016) The CBO uses their own methodology to reevaluate the budget that the POTUS has submitted to Congress. On the firth
working day of each month the CBO releases a monthly summary of federal spending and revenue statistics. These reports are used to help guide
policy decisions based on Congressional

Information And Communication Technologies ( Ict )
Introduction Information is a key factor that plays a large role in the day–to–day activities within the health care sector. It is generated and processed
by health care providers, such as physicians, nurses and hospitals as they provide care to their patients. However, managing that information and using
it productively poses an ongoing challenge. It is especially challenging in the complexity of the U.S. health care sector, with its many different types of
providers, services and settings for care (Congressional Budget Office, 2008). Information and communication Technologies (ICT) has the potential to
greatly increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the health sector by assisting healthcare providers with managing information. It also has the
potential to lead to better cost–efficiency in the health sector. ICT can play a critical role in improving health care for individuals and communities. It
can also transform informal regulation by providing people with the knowledge they require to challenge existing practices and make more rational
health care choices (Adeboyejo and Olatokun, 2009). Patients are empowered to take more responsibility for their health and quality of life through the
use of health ICT. Health ICT allows the collaboration and involvement of patients and healthcare providers in the prevention and treatment of common
illnesses. Through the development of databases and other applications, health ICT provides new and more efficient ways of accessing,

The Responsibilities of Congress and the President Essay
In this module we have study modifications to the way Congress and the President do business. The Constitution lists specific duties for Congress to
attend to; it is a little vaguer when assigning duties to the President. It is up to both of these institutions to best determine how to accomplish these
duties. The major theme of this module is change, the addition of offices under the President and the modifications to the power distribution within the
Congress to help better and sometimes hinder these institutions in accomplishing their duties. The Congress of the 1950s, known as the "textbook
Congress", is quite different than the Congress of the today. Our Author notes six legislative folkways that were noted by political scientist... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is how change may hinder the completion of legislation. The module goes on to address the changes made in the Congressional committee
system. Committees are an integral part of our Congressional system without them in place the 435 members of the House and the 100 members of the
Senate would be severely hindered in doing their job. Committees have been used in the Congress since the beginning at first the committees were ad
hoc bodies put together to address issues and then reported back to their specific bodies as time went by permanent standing committees were formed.
Over time members built careers within committees building seniority and power. "By the turn of the century, seniority had become such an iron–clad
formula that in both House and Senate party leaders' real discretion in committee assignments was limited primarily to new members." (Loomis
/Schiller p 156) The power amassed by committee chairmen began to rival party leadership and stifle junior members of committees. Both parties
recognized that too much power rested with the chairpersons of committees and worked to place limits on this power and return it party leadership.
The Democrat reforms occurred from 1959–1975 and included limiting the number of chairs a member could hold and fixed jurisdiction of
subcommittees among other steps. The Republican changes reduced the number of staff personnel and did away with

A Government Agency With Fice Of Quality, Performance, And...
A government agency with whom I am very familiar with is the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). I was a Program Analyst with the office of
Quality, Performance, and Oversight (QPO). This particular office was responsible for all Human Capital endeavors that involved special projects and
recruiting. The VA is no different than any other appropriated agency within the federal government, they are funded by tax payers' money and have
legislative policies to comply with. The different phases of the VA'sbudget cycle are described by the Department of the Treasury as "life cycles" and
include the following; Executive budget formulation and transmittal, congressional action, budget execution and control, audit and review. (VA.gov
/finance).
The VA has endured harsh public and political criticism for their health care backlogs and erroneous disability claims in the past years. Therefore,
Legislation has proposed a timeline for budget submissions. On February 3, 2015 the budget for the Department of Veterans Affairs was proposed.
Upon its submission, legislation proposed a few changes including; better business practices, additional benefits, and extended authority to transport
Veterans to VA facilities. The costs for the proposed changes were $50 million forfiscal year 2016. (VA.gov/budget docs).
Legislative Affairs requested a total of $5.9 million to allow VA to continue to address an increasing workload and to become more proactive in
advancing Congressional communications

Federal Budgetary Function, And The Oversight Function Essay
The 3 most significant powers of Congress are The Budgetary Function, The Law Making Function, and The Oversight Function. 1. The Budgetary
Function – Congress solidified their role in the budgetary process by passing the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The Act modified the role of
Congress in the federal budgetary process. It created standing budget committees in both the House and the Senate, established the Congressional
Budget Office, and moved the beginning of the fiscal year from July 1 to October 1. The Act had two main goals: (1) strengthen and centralize
Congress ' budget authority; (2) reduce the President 's impoundment authority. The latter was done by drafting detailed guidelines restricting how the
President can impound funds already appropriated by Congress. 2. The Law Making Function – is a form of the state activity intended on the creation
(or revision) of the legal norms. Bills are introduced by a variety of methods. After introduction, bills are sent to designated committees which, in
most cases, schedule a series of public hearings to permit presentation of views by persons who support or oppose the legislation. The hearing
process, which can last several weeks or months, opens the legislative process to public participation. When a committee has acted favorably on a bill,
the proposed legislation is then sent to the floor for open debate. In the Senate, the rules permit virtually unlimited debate. A bill passed by one house is
sent to the other for

The Reform And Governmental Statistics On The United States
Since the passage of the ACA, a total of 14.1 million adults have acquired health insurance coverage, however, a distinction must be made; the ACA
was created to expand health insurance, not to better health care (Office of The Assistant Secretary For Planning and Evaluation, 2015). Texas being
the number one state in all of the U.S. with "more than 5 million Texans" (19% of the population) uninsured in 2014 (this was a decrease of 700,000
individuals in 2013) would be expected to hold great support in order to lower the high rates of the uninsured (Walters, 2015). In order to understand
the impact that the ACA has had on the U.S., but especially in Texas, it is important to look at what state officials say concerning the reform and
... Show
Medicaid is a system of inflexible mandates, one–size–fits–all requirements, and wasteful, bureaucratic inefficiencies. Expanding it as the PPACA
provides would only exacerbate the failure of the current system, and would threaten even Texas with financial ruin (Perry, 2012).
Perry's strong opposition to the ACA makes it questionable whether the reform is for the benefit of the people or if it benefits the government
monetarily. The current Governor of Texas, Greg Abbot, stated his thoughts of the ACA by stating,
The Supreme Court abandoned the Constitution to resuscitate a failing healthcare law. Today's action underscores why it is now more important
than ever to ensure we elect a President who will repeal Obamacare and enact real healthcare reforms (Office of The Governor Greg Abbott, 2015).
Senator Ted Cruz also expresses his thoughts on Obamacare as being a "manifest disaster" (Jones, 2015). On a live interview on the Road To The
White House on C–Span Senator Cruz states,
I think health care reform ought to expand competition, it ought to empower patients and it ought to disempower government bureaucrats from getting
in between us and our doctors. I think the best way to do that, 3 concrete ideas. Our number one, allowing people to purchase health insurance across
state lines... number two as doctor Ben Carson talked about very effectively, expanding health savings account so

Presidential Control over the Bureaucracy
For the common American citizen a major concern, as suggested by a recent Gallup poll, centers around the idea that the President, as Chief
Executive of the nation, has too much power and influence in the shaping of the United States (Americans' Belief). In particular, there exist a strong
belief that the bureaucracy is directly managed by presidential preference (Roff). In contrast, it is a rarely suggested opinion that the President does
not have enough power, control, or influence over the bureaucracy. With these two opinions in mind, to what extent does the President have control of
the bureaucracy? As suggested by the textbook American Democracy Now, the majority of control that the President has over the bureaucracy is
generally limited to about six distinct processes performed at the executive or presidential level. The six processes include: nominating people to be
appointed to a department, and removal of people from a department. Shaping the direction of the administration. Giving directives to an agency of
exactly what it needs to accomplish. Reorganizing federal departments. Changing discretionary spending. Using the Office of Budget Management to
analyze and make suggestions on the budget that can be used by the president to provide support or to take away support from certain agencies
(Harrison 416–38). While the President can nominate or directly appoint people to some positions, in reality the federal bureaucracy consists of about
three million civilian

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