2. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon. -- compounds lacking carbon and not from living organisms referred to as “inorganic”
3. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
4. Carbon – The Element of Life Carbon’s unique atomic structure allows it to covalently bond with up to four other atoms -- carbon is the simplest element on the periodic table that also has four valence electrons Drawing of carbon and it’s bonding ability:
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6. Properties of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements -- they have low melting and boiling points. -- hydrocarbons are flammable -- hydrocarbons are nonpolar and mix poorly with water—think, oil and water. -- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuels Methane Propane Diesel
7. Properties of Hydrocarbons -- Liquid hydrocarbons do not burn, only in the vapor form -- The longer the chain, the most likely to remain a liquid/solid -- Methane = gas -- Propane = liquid under pressure, gas in air -- Butane = high volatile liquid -- Gasoline = volatile liquid -- Diesel = non-volatile liquid -- paraffin = solid
8. Saturated There are two kinds of hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated Saturated hydrocarbons – hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as possible (each carbon is bonded to four different atoms) -- there are NO DOUBLE BONDS in a saturatedhydrocarbon
9. Unsaturated Unsaturated hydrocarbons – hold less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (some carbons are only bonded to two or three different atoms) -- there are one or more double or triple bonds in an unsaturated hydrocarbon
10. From Unsaturated to Saturated The fewer the double bonds, the more solid the fat/oil is at room temperature.
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12. Structural Formulas When we write a simple chemical formula, such as CH4, we are actually writing what we call a molecular formula Molecular Formulas – show the atoms and the number of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing else In organic chemistry, it is often more useful to show structural formulas instead Structural Formulas – show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule CH4 H – C – H Molecular Formula Structural Formula 3-D Structure H H
13. Isomers Structural formulas are important in organic chemistry because of isomers Isomers are two compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formulas but different structural formulas -- they have different chemical and physical properties methoxyethane C3H8O propan-1-ol propan-2-ol methoxyethane (n-propyl alcohol) (isopropyl alcohol)
14. The names of the simplest hydrocarbons: HydrocarbonMolecular Formula Methane (Natural Gas) CH4 Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane (Lighter fluid) C4H10 Pentane C5H12 Hexane C6H14 Octane(Gasoline) C8H18 Decane C10H22 DodecaneC12H26 Heating Oil C14-C20 Paraffin Wax C25H52 Crude Oil C20-C50
15. Hydrocarbons The alkenes have a double bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated.
16. Hydrocarbons The alkynes have a triple bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated and highly reactive.
18. Functional groups-are bound to the carbon and gives the compound some sort of property. For Example: Esters allhave a sour taste and strong odor. Ethyl acetate Nail Polish Remover
19. Because of their strong odors, esters are used in industry as artificial flavors and/or odors for things like gum, candy, soda, candles, soaps, and perfumes. Prop-2-enyl hexanoate Pineapple Isoamyl acetate Banana Isobutyl acetate Cherry Methyl cinnamate Strawberry Ethyl valerate Apple Ethyl cinnamate Cinnamon Ethyl lactate Butter
