Introduction to planning

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PORTFOLIO
INTRODUCTION TO TOWN PLANNING
DEPARTMENT OF CITY & REGIONAL PLANNING
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECNOLOGY JAMSHORO

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Dedication
THESE HUMBLE EFFORTSARE DEDICATED TO
MY
PARENTS,TEACHERS&FRIENDS
WHOSE LOVE AND AFFECTION GAVE ME
AN IMPICIT FAITH
AND
CONFIDENCE

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TO PLEDGE MY SERVICE TO THE MANKIND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks and gratitude id due to only Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious
and the most Merciful.
It would be very difficult to acknowledge all people who assisted in the
completion of this Portfolio. I hereby wish to express my gratitude to all
those individuals.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my subject
teacher, Lecturer Department of City and Regional Planning for her sincere
advice, guidance, and encouragement patronage provided by throughout
the making of this portfolio.
I am also thankful to, Chairman, Department of City and Regional
Planning, and also thanks full to my parents and 15 CRP Students for
their enthusiastic encouragement during the preparation of the Portfolio
and assistance in typing and proof reading of this Portfolio.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT ITP
2. DEFINITION OF INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING ITP
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
a. ELOBRATIONS
4. TERMS USED IN PLANNING AND THEIR DEFINITION
5. RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER FIELDS
a. RELATIONSHIP WITH ARCHITECHTURE
b. RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
c. RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
d. RELATIONSHIP WITH SURVYING
e. RELATIONSHIP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECHTURE
f. RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY
g. RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMICS
6. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN PLANNING
7. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PLANNER
8. NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING
9. GEOGRPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
IN RELATION TO PLANNING
10. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING
11. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
12. LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING

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13. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES
14. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF SIR EBNEZIR HOWARD
15. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LE COUBISER
16. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
17. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF LEWIS MUMFORD
18. LAND USE PLANNING THEORY OF C.A DOXIADIS
LECTURE NO: 01
INTRODUCTION TO SUBJECT
Introduction to planning is a subject which is the key step towards a good and bright future of
a planner and the field of urban or city planning.
It is to study, observe, memorize and learn the aims, functions, objectives of city and regional
planning, and to implement them in their practical field so that one can provide the most
benefits to the society to which he or she (the planner) is concerned keeping in mind the
aspects, the study provided them in the whole session.
To study the meaning of planning, to understand the main purpose of city planning and to
guide people towards the development, the orderly and properly developed city and regional
areas surrounded by the particular city. To which we are taught the strategy and policy of
planning in order to meet the needs of the people residing in the country, city or any rural area
because it is not only to develop the urban areas and surrounding but the rural areas and its
surrounding as well.
LECTURE NO: 02
URBAN PLANNING

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Urban Planning is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and urban
design and environment, including air, water, and basic infrastructure passing into and out of
urban areas as the transportation and distribution networks to guide insure the orderly
development of satellite communities.
OR
URBAN PLANNING is a technical process concerned with the control of use of land and
orderly development of towns and cities with respect to amenities like basic facilities such as,
road networks, convenience and health facilities and the housing and proper shelter most of
all.
LECTURE NO: 03
EXPLANATION OF CITY PLANNING
City or urban planning guides and insure the orderly and managed development of settlements
and satellite communities which commutes into and out of urban areas or share resources with
it. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design,
public consultation, policy recommendation, implementation and management.
LECTURE NO: 04
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF CITY/URBAN PLANNING
As a person works in any field, he or she has some aims and objectives which he or she has to
fulfill in order to work sincerely and wisely.
Here some aims and objectives are mentioned which a planner has to consider and work on.

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1. HEALTH
2. CONVINENCE
3. Beautification
4. Removal of slums
5. Distribution of areas
ELABORATIONS OR EXECUTIONS
 Urban planning is most important because it helps us to maintain stability in our world
and planning for growth and a decrease in our living as we do on a day to day basis.
 It provides a clear picture to the planning authorities for making any recommendation
in public interest.
 Urban planning aims at intelligent and economical expenditure on the public funds to
provide optimum amenity, convenience, and health facilities.
 Urban planning is to proceed with the improvement or construction of a town or city
in such a way so as to meet the present needs in order not to compromise in future
when changes may occur by upcoming generation.
 It is to assign various land uses to various parts of the town or city in order to avoid
mutual conflicts on the distribution and use of land.
SOME OTHER OBJECTIVES OF URBAN PLANNING
 Arrangement of education, health and medical services.
 Allocating or distributing space for marketing centers, shops and community centers
and so on.
 It aims to provide beautification by taking maximum advantage from the natural
conditions as well as by giving architectural finish to planning components.
 Urban planning aims at removal of slums and providing better shelter and housing.
 It aims at providing proper housing society with accommodations such as basic
infrastructure like electric and water supply.
 Organization and improvements in the means of transportation and communication.
 Making arrangements for recreation both for adults and children.
 Arrangements for cleanliness and sanitation in urban and its adjoining areas.
 It provides parks, playgrounds for public and to maintain pollution to its lowest
possible degree to provide better health to the people residing in a particular society.

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 Setting apart spaces for industries, parks, public places including burial grounds with
their proper proportion and places.
LECTURE NO: 05
SOME BASIC TERMS USED IN PROFESSIONAL PLANNING
DEFINITIONS:
 ACCESSABILITY
 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
 INFRASTRUCTURE
 LAND USE
 LAND USE PLAN
 MIXED-LAND USE
 LIVABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD
 NEW URBANISM
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 TRANSIT OREINTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD)
 URBAN SPRAWL
ACCESSABILITY:
It refers to approach or reach or access or mode of communication. In terms of planning it is a
concept or idea of accessible design which ensures the direct or indirect means of access or
approach.

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COMPREHENSIVE PLAN:
It contains a detailed and long term planning of any piece of land which inhales and
accomplish the community goals in order to develop a community. The strategic vision
having large areas and wide range to cover containing ideas of proper position and proportion
of amenities, distribution networks, recreational and commercial areas and the housing most
of all by the implementation of the public policies with their consultation.

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INFRASTRUCTURE:
The basic facilities necessary to live in a town or city or any piece of land like transportation,
communication facilities, sewage and drainage system, water and electric system. A planner is
concerned to provide these facilities properly and efficiently.
LAND USE:
Land use is the distribution of land for different purposes. It includes management and
properly distribution and division of a piece of land into such environment which includes the
settlements and maintenance of the land in order to make it beautiful and beneficial and the
same time.
LAND USE PLAN:
Land use plan is the regulation and the
implementation of land use in order to
avoid future conflicts which
may occur due to inefficient Land
use. In other words it is a vision for
further possibilities of development in
urban areas and neighborhood. The process is known land use planning.

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MIXED LAND USE:
It is the use of land for development of a city, town or even a single building in such a way
that it contains residential and commercial areas on a single space. It includes mixture of
residential and commercial areas, green spaces and open spaces, recreational activities and
officers in order to provide a complete pedestrian connection to particular space, which
replaces the use of cars by public transportation and pedestrian.
LIVABLE
NEIGHBORHOODS:
Livable neighborhoods applies structure planning and subdivisions for the Greenfield sites
and for the development of large brownfield sites and urban infill sites.

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NEW URBANISM:
An integrated housing scheme which contains residential and commercial areas, recreational
and public facilities, and amenities in a compact form at walk able distance not scattered in
the whole area but beautifully arranged so as not to suffer in automobiles and not only to
provide the facilities but also to provide such area of residency that is attractive.
SUSTA INABLE DEVELOPMENT:
The idea imposed by the sociological and technological organization so as not to suffer when
problems may occur in future. It is also defined as to protecting and restoring urban areas in
such a way that it gives us a good impact in a compact form. It is the road map for the
sustaining of the society to meet present and future needs as well.
TRANSIT OREINTED DEVELPOMENT:
It is described as residential and commercial zones provided to maximize access by transit
transportation and with other such features to discourage the congestions and private transport
in order to provide transit and friendly environment.
 Mixed use development which provide shops, school.
 Parking and automobile management to reduce burden
 Transit stations that are accessible secure and luxurious.

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9.
10.
11.
12.
URBAN SPRAWL:
The ill-mannered and haphazard spreading and scattering low density single use development
of a town away from urban areas, which results in the inefficient use of the infrastructure and
the increased use of automobiles as the residential and commercial areas have high
segregation between them

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LECTURE NO: 06
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH OTHER PROFESSIONS
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH ARCHITECTURE
Planner and Architecture both are concerned with planning but the planner planes on large
scales and have a wide range and area to work with but when we discuss the architecture it is
the work or planning on smaller scales. Like when a planning of a housing scheme is
completed and Planner had shown the locations of plots amenities and other recreation then
the architecture is required to give it a shape which is to be constructed sometime schools,
sometime hospital and others.
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH CIVIL ENGINNERING
When the planner had planned the housing scheme he or she needs a Civil Engineer to
implement his ideas. As the planner suggest the road networks to reach the plots and other
buildings in the housing society those road networks are then built by the Civil Engineer. CRP
and Civil Engineering are related with each other because a planner planes a city, region or
any society and expresses his ideas but when it comes to implement those ideas and
visualization of those ideas suggested in a respective plan by the planner he needs a Civil
Engineer to do so. Thus Civil Engineer construct the ideas and give them a visual shape which
are proposed by a planner.
LECTURE NO: 7

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RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
When a planner is planning any city housing scheme, region or a satellite community he must
have to keep in mind the environmental changes and factors. The environmental or climatic
changes of that particular area, the wind direction, each and every aspect of Environmental
Engineering which are mentioned for that purpose. He needs to consult an Environmental
Engineer who tell him about these aspects such as the wind direction, energy efficiency and
resources, sewage and drainage lines to which he facilitates himself in order to do such
planning which is free of suffocation, suffering, congestion n present and in future as
problems may occur due to the increasing ratio of population and traffic as the time passes.
LECTURE NO: 8
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH SURVEYING
Planning and Surveying are interlinked because both are concerned with land use and land
use development. Though Surveyor suggest the ideas weather the land is suitable for planning
which is going to be done on the particular piece of land or not. Because it’s a science and art
of analyzing data and research about planning and collecting information by observing and
measuring the earth from above, on or beneath its surface. Planner required these information
these information are necessary and essential before planning. Because the Surveyor tells him
whether the land is suitable for high rise buildings or not. Whether the land is hilly or rocky,
plain or deserted, inclined or declined.
LECTURE NO: 9
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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Landscape is necessary for a planner to beautify the land that he is planning. Landscape
Architecture is basically of two main types which are manmade and natural landscape. All the
physical elements and their use is included in landscape architecture. It mainly concerned
with the beautification of the external part and the external decoration of land at national and
regional level for beautification purpose. His work is to provide the beatification over large
scale which includes water bodies, open spaces, green spaces, as the natural landscape and the
beautification of the external views of the buildings and communities as manmade
landscaping. The planner also work on large scales but planner is concerned with the
buildings and its location and position and the proportion but when it comes to make the work
of a planner beautiful and attractive planner needs a landscape architecture.
RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology is concerned with the study and thinking of the people residing or going to be
reside in a particular society or piece of land, in terms of providing the equal opportunity to
the poor and rich, majority and minority, regarding amenities, recreation and utilities.
Sociology is skill full profession by which one can judge the desires and demands, priorities
and problems of the individuals and the whole community. He consult with the public and
took opinions from them in order to provide desirable living environment. The planner
requires a sociologist to work on all these above mentioned aspects. A sociologist then
acknowledge the planner about the problems faced by public if there is going to be occur, by
observing the present situation and mind of people. Which is also beneficial for a planner.
LECTURE NO: 10
RELATIONSHIP OF CRP WITH ECONOMICS:
Economics have importance in every aspect of life is also related and have importance in CRP
as well. As after planning the planner has to suggest the estimation and has to propose the
idea that how one can earn more money by providing equal, basic, and proper facilities in the
money suggested for the site. Thus he needs an economist who suggest the vast resources like
how to maximize the minimum resources in order to avail maximum benefits in an essential
and efficient way. He propose the contiguous plan that how the work should be done and what
the material should be used in order to avail most of benefits in the available money.
LECTURE NO:11
IMPORTANCE OR ROLE OF URBAN PLANNING IN OUR SOCIETY OR
COUNTRY

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As Pakistan is a developing country but it is not developing in means of planning and
constructions. As we can see the roads of our country are indetoriated conditions. The
sewerage lines and drainage system is broken and damaged. Slums and squatter settlements
are in almost every nook and corner of the country. Cities are unplanned rural areas are
having lack of basic infrastructure and are neglected parts of the country. Lack of awareness
of living among the people. Transportation and distribution networks are in poor and
congested forms. Insecurity, housing back log, converting of agricultural land into different
types of buildings, migration from urban areas to rural areas, mismanagement of local
authorities and environmental pollution. These aspects created a haphazard condition in our
country which is the result of the lack of land use planning and planning law, economic
development, urban design, planning of transportation and distribution networks and the
planning of housing most of all. Thus the planner is required for proper planning of all these
above mentioned problems and aspects and to avoid suffocation, congestion and
encroachment who is professional and expert in the field of city and regional planning by
studying it. A planner having knowledge about the local issues, priorities and every aspect of
life and can deal with the problems faced by the country at the moment in order to make the
society pleasant and the environment joyful. He provides proper guide lines and solutions for
utilizing the minimum resources into maximum benefits by planning and proper land use
plan, like where should the residential area, the commercial area, the recreation, the amenities,
the industrial area and green spaces be placed with the proper position and proportion in order
to avoid suffocation, encroachment. Urban planning is also important to avoid migration from
rural areas to urban areas urban areas but ruby planning not only rural areas as well as urban
planning is not only about the national levels but also for the regional and local levels. Thus it
can be helpful in providing stability, sustainability and equality in the country by reducing the
burden over urban areas due to migration. It is also important and helpful in managing the
social sector in which all the issues related to health, education, religion and culture are
resolved. Urban planning is important in our country or society because it not only consider
the physical issues but also the issues related to social, economics, and environmental sectors
by providing polices and planning regarding these factors. Thus due above reasons and factors
urban planning has very much important and essential role in our country.
LECTURE NO: 12
FUNTIONS OF A PROFESSIONAL PLANNER

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 A Professional planner plans to get rid of congestion on road and
environmental pollution and slums and squatter settlements.
 He utilizes unvalued piece of land into useful and valuable beautiful
and attractive piece of land by planning.
 He not only works on regional or city level but also works on country
level to make country beautiful and progressive.
 A Professional Planner planes the land by considering the
beautification of area to make surrounding pleasure and joyful.
 A Professional Planner utilizes the minimum resources to avail
maximum benefits.
 He thinks for the welfare of different communities.
 At the time of planning he keeps in mind the religion, culture, value
and priorities of people and planes according ti the demands and desires
of these communities.
 A planner considers and fulfills all the basic facilities of public.
 A planner collects the detailed knowledge of the area that is to be
planned.
 A planner provides ideas for proper and proportional distribution and
arrangements of the land.
 A planner should be sincere and honest to his work in order to establish
trust among society.
 A Professional Planner visits the site, study the environment,
understands, the ground realities before planning the particular land.
 A planner provides a complete policy to local government to avail
benefits for the betterments of the public.
 A Professional Planner have command on the related professions like
Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Architecture,
Landscape Architecture, Management, Sociology, Economics, and
Surveying.
LECTURE NO: 13
NEW TRENDS IN PLANNING:

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 Tactical Urbanism
 Urban Sprawl
 New Urbanism
 Sustainable Development
 Transit Oriented Development
TACTICAL URBAISM:
It is also referred as Guerilla Urbanism, Pop-up Urbanism, City Repair or DIY Urbanism.
A deliberated, phased approach to instigating change offering of local solutions for local
planning and challenges. It is a short term commitment and realistic expectations, with low
risks and with a possibly high reward and development of social capital and others. It is to use
better block initiatives temporarily transforming space, cheap and donated materials and
volunteers on streets. Spaces are transformed by introducing food cart and trucks, side walk
tables, temporary bike lanes.
IT INCLUDES:
 Chair Bombing
 Defencing
 Depaving
 Food Carts
 Guerilla Gardening
CHAIR BOMBING:
The act of removing salvageable materials and using it to provide public seating and
these are placed at the less comfort areas.
DEFENCING:
The removal of unnecessary fences to break down barriers between neighbors and
beautifying and encouraging community buildings.
DEPAVING:

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The removal of dispensable pavements drive ways and parking into green spaces so
that rain water can be utilized in green spaces and the neighborhoods are beautified.
FOOD CARTS / TRUCKS:
Food carts are the source of earning and small business opportunity for the
entrepreneurs and are attracted by the people as an underused public spaces.
GUERILLA GARDENING
Is the act of gardening the land that the gardeners do not have legal rights to utilize such as
area that is not cared for or private .
URBAN SPRAWL:
It is basically high segregation between residential and commercial zones which results in the
encouragement of usage of auto mobiles. Over populated and crowded cities results the urban
sprawl due to the migration in respective suburbs which are not planned and thus required the
inefficient use of resources.
NEW URBANISM:
It is the principles of linking transportations and land use policies, and using the
neighborhoods as fundamental building blocks. It is the integrated housing scheme which is
approach towards the residential, commercial, recreational facilities and amenities in a
compact form at walkable distance.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
It is the road map or the action plan for the sustainability in any activity that uses resources
and where immediate and intergenerational replication is demanded. Sustainable
development is about organizing the principles for sustaining finite resources which are
essential and necessary to provide for overcoming the needs of the present generation and
also the future generation.

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TRANSIT OREINTED DEVELOPMENT:
Green building, environment friendly, compact mixed land use development having transit
stations at the center is known as transit oriented development The goal of transit oriented
development planning is to create a development pattern that supports the use of mass transit
and reduces dependency on automobiles.

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LECTURE NO: 14
GEOGRAPHICAL TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN
RELATION TO PLANNING:
GEOGRAPHY:
Geography has been called the world and bridge between human and physical science.
Traditionally, geography has been viewed as the people who study place human and numbers.
Geography is a study of special and temporal distribution as well as interaction of human and
their environment.
RELATION WITH PLANNING:
Planner requires a little sort of knowledge about geography of earth which includes its surface
vegetation soil and topography and climate. Surface to understand the nature or features of
land, vegetation to understand the atmosphere and environment, soil to understand the nature
of soil whether its self contact or not. And climate to know the statistical description of land.
As it is arrangement of constituent parts and plan layout thus necessary in planning.

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TOPOGRAPHY:
Topography is a field of geo science and planetary science comprising study of surface shape
and features of the earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets moon
and asteroids. It is also the description involves relief or terrain the 3-d quality of surface land
forms.
Topography is related to planning because it helps in studying surface shape features and
level of earth. It is helpful for a planner to study the artificial as well as natural features of
earth and not only understand local history but the culture of a particular landform. In
planning it is key point to know quality of surface and identification of specific landform. The
graphical representation is done by a planner by using different technics in order to show the
landform and feature.
CLIMATE:
Climate is a measure of average pattern of variation in temperature humidity atmospheric
pressure wind and other metrological variables in a given region of a long period of time.

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The affection of climate by its altitude, latitude and terrain as well as water bodies is studied
by a planner in to plan in such a way that in gives an affect are made useful not harmful for
any community residing in any part of the region or city. As climate is changing due to global
warming thus a planner deeply study the climate in order to provide such planning which is
beneficial for today and also fulfills the future requirements and changes.

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LECTURE NO: 15
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR PLANNING:
Justification is to providing sustainability, support, savings, and solutions.
SUSTAINABILITY:
It is to justify that whether the citizens of the town, city or country are getting proper housing
facilities along with basic facilities or not. Or the problems faced by them are resolved or not.
And the facilities they are getting are at walkable distance or not, the roads networks and
amenities are properly distributed according to sustainable development or not.
These things come in the justifications of planning regarding sustainability.
SUPPORT:
Support is to guide and ensure that the facilities mentioned above are provided properly or
not. If not then to support the citizens regarding these facilities.
SAVINGS:
Savings is to justify with the money and provide the proper facilities in such a way that the
money is saved and resources and facilities are availed under the provided budget.
SOLUTIONS:
Solutions is to provide the way and process to overcome the problems and difficulties faced
by people due to the lack of the planning and the facilities provided.
CANGE IN QUANTITIES OF RESOURCES:
It is described as that if the resources are changed then there is fair chances in the change of
the values of the land which is affected.

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DEMANDS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES:
Demand of goods and services is referred to the change in the resources and as mentioned
above it will automatically give rise to the fall of the value of the land.
PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES:
The increase in the production techniques will increase the dependency on the resources
provided by these techniques and again that can also harm the economic conditions of the
land.
REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND VALUES:
The values of land must be moderated because it is not suitable when the values on some
places is increased and decreased on some places at the same time. This increase and decrease
is not justified thus require a moderate planning and budget in this regard.

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LECTURE NO: 16
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING:
There are some principles of planning studied in INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING.
 Green Belts
 Housing
 Transportation
 Public Buildings
 Zoning
 Recreations
 Roads System
GREEN BELTS:
The implementations of the green belts on the periphery of town results in limitations of its
size and hence the final size of town can anticipated
It prevents the loss of town identity. Ensures the economic use of urban land and facilities. It
also prevents ribbon development. Also ensures that adequate recreational facilities are in
every one’s environment, prevents erosion of agricultural land.
HOUSING
A lot of care should be taken while providing housing accommodation to different categories
of people. It should be made sure that there is no development of slums and in future if occur
it must be discouraged and removed by the authorities.
SOME ELEMENTS OF HOUSING
EXISTING HOUSING STOCKS:
It is purpose of surveying and prevailing densities to a certain degree of comfort that
exists throughout community, pinpoint areas of needs related of size of population.
While providing is housing it is necessary to consider the occupation and dwelling
types of people which includes range and variety.

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REDEVELOP OR REHBILITATE:
Having conduct the survey of existing housing stocks and defined dwelling now
comes the treatment of that area. The decision whether to demolish and re build a new
area or to rehabilitate as an improved area. By visiting the site it is understood whether
to demolish or not. Thus it is also considered as a main factor in principles of
planning.
TRANSPORTATION:
The town must be provided with suitable facilities at easy access so that there is least time
consumed from work place to residency. The essential format of transportation planning
process is based upon two fundamental assumptions. Firstly the various land use activities
that are pursued at both origin and destinations. Secondly, that a relationship inevitably
emerges from these movement demands which not only be readily quantified but also remains
constant in future.
 Surveys
 Forecasts
 Goal Formulations
 Network Design and Testing
 Evaluation and Implementation
These factors are important and play a key role in the transportation planning.
RECREATION:
As per size of town enough space must be given for the recreation centers for general public.
Following are the factors which determines its demands:
 Population growth
 Changing work pattern
 Income
 Education
 Car ownership
These are the things which are necessary at the time of plotting the recreation in any area.
Keeping these aspects in mind a planner can easily provide such recreation which is up-to-
date and also for the necessities of future.

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ZONNING:
Towns should be divided into suitable zones, and suitable area must be provided in order to
accommodate people easily. Zoning is the process of the development and segregation of land
and its parcels or area of towns and ascribes to them broad classification of appropriate use.
These zones are
 Residential zone
 Commercial zone
 Educational zone
 Recreational zone
These zones provide a proper distribution of land that makes it easy to provide the place of a
particular zone and specify the area for that according to standards.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS:
It includes everything a community needs to support its residents, capital buildings, libraries,
museums, parks, parking structures, conference centers, courthouses, fire station and police
station, other administrative spaces and offices. Planner is concerned with thousands of such
projects worth in billions. These projects or buildings are design by planner keeping in mind
the assessments from public, construction services, professional excellence thus he achieve
his goal by these skills and meet the requirements of public.Planner keep in mind that the
buildings should be sophisticated following success and community’s identity.

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LECTURE NO:17
LEVELS AND ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
LEVELS OF PLANNING
Levels of planning are used to modify the specific spaces and categories to be planned. In
order to help the planning authorities and the planners the levels of planning are divided into 3
parts namely
1. NATIONAL LEVEL
2. REGIONAL LEVEL
3. LOCAL LEVEL
a. Subject Plan
b. Action Area Plan
c. Development plan
NATIONAL LEVEL:
National level is the level set by higher authorities of planning and development in order to
provide better facilities and infrastructure at national level as I mentioned above in functions
of planning that Planner is not only concerned with regional (urban or rural level) but with
national level as well. It is implemented by obeying various polices and guide lines in order to
provide facilities and better living on a country level to enhance the beautification and living
environment of the country.
National Level is to provide proper housing facilities along with the basic infrastructure as the
proper accessibility to the amenities like parks, hospitals, education and offices, recreational
and commercial zones and industrial zones along with proper roads and drainage and
sewerage system as to give a livable environment to the citizens of a country. So as they
should not suffer for the availability or the accessibility of any of the above mentioned
aspects.

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REGIONAL LEVEL:
Regionally it is required to fulfill the desires and demands of the residents of any region by
providing better environment, facilities which are lacking on the small areas of the country
with proper housing facilities most of all. As national level is to provide facilities and
planning on country level similarly regional level is to provide the same facilities at regional
level means to the cities and its surrounding areas.
Planner is required to observe and provide the wide roads and transportation facilities keeping
in mind the transit oriented development and green spaces, parks, commercial and residential
zones,amenities and educational zones and the health facilities in emergency cases to the
regional level at the walkable distance to establish a walk ablecommunity.
LOCAL LEVEL:
Local level is the level used to develop any piece of land regardless its location value. This
level is required when the local authorities fulfills the requirements of any area which is going
to be develop or is damaged. It is further divided into three types
a. Subject Plan
b. Action Area Plan
c. Development Plan
SUBJECT PLAN:
Subject plan is to shape and influence with respect to any particular aspect of planning and
living like the roads, drainage and sewerage system or any other aspect of the environment in
which we all live. It is also to resolve and plan any single issue for which planning is done.
ACTION AREA PLAN:
Action Area Plan is the required where immediate action is to be taken to handle the sudden
situation which is disturbed accidently or gradually or due to neglecting such areas.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN:
Development plan is required when the development of any new town, city or satellite
community is going to be done. With the help of development plan it is easy to develop any
community by implementing policies recommended by local authorities.

33
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING:
 Objectives
 Actions
 Resources
 Implementation
OBJECTIVES:
It called to be future conditions and hopes which is to achieve priority, time and
measurements are its basic requirements priority in means of accomplishing and completing a
given project regardless of other. Time is simple to manage. The time for the particular that
to supervise that it must be finished on it. Measurement regarding money, land, resources,
materials, social and economic is the last but important requirement of the objective.
ACTION:
It means the tactics planned to finish and complete a particular project or task. It is second
step towards planning and after objectives to achieve it.
RESOURCES:
In planning it refers to the budgeting of money and sources and levels of materials its quantity
and quality used which is suitable regarding to needs of planning.
IMPLEMENTATION:
After finalizing the objectives and actions according to its resources then comes the
Implementation which is to carry out the plan and to direct and assign the tactics used for that.
Authority, persuasion and policy involves in implementation. It means a particular authority
to guide and take responsibility and persuasion means to believe in one policy which he or she
recommended.

34
LECTURE NO: 18
LAND USE PLANNING THOERIES OF SIR PATRICK GEDDES:
LIFE OF SIR PETRICK GEDDES AT A GLANCE
BORN October 2, 1854
PLACE Ballater, Aberdeen shire, Scotland
DIED April 17, 1932
PLACE Scots College, Montpellier, France
NATIONALITY Scottish
EDUCATION Perth Academy, Royal College
WORKS IN Lecturer in Zoology, Edinburg University
Professor of Botany, University College Dundee.
Professor of Civics and Sociology, Bombay
University, India
KNOWN FOR Conurbation Important Contribution
Co-Founder of the University of Bombay
Co-Founder of the Sociological Society
Founder of the Edinburg Social Unit
Founder of the Franco-Scottish Society
Planned the Hebrew University at Jerusalem
Founder of the Scots College in Montpellier

35
ABOUT:
Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish Biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town
planner. He was born on 2 October 1854 in Aberdeenshire. He is known for his innovative
thinking in the fields of urban planning.
His main contributions includes introducing word regionto architecture and planning and the
word conurbation.
He got early education at Perth Academy. He also studied at Royal College of Mines in
London under supervision of Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 1878.
WORK:
Geddes shared idea with John Ruskin that social and spatial processes are related one can
change the social and can get changes in the later one. He also work with his son-in-law
famous planner Sir Frank Mears on project in Middle East
JERUSALEEM:
Geddes was commissioned by Plan for Jerusalem.
TEL AVIV:
In 1925 he submitted a first master plan for Tel Aviv that was adopted by the city council led
by Meir Dizengoff a plan for developing the north city which has been termed The Geddes
Plan Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv is the only known city whose core is entirely built according to
Geddes’ Plan.
PRINCIPLES:
He introduced principles of town planning. What town planning means under the Bombay
Town Planning Act 1915.
 Preservation of human life and energy rather than superficial beautification.
 Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.
 Purchasing land suitable for building.
 Promoting trade and commerce.
 Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
 Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.

36
 Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than focusing on
roads and parks available only to the rich.
 Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.

INFLUENCES:
His ideas had a worldwide influences. The most famous American urban theorist LEWIS
Mumford. Geddes also influenced several British urban planners.
LECTURE NO:19
LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES OF SIR EBNEZER HOWARD:
LIFE OF EBNEZER HOWARD AT A GLANCE
BORN 29 January 1850
PLACE Fore Street London
DIED 1 May 1928
WORKS FOR DR Parker of City Temple as
Clerk
EDUCATION: Suffolk and Hertfordshire
KNOWN FOR Garden Cities of Tomorrow
Three Magnets Diagram
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION Letchworth Garden City
Welwyn Garden City
Radburn Garden City

37
ABOUT:
Sir Ebenezer Howard was born on 29 January 1850 in Fore Street City of London. He was the
son of a shopkeeper. He was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire, and subsequently
had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr. Parker. In US he become acquaintedwith,
poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson.
He disliked the way modern cities were being developed and thought people should live in
places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and towns.
He published a book in his life named as TOMORROW A PEACEFUL PATH to REAL
REFORM, in the year 1898, which was republished as GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW
in 1920. This book contains the ideas of the life and towns which where free of slums and
people residing over there should enjoy both town and country life. He illustrated Three
Magnets Diagram which questioned where people should go Town, Country, or Country-
Town (where people can avail the facilities of both town and country).
GARDEN CITIES:
TOTAL AREA 6000 acres
HOME AND 1000 acres
GARDEN
PEOPLE 30000 people
AGRICULTURE 5000 acres
PEOPLE 2000 people
DISTANCE 10 km
LETCHWORTH
CREATED IN 1903
BY Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker
LOCATION North of London

38
WELWYN
CREATED IN 1920
BY Louis de Soissons and Fredric Osborn
RADBURN
CREATED IN 1928
BY Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
LOCATION New Jersey

39
LECTURE NO:20
LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES OF LE CORBUSIER
LIFE OF LE CORBUSIER AT A GLANCE
BIRTH NAME Charles EdouradJeanneret Gris
BORN ON 6 October 1887
PLACE Switzerland
DIED 27 August 1965
PLACE Roquebrune Cap Martin France
BUILDINGS Villa Savoye, Poissy, Villa La Roche,
Paris
ABOUT:
He was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. Le
Corbusier was influential in urban planning, and was a founding member of the Congres
international d’architecture modern. Corbusier prepared the master plan for the planned city
of Chandigarh in India, and contributed specific designs for several buildings there.
WORKS:
While moving towards the study of entire cities in 1922 Le-Corbusier presented scheme for a
“contemporary city” having capability of 3 million in habitants to which he named as
villecontemporaine. The centerpiece of plan contains group of sixty story cruciform
skyscrapers, with huge and high rise steel structured office buildings surrounded by huge
curtained walls of glass. These buildings were referred to as towers in park, and where also
surrounded by large and rectangular green spaces. The huge transportation hub was placed at
center with its depots for buses and train at particular space and different places and the high
way intersections as well and the airport top of all. The roads network contains segregation of
pedestrian circulation paths and road ways for automobiles as he glorifies the use of vehicles.

40
As one moved out from central skyscrapers , smaller low story zig-zag apartment blocks
housed the inhabitants.
RADIANT CITY:
La villeradiense new ideas of Le-courbiser on urbanism were reformulated in 1930 it in the
form of La villeradiense. It was as same as La villecontemporaine. Radiant city differ from
contemporary city that radiant in abundant class-based strastification of the contemporary
city. At the time Le-courbiser designed houses and assigned them according to family size
rather than economy. Radiant city was astonishingly beautiful assemblage of buildings.
LECTURE NO: 21
LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT:
LIFE OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT AT A GLANCE:
BORN 8 June 1867
DIED 9 APRIL 1959
BOOKS WRITTEN 20
CONCEPT Usonian Home
ABOUT:
Frank Lloyd Wright(born frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867-April 9, 1959) was an
American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000
structures and completed 532 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in
harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This
philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Falling water (1935), which has been
called “the best all-time work of American architecture”. Wright was a leader of the prairie
school movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique
vision for urban planning in the United States.

41
His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types,
including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also designed
many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass. Wright
authored 20 books. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914
fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. Already well known during his lifetime, Wright was
recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as “the greatest American architect
of all time.”
Wright used different basic geometrical forms, usually squares and rectangles to produce the
distinctive forms, particularly in regards to the prairie house designs. Wright’s “organic”
approach to design of the exteriors were also carried to that of the interiors. In this way,
Wright is considered to be very much part of the modernist agenda in the early twentieth
century architecture.
Wright’s design solution was to view all details of a structure as the product of a single
independent mind- including all major and minor ornamental and symbolic elements.
HIS TWO MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS ARE:
Holly Hock Design &Broadacre city.
Holly Hock Design:
Motif is the dominate ornament which allows for greater freedom of interpretation. A series of
these run across the west facade of house, & variations of abstraction are used throughout
exterior and interior of house. For today it is just like one of a modern geometric or futuristic
expression but its origins lie in Wrights ability to rework designs found in nature as a
complement to build environment.
Broadacre city:
It was and urban or suburban development concept proposed by wright through out his life
time. This idea of Broadacre city was presented in his book The Disappearing City in 1932.
He provided a plan with sociopolitical scheme which contained an 1 arc plot for a family in
U.S. He provided a perfect opposite of transit oriented development in the broadacre city plan.
There all train and bus stations, offices and building apartments.

42
LECTURE NO: 22
LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES OF LEWIS MUMFORD
LIFE AT A GLANCE
Born 19 October 1895
Place Flushing, New York
Died 26 January 1990
Place AmeniaDutches County New York
Occupation Historian, Writer
Nationality American
Genres History, Philosophy
Notable works The City in History, Technics and
Civilization, The Myth of the Machine
LIFE:
Mumford was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, and graduated from Stuyyesant High
school in 1912. He studied at the City College of New York and The New School for social
Research, but became ill with tuberculosis and never finished his degree. In 1918 he joined
the navy to serve in World War I and was assigned as a radio electrician. He was discharged
in 1919 and became associate editor of The Dial, an influential modernist literary journal. He
later worked for THE New York where he wrote architectural criticism and commentary on
urban issues.
IDEAS:
Mumford believed that what defined humanity, what set human brings apart from other
animals, was not primarily our use of tools (technology) but our use of language (symbols).
He was convinced that the sharing of information and ideas amongst participants of primitive

43
societies as it became more sophisticated and complex. He had hopes for a continuation of
this process of information “pooling” in the world as humanity moved into the future.
URBAN CIVILIZATION:
The city in history won 1962 U.S National Book Award for nonfiction. He explore
development of urban civilization in his book. He said that structure has much influence in the
social problems of society. He emphasizes on an organic relationship between people and
their living spaces with respect to urban planning.
TECHNICS AND CIVILIZATION:
He introduced new key idea in technics and civilization in 1934 that technology was twofold:
Polytechnics which have many different modes of technology, providing a complex
framework to solve human problems.
Monotechnics which is technology only for its own sake, which oppresses humanity as it
moves along its own trajectory. Mumford criticized modern America’s transportation
networks as were monotechnics in their reliance on cars. As cars become obstacles for other
modes of transportation and for pedestrian and public transit and bicyclers.
LECTURE NO:23
LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES OFCONSTANTINOSAPOSTOLOUDOXIADIS
LIFE:
Doxiadis graduated in architectural engineering from the Technical University of Athens in
1935, obtaining a doctorate from Charlotte Burg University (today Technical University of
Berlin) a year later. In 1937 he was appointed Chief Town Planning Officer for the greater
Athens Area. During World War II he held the post of head of the department of regional and
town planning in the Ministry of public works. He took part in the Greek resistance and was
decorated by the Greek and British governments. He distinguished himself as Minister of
Reconstruction at the end of the war and it was this experience that allowed him in the 1950s
to gain large housing contracts in dozens of countries.

44
INFLUENCE:
In Greece, he faced persistent suspicion and opposition and his recommendations were
largerly ignored. Having won two large contracts (National Regional Plan for Greece and
Master Plan for Athens) from the Greek junta he was criticised by competitors, after its fall in
1974, portrayed as a friend of the colonels. His visions for Athens airport to be constructed on
the adjacent island of Makronissors, where political prisoners were held, together with a
bridge, a rail link and a port at Lavrion were never realized.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE FUTURE OF ANTIQUITY:
This paper explores the way in which Doxiadis’ analytical view of the architectural space in
ancient Greece blended with the town planning thinking of the great Moderns in forming the
principles of modern town planning, as implemented in general theory, as applied in practice,
and as projected on to the city of the future.
REFERENCES
There were some topics which was difficult and required a little bit references this I took
references from some 6 books which found in our central library. Those books are
1. Planning For The Third World by A.K Bhatti
2. Town planning by S.C Rangwala
3. Town Planning by Shahne
4. An Introduction to Town and City Planning by John Radcliff
5. New-Town Planning and Principles and Practice by Gideon Golany.

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