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1. 1
Name: _________________________________________________________ Date:3/23/15Period:________ NOTES
Human Body Packet #3: The Digestive System and Excretory System
Function of the Digestive System:  Reduce large and complex foods into substances the cells can use.
What are nutrients?  Important substances that enable the body to move, grow, and maintain homeostasis
4 nutrients the body needs:  Water – necessary for all living things. More than half of the body is made of water.
 Proteins – material the body uses for growth and repair. Muscles, bones, and skin
built of proteins
 Carbohydrates – provide cells with energy. Made of cellulose, which helps move
materials through digestive system.
 Fat – stores energy
What is digestion?  Process of breaking down food into usable materials
What is the digestive tract?  Food travels through your body
 Includes the mouth, throat (pharynx) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large
intestine, rectum,& anus
Mechanical vs. Chemical
Digestion
 Mechanical Digestion:
o Breaks food into smaller pieces
o Your teeth chew your food
o Your stomach breaks down food mechanically by smashing and pounding
 Chemical Digestion:
o Changes food into different substances
o Saliva in mouth changes starch into sugar
o Acids in stomach break down food
Parts of the digestive system:  Mouth
o Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin mouth
o Teeth break food down into smaller pieces
o Tongue and lips position food for chewing
o Salivary glands soften food and begin chemical digestion
 Esophagus
o Tube from throat to stomach
o Peristalsis - Wave-like contractions of smooth muscles in the organs of the
digestive tract. Moves food through the digestive system
 Stomach
o Mechanical Digestion: Strong muscles mix and mash food
o Chemical Digestion: Stomach acids break down food chemically
o Stomach lining is replaced every three days
 Small intestine
o Chemicals released by pancreas, liver, and gall bladder break down nutrients
here.
o Most of the nutrients are absorbed here
 Large intestine
o Water and some other nutrients are absorbed here.
o Most of the solid material left is waste material – it is compacted and stored until
it is eliminated through the rectum
 Food does not pass through the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, but they are crucial
to digestion
 Pancreas:
o Located between stomach and small intestine
o Quickly lowers acidity in small intestine
o Breaks down proteins, fats, and starch
o Your body would not be able to process and use food for energy without the
pancreas.
 Liver
o Largest internal organ of body
o Produces bile, which breaks down fats, much like soap breaks down oils. This
speeds digestion
o Filters blood of harmful substances
o Stores unneeded nutrients for later use
o Breaks down medicines and produces proteins that help clot blood if you get a
cut.

2. 2
 Gall Bladder
o Pear-shaped organ next to liver
o Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine
Summary:  The Digestive System performs a very important function:
 Digestion is the process of breaking down food into usable materials
 Food travels through the digestive tract - Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
& large intestine, rectum,& anus
 Food does not pass through the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder but they are crucial
to digestion
 Proper nutrition is essential to homeostasis
Notes: The Excretory (Urinary) System
Function:  Remove waste materials from the body
 Help maintain homeostasis
4 Body Systems Remove Waste  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Ch 2.2)
o Disposes of solid waste products from food
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Ch 2.1)
o Disposes of water vapor and waste gases from the blood
 SKIN/INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Ch 3.2)
o Releases wastes through sweat glands
 URINARY SYSTEM (Ch 2.3)
o Disposes of liquid waste products removed from the blood
4 Organs of the Urinary System  KIDNEYS
o Filter wastes from the blood
o Some substances are removed while others are returnedto the blood
 URETERS
o Tubes that carry wastes from the kidneys to the bladder
 BLADDER
o Storage sac with a wall of smooth muscle
o Stores liquid wastes
 URETHRA
o Tube that carries liquid wastes outside the body from the bladder.
o Voluntary muscles (sphincter) at end of bladder allow person to hold urethra
closed until ready to release it.
 URINE
o The liquid waste that is emptied through the urethra
What are Nephrons?  About 1 million looping tubes in each kidney
 Regulate the make-up of blood
 Some nutrients are returned to the blood surrounding the tubes
 Some water is filtered out, but most is returnedto the blood
 Waste products travel to the end of the nephrons into a collecting duct. This
remaining liquid is called urine.
Water Balance  Kidneys also regulate the amount of water in the body – an important job because
the amount of water in your cells affects homeostasis
 If your body contains too much water, body parts may swell.
 Too little water can interfere with cell processes.
 Depending on the amount of water your body uses, your kidneys will produce urine
with more or less water.
Blood Pressure  Blood pressure is affected by the amount of water in your blood
 Excess water can lead to high blood pressure, which can put extrastress on blood
vessels and your heart.
 Too little water can lead to low blood pressure, which makes it difficult to get blood
and materials to all the parts of your body.
Summary  Four different systems work to remove waste materials from the body:
o Digestive system, respiratory system, integumentary system, & urinary system
 Kidneys are very important organs that filter liquid waste products from the blood
 The kidneys regulate the amount of water in the body – an important job because the
amount of water in your cells affects homeostasis

3. 3
Name: ____________________________________________________________Date:3/16/15 Period: _______ ASSIGN
Outline Summary: The Digestive System (B45-50)
What is the function of the system?
Define:
1. Nutrients:
2. Peristalsis:
3. Mechanical digestion:
4. Chemical digestion:
Structure Description/definition Function
Mouth
Esophagus
Muscular tube 25 cm long
Stomach
Small
Intestine
6 m long
lined with folds called _________
1.
2.
Large
Intestine
1.5 m long
wider than small intestine
Structure
Description/definition Function
Rectum
End of large intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas

4. 4
Name: ____________________________________________________________ Date:3/16/15Period: _______ ASSIGN
The Urinary System - pages B 52-55
What is the function of the system?
Structure Description/definition Function
Kidneys
Nephrons
Ureters
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Diagram: Urinary System
Directions: Label the following terms on the diagram below.
Label:
□ Kidney
□ Bladder
□ Urethra
□ Ureters
□ Nephron

5. 5
Name: __________________________________________________________ Date:3/23/15:Period: _______ ASSIGN
Diagram: The Digestive System
Directions: Label the following terms on the diagram below.
Label:
□ Stomach
□ Salivary Glands
□ Gall Bladder
□ Pancreas
□ Large Intestine
□ Small Intestine
□ Liver
□ Rectum
□ Esophagus
□ Anus
□ Mouth

6. 6
Name: __________________________________________________________ Date:3/23/15:Period: _______ ASSIGN
Concept Map: The Digestive System
DIGESTION
Nutrients
FOOD
Digestive Tract
Teeth
Other Organs
Stomach
__________________
_Define:
__________________
_Define:
_________________
Function:
_________________
Function:
_________________
Function:

7. 7
Name: __________________________________________________________ Date:3/23/15:Period: _______ ASSIGN
Concept Map: Excretory System
Lungs
Tube
Filtering
WASTES
Excess Water

8. 8
Name: __________________________________________________________ Date:3/23/15:Period: _______ ASSIGN
Vocabulary: Human Body Packets 1, 2, and 3
Term Definition Picture/Example
Appendicular Skeleton
Artery
Axial Skeleton
Blood
Capillary
Cardiac Muscle
Cellular Respiration
Compact Bone
Digestion
Homeostasis
Involuntary Muscle
Nutrient
Organ
Peristalsis
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Spongy Bone
Urine
Vein
Voluntary Muscle