5. FISH
NON-CROCODILE
REPTILE
HUMAN
• 4 chambered heart arranged
in series :- 1 atria, 1 ventricle,
sinus venosus, bulbus
arteriosus.
• 5 chambered :- 2 atria (left
atrium an right atrium) and 1
ventricle with 3 interconnected
compartements (cavum
venusum, cavum palmonale,
cavum arteriosum)
• 4 chambered heart :- 2 atria
and 2 ventricle.
• a single circulatory system.
• double circulatory system
with incompletely divided
heart.
• Double circulatory system
with completely divided
ventricle and atrium
• Blood flows from heart
through gills to body tissues
then back to the heart.
• Oxygenated blood enters left
atrium and flow into cavum
venosum and flow out to right
and left aortas.
• Deoxygenated blood enters
right atrium and flow into
cavum venosum and across
cavum palmonale, flow out the
pulmonary artery.
• Oxygenated blood flow from
lungs to the left atrium of heart
which then pumped to the
body.
• Deoxygenated blood from the
body flow into right atrium of
heart which then pumped into
lungs.
6. FISH
NON-CROCODILIAN
REPTILE
HUMAN
• Some fish have accessory
heart (caudal heart) in the tail
to assits blood flow back to the
heart.
• No accessory heart.
• No accessory heart.
• Have gills.
• Have incompletely separated
pulmonary and systemic
circuit (deoxygenated blood
and oxygenated blood can
mix)
• Have completely separated
pulmonary and systemic
circuit with different pressure.
7.
All cosists of 4 main parts :
i.
Pericardium
•
•
•
•
•
ii.
Fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart.
Fluid acts as lubricant to reduce friction when the heart beats.
Elasmobranchs : pericardium is rigid.
Other species : pericardium is compliant and stretches easily as heart
beats.
Parietal pericardium (outer layer of pericardium) :
o
Made of connective tissue.
o
Protects heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures.
Epicardium
•
•
•
•
Outer connective tissue of heart which continuous to the inner layer of
pericardium (visceral pericardium).
Nerves and coronary arteries located in the epicardium.
Nerves :- regulate the heart.
Coronary artery :- supply blood to the heart.
8. Myocardium
iii.
•
•
Layer of heart muscle.
Divided into several layers :- distinguished based on orientation
cardiomyocytes in each layer.
•
Cardiomyocytes is the cardiac muscle cells.
(fish and reptiles have different myocardium structure compare to human)
Endocardium
iv.
•
•
•
The innermost lining of the heart.
Composed of a layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium.
Endothelium connective tissue lines the chamber of the heart.
9.
i.
ii.
iii.
Compact myocardium
Outer layer : made of tightly
packed cells arranged in regular
pattern.
Usually in mammals.
Contain blood vessels that supply
oxygen by the coronary arteries.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Spongy myocardium
Inner layer : consist of meshwork
of loosely connected cells.
Usually in fish and amphibians.
Does not contain blood vessels.
Takes up oxygen from
deoxygenated blood in lumen of
heart.
Arranged into trabeculae that
extend into heart chambers.
11.
Hemocytes is divided into two :i.
ii.
Erythocytes.
Leukocytes.
•
•
•
•
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Granulocytes
Thrombocytes
12.
Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which function in storage
and transport of oxygen.
Leukocytes lack of hemoglobin and performs specific immune
functions :
• Monocytes (develop into macrophage) and granulocytes have same
function which is to destroy the foreign particles and also damaged cells.
• Granulocytes divided into three :
• Neurophils :- engulfed damaged cells, microorganisms and also foreign
phatogens by phagocytosis.
• Eusinophils :- act as delivery vehicles to carry cytotoxic chemicals.
• Basophils :- accumulate in the interstitial fluid and release cytotoxic
chemicals at the infected area, cytotoxic chemicals will kill the
microorganisms and other phatogen.
13. • Lymphocytes divided into two type of cells :• B lymphocytes (B cells) which function to make antibodies.
• T lymphocytes (T cells) which help B cells to make antibodies and also
involved in taking macrophages and neutrophils to the infected site.
• Thrombocytes :- involve in blood clotting.
