10. Reason and logic considered the basis
of Knowledge and belief; man has
innate knowledge that can be accessed
through intuition or deduction.
the view that regards reason as the chief
source and test of knowledge.
Rational comes from the Latin word
rationalis, meaning reasonable or logical.
Rationalism
11.
12. EMPIRICISM
Knowledge is gained through the senses and
experience; reliance on inductive reasoning to
arrive at generalizations.
The view that all concepts originate in experience,
that all concepts are about or applicable to things
that can be experienced, or that all rationally
acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable
or knowable only through experience.
From the Greek word empeiria, “experience.”
16. Modern Period
(19th to 20th centuries)
Pragmatism
Absurdism
Existentialism
Post Modernism,
Post- structuralism
Phenomenology
17. EXISTENTIALISM
Emphasizes the individual as a free agent
responsible for his actions.
Human experience is defined by the views,
emotions and actions of the individual.
18.
19. PRAGMATISM
means thinking of or dealing with problems in a
practical way, rather than by using theory or
abstract principles.
Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and
ideas
The word pragmatism is derived from the
Greek pragma (“action,” or “affair”).
It stresses the priority of action over doctrine, of
experience over fixed principles, and it holds that
ideas borrow their meanings from their
consequences and their truths from their
verification.
20.
21. is based on the premise
that reality consists of objects and events
("phenomena") as they are perceived or
understood in the human consciousness,
and not of anything independent of human
consciousness.
Experience is studied based on the
subjective view point of the individual.
PHENOMENOLOGY