My team investigated closed vs. open systems of innovation through the lens of a particular technology: Artificial Intelligence. I took a pretty large risk in taking such a deep mathematical tone in the beginning, but think I did well to keep it accessible and relevant.
3. CONTRADICTIONS
“Infinity is infinity but infinity doesn’t adequately
contain itself.”
Russell’s Paradox of “class of all classes which are
not members of themselves
Illustrated: Barber of Seville
Each man in town either shaves himself, or goes to the
barber
The barber shaves only those who do not shave
themselves
Who shaves the barber?
4. GÖDEL'S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREMS
Proved that the systems of mathematical logic are
flawed.
No matter how large you make your set of axioms,
in arithmetic there will always be statements that
are true, but cannot be proven so.
Another way of saying this, for us technology
managers: No matter how much data you have,
even infinitely many data bits, you cannot prove all
true statements.
5. FROM ESOTERIC TO CONCRETE - DISRUPTIVE
INNOVATION IN MATHEMATICS
Alan Turing – The Halting Problem
For mathematicians, how do you know if the problem
you are working on is inherently unsolvable (Hilbert’s
Second Problem), or extraordinarily difficult (Fermat’s
Last Theorem)?
In conceiving an answer, Turing turned to something more
basic: uncomputability. What are the limits of
computation? The machine he constructed, The Turing
Machine, was the conceptual creation of what we today
call the computer.
6. WHY DOES THIS MATTER?
Every single one of us will have our lives inexorably
and profoundly changed over the coming decades
by AI.
It is important because it tells us what AI is NOT.
Internet ≠ TV, only better
AI ≠ human intelligence, only better (perfect memory)
Establishes a respect for the AI technology, but a
deep and abiding admiration for the natural
technology of the human mind.
7. FROM IDEA TO INNOVATION
Innovation = Commercialization of Ideas. AI
developed only as an idea until the hardware could
catch up. Now, with the situations somewhat
reversed, funding is pouring into AI research.
DARPA’s CALO project in 2003
Trapit and SIRI
8. VOICE RECOGNITION-CHALLENGES
speaker dependence,
continuity of speech,
difficulty of identifying word boundaries - as in "youth in
Asia" and "euthanasia.”
vocabulary size
Large vocabularies cause difficulties in maintaining
accuracy, but small vocabularies restrict the speaker.
9. APPLE
>50,000 employees and with annual revenue
approaching $100 billion grow 60% a year
Multi-focused structure in which product,
function, and geography are emphasized all at
once
Better alignment between functional and
divisional goals
Simplicity is key.
It is deceptively straightforward with none of the
dotted-line or matrixed responsibilities popular
elsewhere in the corporate world
A corporate dictator who makes every critical decision
(Steve Jobs)
10.
11. APPLE
A cutting-edge startup rather than the consumer-
electronics behemoth
The attention to detail, the secrecy, the constant feedback
-- into processes
Passion for innovation and an uncompromising
commitment to bringing great products to market.
Smart technology also needs to be beautiful technology
12. HOW APPLE WORKS
Accountability from top on down
a series of weekly meetings
never any confusion as to who is responsible for what.
The "DRI" or directly responsible individual.
Ability to move nimbly
Ability to focus on just a few things at a time
Still a startup at heart
Most notably by putting small teams on crucial projects
Do-more-with-less mentality
13. HOW APPLE MANAGE
Value-driven business-model innovation
Smart technology (ipad, phone)
Voice recognition is a disruptive
technology, but they apply it as a sustaining
innovation
Acquired SIRI (2010)
ability to correlate data
ability to interpret meaning
If improved upon,...
14. LESSONS FROM APPLE
Network Innovation
In pursuit of Simplicity
Fail Wisely
Not All Innovation is Equal
Innovation Doesn't Generate Growth. Management Does
15. GOOGLE’S VOICE RECOGNITION
Application
Simultaneous subtitle in video
Perspective
Translation
A supercar in Knight Rider
and Green Hornet
Searching by oral inputs
17. MICROSOFT VOICE RECOGNITION
Windows Speech Recognition
empowers users to interact with
their computers by voice.
Itwas designed for people who
want to significantly limit their
use of the mouse and keyboard
while increasing their productivity.
18. MICROSOFT VOICE RECOGNITION
Schools-Teachers can use speech recognitions to
improve student’s second language.
Offices- People send email and do their projects
efficiency by speech recognition.
Research Center- Scientists improve
productivity by speech recognition.
Military-Commanders can control any
equipments easily and safety by speech
recognition.
19. MICROSOFT-FEATURES
Commanding "Say what you see" control applications and tasks,
such as formatting and saving documents; opening and
switching between applications; and opening, copying,
and deleting files; and browse the Internet by saying
the names of links.
Correction Efficiently fix incorrectly recognized words by selecting
form alternatives for the dictated phrase or word or by
spelling the word.
Interactive The interactive tutorial teaches people how to use
tutorial windows speech recognition and teaches system what
your voice sounds like.
Personalization The system keep adapting both your speaking style and
accent continually improves speech recognition
accuracy.
20. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
FOR MICROSOFT
Problems-
1. Voice distinguish
2. Command’s error on system
Challenges-
1. How to develop a new smart system
2. Strengthen distinguish system
3. Operating speed.
21. COMPARISON
Managing Innovation
Potentially disruptive technologies used in a sustaining
innovation framework (ecosystem)
Apple
Product ecosystem- iPad
Google
Search ecosystem- Android
Microsoft
Windows ecosystem- Office Products
23. KLINE: “SHARING THE CORPORATE
JEWELS”
"Strategic licensing is emerging against the backdrop of intensified efforts by
corporate America to maximize the return on its intellectual property assets,
which now account for 50% to 70% of the market value of all public
companies.“
“To judge from the results of such initiatives to date, the most powerful
benefits are economic. No company demonstrates this better than IBM, which
earned an astounding $1.7 billion from technology licensing in 2000 alone.
These revenues came with a 98% profit margin and accounted for roughly
20% of the company’s net income in that year.”
Imagine the possibilities Artificial Intelligence applications could have in this
regard.
24.
25. THE FUTURE OF AI
Another DARPA creation, the internet, was in a similar
position, not too long ago.
Tim Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web
Netscape Browser
AI also needs the concurrent development of enabling
technologies, like: a semantically linked web, populated
with a web of things, and robotics.
Until then, this space is best doing a lot of the same as it
is doing now until such time as the disruptive technology
finds a model that can make it into a truly disruptive
innovation.
Editor's Notes
Apple’s real skill lies in stitching together its own ideas with technologies from outside and then wrapping the results in elegant software and stylish design. Apple has consistently combined clever technology with simplicity and ease of use. The iPod was not the first digital-music player, but it was the first to make transferring and organising music, and buying it online, easy enough for almost anyone to have a go. Similarly, the iPhone is not the first mobile phone to incorporate a music-player, web browser or e-mail software. But most existing “smartphones” require you to be pretty smart to use them. The iPod was ridiculed when it was launched in 2001, but Mr Jobs stuck by his instinct. Network innovation: Apple is an orchestrator and integrator of technologies. Bring in ideas from outside but always adding its own twists.In pursuit of simplicity: Apple illustrates the importance of designing new products around the needs of the user, not the demands of the technology. Ignore focus groups : Smart companies should sometimes ignore what the market says it wants today. Fail wisely: The wider lesson is not to stigmatize failure but to tolerate it and learn from it.Not All Innovation Is Equal:Technical innovation will earn you lots of adoring fans (think Apple). Business-model innovation will earn you lots of money (think Dell).Innovate for Cash, Not CachetIf your cool new thing doesn't generate enough money to cover costs and make a profit, it isn't innovation. It's art.Don't Hoard Your GoodiesGetting to market on time and at the right price is vital. If that means licensing your idea to an outside manufacturer or marketer, do it.Innovation Doesn't Generate Growth. Management Does: Managers get rewarded for results, which come from customers.Attention Deficit Has No Place Here: Every innovation worth doing deserves your commitment.