Demographic Differences

Demographic Differences
Knowledge of various bony parts of the hip joint will not only help the radiologists, but will also be
of enormous interest to the orthopedic surgeons and for making implants. The race, heredity and
geographical areas have a strong influence on the anthropometric parameters of the bone. The femur
is one of the most studied of the human bones. The different parameters of femur are studied by
various researchers found variations in these parameters. Particular neck of femur shaft angle was
ranging from about from 125⁰ to 132⁰ (Samaha, A. A., et al., 2007). It was observed that these
dimensions are greater in men in comparison with that of women, but the difference was statistically
significant (Chauhan, R., et al., 2002). Isaac, B., et al., (1998) investigated a total of 171 adult South
Indian femur to be used to measure the neck–shaft angle length of the neck, maximum vertical
diameter of the head, and kinematic radius femoral maximum length. The neck–shaft angle ranges
from 120 ° to 136 ° with an average of 126.7 °, and no significant side difference. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Megyesi, M. S., (2004) studied gender and ethnic differences in bone architecture. One of the
limitations of these models is that ethnic differences are not counted in femur geometry although
these differences are less. Clark, J. M., et.al (1987) showed that there are big differences in the neck
shaft angle, horizontal offset from person to person. Significant differences will femoral geometry
(Crabtree, N., et al., 2000) (Greendale, G. A., et al., 2003). Khemachit, S. and Surasith, P. (2008)
studied contour of the skull using two–dimesional image data where as Buranarugsa, and Mr.
Houghton. P. (1981) studied contour of the skull with rectangular coordinates. Schenkar, R., et al.
(1999) explained the application of advanced technologies to achieve physical models of the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on The Massospondylus Carinatus Fossils
The Massospondylus carinatus Fossils, lived in the early Jurassic period (Hettangian to
Pliensbachian ages, ca. 200–183 million years ago). The fossils of this dinosaur have been found all
over Africa, in Arizona and the United State.
1.1) How the first fossils was found
A collection of 56 bones were found by the government surveyor Joseph Millard Orpen in 1853 in
the Free State, in Harrismith South Africa. The bones were later donated to the Hunterian Museum
at the Royal College of Surgeons in London . The bones that were found were vertebrae from the
neck, back, and tail; a shoulder blade; a humerus; a partial pelvis; a femur; a tibia; and bones of the
hands and feet. The first Massospondylus were described by paleontologist Sir ... Show more
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Its probably one of the largest animals that have lived on earth. Massopondylus was 4meters in
length and weighed approximately 135 kilograms.
2.3) it was formed through a process of fossilization. Meaning when the massopondylus died, the
bones were naturally kept in the right conditions for the to be preserved as fossil . The heat pressure
from being buried in sediment can sometimes cause the tissues of an organism to release hydrogen
and oxygen, leaving behind a trace of carbon this helps the dead organism to print itself on a
sedimentary rock. This process is also known as carbonation or distillation
2.4) Some of the Massopondylus are said to have lived in deserts. While others lived on the plains of
the high golden fields, in what's today known as the Karoo
2.5) It is supposedly linked to today's lizards and chameleons. Due to the shape of its bodies and that
they might be a miniature size of the dinosaur and that they are also reptiles.
2.6) That the earth is really old, and theres probably still undiscovered fossils. Since all these fossils
date back millions of years ago, and it also tells us that the earth is evolving in each era it enters
Part3
Real Yellowwood
The Real Yellowwood tree also known as Podocarpus latifolius it is an example of a living fossil. A
living fossil is a plant or an animal, belonging to a group that most if its members are extinct. The
Real Yellowwood tree is an evergreen tree and is

Importance And The Structures Of The Muscular System
The importance of the dissection performed in class was to better understand the importance and the
structures of the muscular system. The muscular system contains skeletal muscles, this is what helps
the body function every day. Skeletal muscles are the correlation between muscles and bones that
work together in the body. Fibers tighten in the body, allowing the skeletal muscle to create
movement within the skin; this is made up of connective tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. These
muscle tissues are found throughout the body with different characteristics and correlations with one
another. It is important to understand what fascicle are, (which are the collection of muscle fibers in
a single skeletal muscle). The different fascicles are collected differently in skeletal muscles creating
circular muscles, convergent muscles, parallel muscles, and pennate muscles these are the four main
classifications. Important muscles to know are the axial and appendicular muscles. Axial muscles
lift the head, neck, and vertebrae also known as the axial skeleton, while the appendicular muscles
keep together the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips also known as the appendicular
skeleton. The muscles in the head have many functions such as expression, blinking, movement of
the eyes, and chewing. The masseter muscle is responsible for allowing this movement of chewing,
while the stylohyoid uses the chin muscles to open the mouth. In the neck the muscles to flex the
head and neck

The Benefits Of Doing A Gymnast
Gymnastic Sports requires a forceful loading, extremities (arms & legs) and twisting of joints. There
are some bad effects of doing of this kind of sport such as having injuries taking or performing
gymnastic & having bad effect in your body. Gymnasts must develop such as balance, speed and
grace, not only to be strong & flexible. Gymnasts can be a female or a male. Male gymnast weight
must be less than 150lbs and male's training time tooks 30–plus hours per week. Female's body
weight doesn't matter at all. In fact, the males body weight have to matter because of the reason of
'your arms might have trouble lifting your body all way around through the air'.
Body Parts and muscles that supporting in doing Gymnast
Core
Legs
Arm, Chest and Back
Forearms and Neck Muscles
Core
Abdominal & Pelvic muscle are used in every moment. Abdominal usually use every moment, every
time they move, every time they dance. Pelvic muscle usually use when we're walking but this is
one of the muscle that we used to split on & dance all the way in the air & in the ground.
Legs Femur, patella, fibula and tibia bone is the bone that is mostly use in doing the gymnast, they
are need to split on the ground or even in the air, they could reach the their shoulder either from the
back or in the front, like they jump into the air & do some split or even flip, like they takeoff & land
in. These bones are usually use while running or during performances. ... Show more content on
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There are 4 neck muscles that have been used in doing gymnast and it is sternocleidomastoid,
scalene, splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis, they're are all in charge in rotating, flexing and
shaking of the head, posture and the movement of the head. There are 11 muscles used in forearm,
as well and it is supinator, pronator teres, brachioradialis,

Impingement In Sport Research Paper
Cam impingement is more common in young men, presenting at an average age of 32 years.
Athletes that are involved in high–impact sports, such as soccer, basketball and ice hockey, during
adolescence have a higher prevalence of cam–type FAI as compared to non–athletes [13, 14]. This
may be due to increased stresses on the femoral head while the physis of the femoral head is still
developing. Another theory is that it may be due to new bone formation at the anterosuperior head–
neck junction. Paediatric hip diseases such as Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis [7] and Calve–
Perthes [8] have been associated with an increased incidence of FAI. Other factors which may
influence impingement includes an abnormal femoral head neck offset, pistol grip deformity,

The Effect Of Radiotherapy On Oral Health
Effect of Radiotherapy on oral health
INTRODUCTION
Cancer of the mouth is a designation that includes cancer of the lip and oral cavity, involving the
buccal mucosa, Ginger–va, hard palate, tongue and floor of the mouth. According to the National
Cancer Institute (2008) (1), cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death in Brazil, it is estimated that in
the years 2008 and 2009, will be diagnosed more than 14,160 new cases of cancers of the oral
cavity, between men and women, in a ratio of 3: 1 for males.
The main treatments available for controlling these cancers are head and neck surgery, radiotherapy
and chemotherapy, chosen according to the location, histologic type of tumor, clinical staging and
physical condition of the patient. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the dentist plays an important role in the multidisciplinary team that works in atendimen–to
oncology patients, because it should participate in the planning of the different phases of treatment
of these lesions and monitor, prepare and guide the patient in terms respect to sequelae caused by
antineoplastic (6) therapy.
The purpose of this paper is to review the literatu–ra about major sequelae from radiation therapy
for head and neck affecting the oral cavity of cancer patien–tes, besides reaffirming the importance
of dentist in the prevention and control of them.
RADIOTHERAPY IN HEAD AND NECK
Radiation therapy, in general, can have three distinct purposes: healing, remissive and symptomatic.
When the goal of treatment is to extinguish all of the neoplastic cells, it is said that the radiation
used is curative in nature, when you want to reduce the tumor or further surgery or chemotherapy is
used to cross–reference; whereas symptomatic purpose of radiation is indicated in cases of localized
pain. In these cases, bone metastases are the most bene–ficiadas in pain, as the soft tissues and
organs of the peritoneal cavity are less favored in this type of treatment (7).
The prevalence and intensity of oral occasion–nothings complications during radiotherapy treatment
will depend on the applied dose and

Literature Review On Tempromandibular Joint
Review of literature 1.1–Tempromandibular joint:
The tempromandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial articulation between the mandibular condyle and
the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
The TMJ is one of the most complex, delecate and highly used joint in human body(okeson 2008).
Tempromandibular joint is a bi–condylar joint in which the condyles, the movable upper ends of
mandible, function at the same time (AAOMS,2007). 1.2– The Unique TMJ properties
1– The TMJ is a compound bilateral joint permits the mandible to move with two functional
patterns, hinge movement (inferior portion) and translation movement (superior portion).
2– The TMJ contrasts with other joints of the body in that its articular surfaces are primarily covered
with collagen instead of hyaline cartilage (Springer andGreenberg,2008).
3– No movement can be created in one joint without reciprocal movement occurring in the other
one.
4– Complete separation between the two compartments of the joint by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it covers the upper and lower surfaces of soft retrodiskal pad. In lower compartment, the
lining is continuous on the inner surface of the capsule then reflects on the condylar neck to a short
distance to articular margin on the anterior aspect of the neck and up to articular margin on its
posterior aspect. This forms fluid filled folds (sulci) in marginal gutters of joint cavity. Similarly in
upper compartment the membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule only and not the articular
surface of temporal bone or superior surface of the disk ( excepting upper surface of bilaminar
region ) (Helms et al,1990)

The Spinal Cord Is The Most Important Part Of Human...
Orthopedics Can Heal Your Joint Pain and Help You in the Hour of Need
According to medical professionals, the spinal cord is the most important part of human physiology.
It is the channel through which the nerves send and receive signals to and from the brain. The spinal
cord is made of bones, which are commonly known as the vertebra. Osteoarthritis is a syndrome
where the patient suffers from intolerable pain between any two bones of the spine. One of the best
ways of getting rid of the pain is to follow joint pain exercises routine.
How do the joints facilitate in functioning?
When two bones are in question, friction is a must. The presence of the lubricating agent allows the
nerves to pass smoothly without feeling the pressure of the friction. In normal case, the cartilage
present in–between the bones allow smooth sliding of the bones. The problem arises when the
cartilage gets damaged, or the lubricating fluid gets dried up. These two are among the main joint
pain causes, which have been identified by the doctors. It is best to treat the joint pain as soon as
possible. Otherwise, things will only take a nasty turn.
Detecting the symptoms of facet joint pain
A significant part of the population is suffering from the ill effects of joint pain. This syndrome is
not easy to detect as a little bit of back pain is common in all humans, after a certain age. According
to orthopedic surgeons and orthopedic doctors in Delhi, joint pain causes are many. Thus,
identifying the

Femoanalysis Case Studies
Case presentation A 59–year–old woman visited hospital for worsening bilateral hip pain for past 6
months. She had been receiving hemodialysis treatment for 12 years. She was admitted to the
hospital as she was unable to ambulate due to bilateral hip pain. Past medical history She had history
of end–stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, bipolar disease, and peripheral vascular disease.
She had underwent, arteriovenous fistula creation, partial parathyroidectomy, and right midfoot
amputation for ischemia. Her parathyroid hormone and creatinine levels were increased, while
serum calcium level was low. She smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day. For past 12 years, she was
receiving hemodialysis treatment. Examination X ray pelvis showed lytic ... Show more content on
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No other lesions were noted. CT scan revealed large lytic lesions of the right supra–acetabular
region and bilateral femoral neck cysts (Figure 2). There were small leasions in the anterior column
of the left acetabulum and ilium. Diagnosis Dialysis associated Amyloidosis Management She was
advised 2 operations. In first procedure, biopsy of the femoral lesions was followed by prophylactic
nailing of both femora using cephalomedullary rods without bone graft. Second procedure done 3
weeks later included, curettage of the left supra–acetabular cyst and placement of a Plexur M
allograft. Patient reported resolution of pain after 3 months. Learning points Dialysis–related
amyloidosis (DRA) is a serious complication of long–term dialysis. The incidence of DRA is 50% in
patients who had received dialysis for more than 20 years. Dialysis–assocaited amyloidosis cysts
can be found in the scaphoid, lunate, humeral head, femoral neck, and supra–acetabular region.
Cysts number and size increases, as the duration of dialysis therapy increases. As seen in current
case, the cysts of dialysis–related amyloidosis are mostly seen in close proximity to a synovial

Hip Fracture Research Paper
Hip fractures occur in approximately 341,000 persons in the United States each year. The rate of hip
fracture increases with age, doubling every 5 to 6 years after age 60. A fall is the most common
reason for a hip fracture among the elderly. Hip fractures are more common among the elderly
because bones become thinner and weaker from calcium loss as a person ages. Weak quadriceps,
muscles, slowed reflexes, decreased bone tensile strength, general frailty due to age, and conditions
that produce decreased cerebral arterial perfusion contribute to the incidence of falls. There are two
major types of hip fractures. Intracapsular fractures are fractures of the neck of the femur.
Extracapsular fractures are fractures of the trochanteric region

Beef Jerky Research Paper
The following ingredients are used in Beef Jerky: beef, salt, spices, sugar, monosodium glutamate,
garlic powder, dextrose, and sodium nitrite. Two of these ingredients have animals products in them,
those being beef and sugar. To process the beef, the cattle must be between the ages of 13 months to
2 years. In order to make the desired meat for beef jerky, the breed should be a black/red angus or
any cattle that is grass fed. It is then taken to the slaughterhouse and is led into a 2 foot wide chute
that is arched toward the end so the cattle does see what is ahead of it. At the end, the cattle is
trapped in a knock box, where an item such as a rod is used to stun the animal on the head. In order
to proceed, the cattle must be dead at this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three ways to extract the meat: separating liquid fat particles using a centrifuge, squeezing
out fat by pressing on it, or filtering the meat. Even more processes are conducted to ensure that all
unwanted items in the meat are removed, by conducting procedures such as water separation,
magnet removal, and using a metal screen to shake out the undesired materials. Next, the curing
solution is prepared in a large tank with mixing blades. A solution is made consisting of water, salt,
seasonings, and other desired materials, and is mixed together in the tank. After the solution is
heated, the solution is ready. With the defatted/deboned meat, it is then sliced into chunks and
frozen. Another way to process the meat would be by grounding it using a bowl chopping machine.
Following the first method, the meat is then partially melted to release its natural juices. The pieces
are then saturated in the solution, and are left to to dry for a prolonged period of time so that they
can fully soak in the solution. With the second method, the solution can be mixed immediately with
the pieces of meat, but the quality will will not be as good. Either way, the meat is shaped into
blocks and cooled to –8 to –2.2 degrees celsius (18–28 fahrenheit). When desirably frozen, the
chunks are cut into strips and cut alongside the fiber to create a natural, finished look. At long last,
they are placed into drying

Acute Osteomyelitis Case Studies
because in children these bones have particularly extensive blood circulation, making them more
susceptible to invasion by bacteria. Different patterns of blood circulation in adults make the long
bones less well–served by the circulatory system. These bones are therefore unlikely to develop
osteomyelitis in adult patients. Instead, the bones of the spine (vertebrae) receive a lot of blood flow.
Therefore, osteomyelitis in adults is most likely to affect a vertebra. Drug addicts may have
osteomyelitis in the pubic bone or clavicle. Spread from adjacent infected soft tissue; about 50% of
all such cases are infected by Staphylococcus aureus. This often occurs in cases where recent
surgery or injury has result in a soft tissue infection. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Diabetic patients are therefore prone to developing poorly healing wounds to their feet, which can
then spread to bone, causing osteomyelitis. Acute osteomyelitis refers to an infection which
develops and peaks over a relatively short period of time. In children, acute osteomyelitis usually
presents itself as pain in the affected bone, tenderness to pressure over the infected area, fever and
chills. Patients who develop osteomyelitis, due to spread from a nearby area of soft tissue infection,
may only note poor healing of the original wound or infection. Adult patients with osteomyelitis of
the spine usually have a longer period of dull, aching pain in the back, and no fever. Some patients
note pain in the chest, abdomen, arm, or leg. This occurs when the inflammation in the spine causes
pressure on a nerve root serving one of these other areas. The lower back is the most common
location for osteomyelitis. When caused by tuberculosis, osteomyelitis usually affects the thoracic
spine (that section of the spine running approximately from the base of the neck down to where the
ribs stop). When osteomyelitis is not properly treated, a chronic (long–term) type of infection may

Nine Anatomic Terms
The hip, one of the largest major weight–bearing joints in the body. It's where the thigh bone also
known as the femur meets three other bones known as the pelvic bone. These bones create a ball and
socket joint which is when a ball shaped bone (femur) articulates with cup shape cavity of another
bone (pelvic bone). A ball and socket joint is also characterized as synovial joint. Synovial joints are
more complex joints that are held together by a capsule of dense connective tissue and filled with
synovial fluid that lubricates the joints. The joint capsule which is composed of large ligaments,
tendons, and other muscles keeps the hip from dislocating. The head of the femur and the socket of
the hip bone (acetabulum) is covered with articular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The femoral neck or intracapsular fracture occurs when the neck of the femur breaks and sometimes
the ball may move out of it's place. This type of fracture happens more likely with athletes and
performers. Over years there have been several methods orthopedists have used to fix femoral neck
fractures. In 1931, Smith Petersen used internal fixation by reducing pain and pressure to the
fractured parts followed by immobilization in a spica cast application. Until 1970 another widely
spread method called the multiple–pin fixation technique was introduced by another orthopedist. In
this method the fracture fragments would heal with the insertion of Pugh nails and Richards screws.
Both of these methods include a "sliding fixation process" where the fractured fragments rub against
each other. The second type of hip fracture which is repaired more frequently is intertrochanteric hip
fracture. The intertrochanteric hip fracture occurs slightly below the neck of the femur and the lesser
trochanter. These fractures undergo a treatment that involves the insertion of AO proximal femoral
or sliding plates, intramedullary nails,cannulated or dynamic hip screws, and/or rods to balance and
protect the fractures. After the surgery, surgeries suggest that the patients stay in bed to make sure
the fracture does not occur again. The third type of hip fracture is subtrochanteric fracture. The

Cancer Is A Serious Public Health Issue Worldwide
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a serious public health issue worldwide, due to its increasing prevalence. Annually there
are more than eight million new cases of cancer in the world, however there has been significant
progress in the treatment methods. Of the total cases, around 40% of patients will receive curative
benefit from surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination modality (1). The choice of cancer
treatment will depend on its location, extent, relationship with neighboring anatomical structures,
involvement of the lymphatic chain and physical condition of the patient.
According to Irish et al. (2006), 5% of all newly diagnosed cancers are malignant tumors of the head
and neck. Radiotherapy is one of the most used therapeutic modalities to treat this type of cancer
and may be associated or not with surgery or chemotherapy. However, despite the radiotherapy
achieve only cancer cells target, it can cause harmful side effects in normal cells of the irradiated
zone, affecting the quality of life of the patient or even changing the evolution of the treatment itself.
The main side effects resulting from radiotherapy in the oral cavity occur in the skin, mucosa, bone,
salivary glands and teeth, and some of the most frequent complications include xerostomia,
mucositis, dysphagia, candidiasis, among others. Thus, the dentist has a key role in the
multidisciplinary team of cancer treatment, helping to minimize the frequency and the morbidity of
the complications from the

A&P Lab
Evaluate how the name of a muscle can distinguish its location, action, shape, and function. Select
five different muscles to make this distinction. Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles.
Some names give the location in the body. The temporalis muscle is attached to the temporal bone in
the skull. The brachialis muscle is attached to the humerus bone, but brachial refers to the main
artery in the arm. Some muscles are named for their origins and insertions, like the genioglossus
muscle, for example, originates at the chin (geneion) and inserts in the tongue (glossus). Some
muscles are named for the arrangement of the fascicle groups. For example the rectus abdominus is
the straight muscle that is in the adbominus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
scapula Mandible and skin of the cheek Depresses mandible; tenses skin of neck Facial nerve
Sternocleido–mastoid clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to
manubrium clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium
Together, they flex the neck; alone, one side bends head toward shoulder and turns face to opposite
side Accessory nerve (N XI) and cervical spinal nerves (C2–C3) of cervical plexus Splenius Spinous
processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae Mastoid
process, occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae Together, the two sides extend neck;
alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side Cervical spinal nerves Scalenes Transverse
and costal processes of cervical vertebrae Superior surfaces of first two ribs Elevate ribs or flex neck
Cervical spinal nerves External Coastals Inferior border of each rib Superior border of more inferior
rib Elevate ribs Intercostal nerves (branches of thoracic spinal nerves) External Oblique External
and inferior borders of ribs 5–12 Linea alba and iliac crest Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs,
flexes or bends spine Intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Diaphragm Xiphoid
process, cartilages of ribs 4–10, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae Central tendinous sheet
Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity Phrenic

FOP Patient: A Case Study
– Malformation of the fingers in 50% of FOP patients. They either have abnormally short fingers or
the fifth finger is bent towards the other fingers.
– Severe restriction of movement of the shoulder and spine by the age of 10 years.
– Hips are involved by the age of 20 years.
– FOP is also characterized by heterotopic ossification – when bone grows outside skeletal tissue.
– In the beginning of the disease, inflammation and swelling of soft tissue can be seen.
– The first signs of FOP appear in the back, head, neck and shoulders and later it can be seen in the
chest, hips and knees.
– Loss of hearing is also common in FOP patients.
– Other signs of FOP are proximal medial tibial osteochondromas, malformation of the upper part of
the spinal

Facial Bone Research Paper
The skull is the bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium.
The skull consists of twenty–two bones which are broken down into two set of bones which are the
cranial and facial bones. The cranial or cranium bone are bones protect the brain and is an
attachment site for the head and neck muscles. The cranial bones consist of eight bones which are
one ethmoid bone, one frontal bone, one occipital bone, two parietal bones, one sphenoid bone, and
two temporal bones. The facial bone is a bone that forms the structure of the face, has special sense
organs for sight, taste, and smell, provides an opening for air and food passage, secures teeth, and is
an anchor for facial muscles expression for our feelings. The facial bone consists of fourteen ...
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False ribs are ribs that are attached indirectly to the sternum or lack sternal attachment. The floating
ribs are ribs that have no anterior attachment.
The pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle are bones that are attached to the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton. The pectoral girdle is part of the clavicle which is the collar bone and the scapula are the
shoulder blades.
The pelvic girdle or the hip girdle are paired coal bone and sacrum that are attached to the lower
limbs of the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle is part of the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis bones.
The ischium is a poster inferior of the hip bone, the ilium is a large flaring bone that is part of the
superior region of the hip bone, and the pubis also known as the pubic bone is an anterior portion of
the hip bone.
The difference between the thumb and finger bones are that the finger bones or digits are numbered
from I to V starting at thumb also known as the pollex. Each hand has fourteen phalanges. The
thumb has no middle phalanx. Each finger has three bones which are the distal, middle, and
proximal

Midterm Review Anatomy 1 Lab
Review: Anatomy I Lab Chapter 1: Language of Anatomy What is anatomic position? – Human
body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward. –two major divisions of human body surface are Axial, and
Appendicular 2. Body orientation and direction. ~Superior– above ex. the nose is superior to the
mouth ~Inferior– below ex. the abdomen is inferior to the chest ~Anterior– front ex. the face and the
arms are in the anterior body surface. ~Posterior– back ex. the spine is posterior to the heart
~Medial– toward the midline ex. the heart is medial to the lungs. ex. the sternum is medial to the
ribs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–Coccyx–formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. It is literally a human
tailbone, a vestige of the tail that other vertebrates have; is attached to the sacrum by ligaments. 7.
Sternum (bones of sternum and identify them in figure) 8. True ribs and false ribs *12 pairs of ribs –
True Ribs– first seven pairs; are directly connected to the sternum. –False Ribs– next five fairs; are
not directly connected to the Sternum. Chapter 5: Appendicular Skeleton How many bones are in the
appendicular skeleton –composed of 126 bones of appendages and pectoral and pelvic girdles which
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 2. The bones of the Clavicle and Scapulae –Clavicle
(collarbone) – sternal (medial) end– attaches to sternal manubrium –acromial (lateral) end–
articulates w/ the scapulae to form part of the shoulder joint. –Scapulae (shoulder blades) –known as
"wings of humans" –connects humerus (upper arm bone) w/ clavicle (collar bone) – two processes:
–acromion: connects clavicle –coracoid process: attachment point for upper limb muscles –has three
angles: superior, inferior, lateral 3. The Arm –consists of single bone called humerus –head fits into
glenoid cavity &

Articulated Skeleton Research Paper
There are two categories that in formation of the complete Articulated Skeleton: axial and
appendicular. Axial skeletal is the central part of body that consists of the bones of the head and
trunk of a vertebrate. It has 80 bones in total, and it is composed of 6 parts: the skull bones, the
bones of inner ear, the hyoid bones, the rig cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull forms
and supports the head and face structure. Except lower jaw (mandible), all bones of the skull are
joined by fixed joints formed by bony ossification. The bones of inner ear are also called ossicles,
they are the one of smallest bones in the human body, and they transmit sounds from air to brain.
The hyoid bone locates between the chin and the thyroid cartilage and base of the lower ... Show
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The rib cage is located in the upper body and consists of 24 bones that serve the purpose of
protecting many vital organs. They divide into 2 parts of 12 bones that symmetrical to each other of
the body. The hearts, lungs and parts of stomach are all inside the rib cage. It sometimes describes as
thoracic cage because it is a major part of the thoracic cavity in the human body. The rib cage is not
only for protecting vital organs but also helps a person to breathe. "The sternum, commonly known
as the breastbone, is long, flat, narrow bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilises
the thoracic skeleton. Several muscles that move the arms, head and neck have their origins on the
sternum." (Sternum, 2016) As well as rib cage, it protects vital organs inside the chest, such as the
heart. Vertebral column is also called spine or backbone, composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae, in the human vertebral column there are normally 33 vertebrae. There are 5 region of the
spine: 7 neck (cervical) vertebrae, 12 chest (thoracic) vertebrae, 5 low back (lumbar) vertebrae, the
rest are pelvic (sacral) vertebrae and

Back Pain And Tendons
Back Pain and Tendons
The skeletal muscles supplies us movement, which is supported by the posture. Our muscles will
shorten, tighten, contract, and promote mobility. The muscles join with bones that attach to the
tendons. Once the muscles begin contracting, the muscles are stimulated and join the fibers through
our motor neuron cells. The nerves makeup axon, body of cells, dendrites, etc, and these elements
transmit impulses to the nerves, sending the impulses to the major components of our system, such
as Central Nerve System. The network joins with cells, fibers, muscles, etc, and conveys messages,
transmitting them through sensations that stop at the brain. The brain transmits signals that are sent
from motor impulses and carries onto ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, the coccyx lies at the bed of the second spinal column. Damage to this baby can lead to
serious problems, which the coccyx is non–supported. The coccyx creates the fused bones. The
fused bones reside at the baseline of the spinal columns. The bones in summary are the tailbone.
The coccyx is at greater risk than any other element within the skeletal structure, since the coccyx
can break easily from falls, thus leading to coccygodynia. Coccygodynia is a condition of the spinal
that can create damning pain. Back injuries and injuries to the neck can affect the airway, breathing,
and blood circulation. Some injuries require resuscitation.
Resuscitation is the process of clearing the airway. The act is performed by smoothly tilting the head
back and lifting the chin. The tongue is pulled clear so that air can travel to the lungs. If neck
injuries are present, you want to take extra precautions if resuscitation is necessary. Once you clear
the airway use your ear, placing it over the mouth and listen for breathing. You can also put the hand
over the mouth to feel breathe. If you cannot get results after testing for breathing, you will need to
test the carotid pulses located in the neck to check for

Why I Chose The Skeletal System
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the human body that consists of several interacting
systems. According to Wiki, "Anatomy has become a key part of the visual arts." The skeletal
system is one of the most drawn systems of human anatomy. The skeletal system is the framework
of the human body that provides support, protection, and flexibility. Hillendale Health says,
"Without your skeleton your body would collapse into a heap." I chose the skeletal system because
without it we would not be able to experience the significant parts of life. The skeletal system is all
of the bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connect them.
Bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage account for about twenty percent

Neck Injury Research Paper
Common injuries
Below is a list of common injuries diagnosed in victims of personal injury cases. The list below will
start with the most common and industry termed "soft–tissue" injuries then move forward in
alphabetical order.
Whiplash – is a nontechnical term used to describe a variety of injuries to the neck. The neck injury
is most often is used to represent is a hyperextention–hyperflextion injury.
Hyperextension–Hyperflexion – translates to extreme extension or extreme flexion. This type of
injury can lead to what is also called Strain/Sprain of the cervical spine.
Strain/Sprain – Strain is defined as the stretching of muscles or tendons beyond their usual limits;
may be very painful at first but this does not produce any lasting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cerebral Concussion – injury where the brain has been violently shaken about, usually as a result of
a blow to the head.
Some common symptoms to watch for if you suspect that there may have been an impact to the
head.
Physical Symptoms – the most common symptom associated with a cerebral concussion is a
Headache, however several other symptoms may arise such as dizziness, nausea, impaired use of
physical faculties and motor functions, vomiting, difficulty balancing, and ringing in the ears. In
addition to those listed above there are some visual symptoms such as light sensitivity, blurred
vision, double vision or seeing light spots.
Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms – confusion, disorientation, difficulty focusing, and post–
traumatic amnesia.
Children may display symptoms of a concussion differently than adults. Be sure to watch for any
loss in interest in favorite activities, crankiness, restlessness, lethargy, and irritability, tearfulness,
and displays of emotion that are inappropriate to the

Sphenoid Bone Research Paper
The skull is very important to our head because it protects our brain and creates the shape for our
head. Ethmoid bone is one of the bones that associate with the skull bone that protect the vital
organs in the nasal cavity and it's an irregular–shaped bone. Frontal bone is an irregular–shaped and
flat bone. It protects the brain and provides support to form the face locating in the front of the skull.
Occipital bone is an irregular–shaped and trapezoidal–shaped bone locating in the back of the skull.
It creates the back portion to protect the brain. Parietal bone is paired, flat bone create part of the
roof and sides of the skull which to protect the brain. Sphenoid bone is unpaired, irregular–shaped
bone in the shape similar to a butterfly. It forms part of the base of the cranium and the eye sockets
which covering some part of the brain and protecting the eyes. Temporal bone is paired, irregular–
shaped, and flat bone. It covers the base and sides of the skull alongside the temporal lobes of the
brain which support the skull and temples. Hyoid bone is in the U shape that goes between thyroid
cartilage and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cervical vertebra locates in the neck between occipital bone and T1 vertebra. It helps hold up the
skull and protects the spinal cord. Atlas and axis are very special bones because they provide the
movements for the head. Atlas is a ring–shaped vertebra that rotates and axis is a pivot that helps the
head to turn side to side. Thoracic vertebra has a very important job is to protect the heart and lungs
which locates in the trunk between C7 and L1 of the body. Lumbar vertebra is consider as the lower
back between T12 and S1 in the body that can helps support the weight of the body. Sacrum and
coccyx located in the lower back between L5 and C1. Sacrum is a very tough bone that supports the
weight and coccyx, also known as the tail bone, connects with the muscles to the pelvic

Lab Report : Mythbusters And The Scientific Method
Chemistry 1 11/9
Lab Report 1: Mythbusters and the Scientific Method
Tough Titanium: Gianina L., Amira C., Najma S., James M.
1.The myth investigated in the episode is whether or not the "brace position" utilized on aircrafts is
designed to kill you―as the position aims to break the passenger's neck―if the plane was to crash.
2. The hypothesis is that the "brace position" is meant to kill you by breaking your neck, instead of
protecting you from impact. The logic being, that it is cheaper for an airline to pay for a wrongful
death settlements, which would cost approximately $3–5 million per incident, whereas a lifetime 's
worth of rehabilitation could cost the airline $8–10 million, and even up to $50 million.
3. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The baseline was 4.29 kilohms, and serious neck damage was 6.22 kilohms. Buster's torso was also
fitted with shockwatch stickers (at 50g, 75g, 100g), to measure the g–force (gravitational force)
exerted on him; 50g on the front, 75g for the back, and 100g whereby the brain would be bouncing
in the skull, and result in death.
5. The dependent variables (caused by independant varible; what is being tested) are the force in
force exerted on Buster and additional "passengers" and the resulting damage toward the
mannequin(s).
6. In their experiment, the controls which they included are the three types of aircraft seats, carbon
epoxy for the bones of the passengers, same type of mannequins for each subsequent simulated
plane crash.
7. The Mythbusters recorded the angle of deflection of the dummy's neck when bent backwards, as
well as the resistance to pressure in its neck to be used as a threshold for serious injury. During the
experiments, the group also collected the speed of the drop, the collision time, and the g–force
exerted on the dummy's chest, head, and neck in each simulation.
From the first test, which had the dummies sitting upright, and the data was: 41ft/sec, 54 milisec
collision time, and 21g–force exerted on the

Neck Pain Research Paper
If the pain in the neck to the measures .....! It can be any age and at any time. Sometimes it happens
that we are falling asleep at night and wake up in the morning, we find out that our neck pain.
Sometimes the neck is such that it would not direct. The direction is stiff, keep your neck and head
in the same direction becomes our compulsion. Pain in the neck did slightly elasticity. However, the
risk of neck pain does not have any serious damage, but even when it is painful to remove it
carefully and make the best choice for the proper management and safe. Spondylitis in adults and
children and young people around the neck or cervical spine abnormal growth of bones and the
intervertebral discs between the vertebrae in the neck of calcium D–Generation of these discs is due
to be moved from its location. Cervical spine in the elderly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Though the treatment can only home, but when you feel that it is becoming critical, then definitely
consult a doctor, because the neck is extremely delicate and important part of your body. Such pain
to fix some domestic measures are as follows: – Neck gently clockwise turn five to ten times. Now,
do it in the opposite direction. Then his head up and down turns left or right. Continue this process
until your head, until you can do it. Then the pain began to leave. Pain in the neck, light massage
with oil. Always massage toward the shoulder to the neck. After the massage with hot water bag or
glass bottle filled with warm water. Soon after nor a cold drink in the open air should not try to
drink. TV does not see the lie. No longer see the TV. See if it then took a walk to get up in between.
Use the low–hanging pillow. The bed is also important to be flat. Do not use the harsh pillow. This
can cause pain in the

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7) – Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large
muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE – Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is
horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its position, the clavicular pectoralis major is
commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize
the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of
four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior
originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the upper ribs and inserts along the medial border
of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone.
SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the
humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a
shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

The Skeletal System Excercise Essay
University of Phoenix Material The Skeletal System Exercises After viewing the animation answer
these questions. * Exercise 5.1: Coloring Exercise * * Scan completed coloring exercise and submit
as a separate document. * * * Exercise 5.2: Appositional Bone Growth * After viewing the
animation, answer the following questions: 1. Define appositional bone growth. Formation of new
bone on the surface of older bone or cartilage 2. Which cells produce bone material? osteoblasts 3.
How is a tunnel formed around a blood vessel? Groove is transformed when the bone built on the
adjacent ridges meet 4. How is the tunnel filled in to produce a new osteon? Production of
concentric lamellae ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E. Thoracic vertebra . F. humerus . G. Costal cartilage . H. ribs . I. Skeleton of upper limbs . J.
Vertebral column . K. Lumbar vertebra . L. ulna . M. radius . N. Pelvic girdle . O. Hip bone . P.
sacrum . Q. Carpal bone . R. coccyx . S. metacarpals . T. Phalanges of finger . U. femur . V.
Appendicular skeleton

Cancer Treatment : Organ Specific Cancer Treatments Essay
Cancer Treatment – Organ Specific Cancer Treatments
By Dr Priya Rajendran | Submitted On October 25, 2012
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Organ specific cancer treatments
Certain advanced cancer hospitals manage cancer in an organ specific way, and accordingly
oncologists are reserved for treating cancers affecting specific organs only. Accordingly, oncologists
have successfully treated breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gynecological cancer, orthopedic
cancer, lung cancer, neuro cancer, and liver cancer.
Understanding each organ specific cancer and the treatment available for it
Breast Cancer
It is the commonest of cancers affecting women, and it is believed to be the cancer that has caused
the most mortality among women next to lung cancer. The mortality has been the highest among
women whose ages were between 45 and 55. Breast cancer is curable if it is diagnosed at an early
stage, and if the necessary treatments are carried out immediately following its detection. Breast
cancer is growth of breast cells in an uncontrolled manner.
Breast cancer diagnosis
Abnormal presence of a lump
This diagnosis can be carried out by the patient, and the doctor too looks for the

Dental Problems Of The Dentist
If you are diagnosed with any type of Head and Neck cancer, the last person you would think about
visiting is your dentist. Most patients are surprised when told that they will have to see a dentist
before any cancer treatments can be started. The dentist plays an important role in preventing
serious mouth problems before and after your radiation treatments and also helps you maintain good
oral health during and after your treatments. Dental problems such as gum disease, cavities, and
poorly fitting dentures can get worse during treatments. This will be crucial not only for esthetic
purposes but for functionality of your mouth as well. Head and neck cancer accounts for about 3%
of all cancers in the United States. It is estimated that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studies found that poor condition of the mouth, poor fitting dentures, and missing teeth were in
fact among the causes of oral cancer. There are different treatments for head and neck cancers.
Radiation and surgery are major curative modalities with adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced
stages. Radiation therapy is indicated in the majority of head and neck cancers because of where the
tumors are located in this region and are often inaccessible for surgery. Radiation therapy is the use
of high energy x–rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. The radiation may be delivered by a
machine outside the body called external–beam radiation therapy, or it may come from radioactive
material that is placed in the body near the cancer cells, that is called internal radiation therapy, or
brachytherapy. Radiation kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA. DNA that is damaged beyond
repair stop dividing or die off. Once the damaged cells die, they are broken down and the body
eliminates them by the body 's natural processes. Radiation can damage normal cells as well. All the
doctors involved in creating a treatment plan for the patient, take potential damage to normal cells
into account when planning a course of radiation therapy. All normal tissue has a certain amount of
radiation that it can safely receive and tolerate with Gonzalez 3 out complications. Radiation can be
used before surgery to shrink

Ethnography Of A Horse
One must first learn the basic body parts of a horse before learning the complications of its
conformation. On front of the horse is its head. The neck should be attached to the head and back
into the horse's withers. The horse's mane is the long stretch of hair along its neck. The forelock is
the little patch of hair in the middle of the horse's head. The wither is where the neck connects to the
rest of the horse's body and tends to raise higher than the shoulder. From the horse's shoulder is its
forehand (front legs). The top point of the horse's leg is its elbow. In the middle of the leg there is a
slight lump. That is the horse's knee. Below the knee is its cannon bone (the long bone starting at the
horse's knee to fetlock). Attaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
T` he knee should be large, flat, and straight. The cannon bone is shorter than the forehand. These
make the horse's ride stable and lengthened. To determine this you should see a straight line through
the center of all the bones in the forehand. The forehand also supports about sixty percent of the
horse's weight. The length of the forehand will determine the length of the horse's stride. The
forehand should be straight and muscled.
The terms and causes of an incorrect forearm are; "camped out is when the front leg is too far
forward from the body to the ground. Camped under is when the front leg is angling back." This
causes the horse to stumble and have a short stride. Splints are unusual growths on the cannon bone.
Bowed tendons are the tear of the flexor tendon and leaves an ugly scar.
The front legs should also have a certain amount of distance between them. Base wide is when the
distance of the front feet on the ground is farther apart than the distance between the front legs at the
chest. Base narrow is when the distance between the feet on the ground is narrower than the distance
between the front legs at the chest. "This causes horse to knock one leg forward at a time."( ) Base
narrow also causes bow legged, which puts strain the horse's

Labelled Diagram Of The Muscles
Contents
Page 1. Introduction
Task 1
Page 2. Labelled diagram of the Bones of the cranium.
Page 3. Labelled diagram of Bones of the face.
Page 4. Labelled diagram of the bones neck, chest & shoulder.
Task 2
Page 5. Labelled diagram showing the position of the Muscles of the face.
Page 6. Labelled diagram showing the Muscles that move the head
Page 7 .Chart showing the action and location of the muscle of the face.
Task 3
Page 8 (A). Describe briefly the function and composition of blood.
Page 9 (A) Describe briefly the function and composition of blood.
Page 10 (A) Describe briefly the function and composition of blood.
Page 11. (B) Describe briefly the function and composition of lymph.
Page 12. (B) Describe briefly the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Describe briefly the function and composition of blood.
Blood is a red fluid that contains a complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix which is
transported (circulated) throughout the body by the circulatory system of an organism. It circulates
around the body by the heart and delivers oxygen and other important nutrients to cells of organs
and tissues, while at the same time, removing waste product from our body. Blood is located in
almost every part of our body, which is due to the network of blood vessels called the circulatory
system. It is circulated through the body's heart, arteries, veins and capillaries (tiny vessels that
connect arteries and veins). In order for blood to carry out its functions, it needs to circulate all over
our body to all living cells and tissues which it does through the support of the heart that pumps
blood throughout our entire body). Thus, it is the fluid of life, a vital life force that all humans need
in order to live and sustain life.
General function of blood
1.Distribution/Transportation:
Transportation of dissolved gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen), nutrients, enzymes, blood cells
(white blood cells 'leucocytes' and red blood cells 'erythrocytes'), hormones and metabolic wastes.

Explanation: A). Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells of organs and tissues and carbon
dioxide from those organs and tissues to the lungs inside our body.
B) It

Forward Facing Car Seat Safety
The most exciting part of raising a child is watching them reach different milestones of their life.
From sitting up, to talking and walking, to their first birthday most parents are ecstatic and dismal.
No parent would ever put their child in any danger or to purposely hurt them. But by simply keep
kids in a rear facing position can be 500% times safer. In 100 car accidents, 8 children will die or
have serious injuries in a rear facing car seat compared to the 40 children that will die or have
serious injuries in forward facing car seats. Putting a child in a forward facing car seat, before their
second birthday, that creates uninformed decisions that can cause incomplete growth, serious
injuries, and death. First, the biggest problem is the myths that go along with car seats and car seat
safety. CNN reports that 24% of parents will turn their children around before they reach two. One
reason is the huge myth that a child has outgrown the position of a rear–facing position. Most car
seats have adjustable positions as the child grows, as well as, have weight and height limits printed
in the car seat manual. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children's bodies are not proportional and differ from an adult's body. Their spine is very delicate
from being undeveloped and is made up of spacious, separate bones that are made up of cartilage.
The cartilage is in the process of turning into bone in the first three years of a child's life and
continues until the child reaches puberty. The spine also goes from a flat shape to a saddle shape,
which can hold together stronger if the head is thrown back. If the spine is stretched more than ¼
inch it can cause the spine to rupture. Therefor, the neck and spine cannot handle the force from the
collision even at low

Safety Gears In American Football
Have you ever thrown a pigskin before? Well I have. It is important to stay safe playing the best
sport, football. Clearly American football is safe because the players wear safety gear, learn to tackle
properly, and stretch before and after a playing period. The first reason is safety gear makes football
more safe because of the following.The helmet goes on a player's head & they are made up of
polycarbonate shells. That is safe because the helmets have big pads inside the shell to support the
head on contact. The the next reason that safety gear is safe is the shoulder pads. The shoulder pads
help because they make the player lower their shoulder so they don't get hurt/injured. The pads go
on the shoulders and chest of a player. The shoulder pads protect the player from fractured bones in
the upper body area. A neck roll will go on a player's shoulder pads and around their neck. It helps
the neck and head because when the player gets hit in the head the neck roll will stop their helmet
from bending backwards. Another reason that makes football safe is PROPER tackling. First the
player will have to slow down and chop their feet to mimic the ball carrier. This will help them
tackle the runner. The defensive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is safe because the helmets have big pads inside the shell to support the head on contact. The
the next reason that safety gear is safe is the shoulder pads. The shoulder pads help because they
make the player lower their shoulder so they don't get hurt/injured. The pads go on the shoulders and
chest of a player. The shoulder pads protect the player from fractured bones in the upper body area.
A neck roll will go on a player's shoulder pads and around their neck. It helps the neck and head
because when the player gets hit in the head the neck roll will stop their helmet from bending

Should Parents Let Their Children Play Football
Should Parents Let Their Children Play Football? Should parents let their children play football? Is
the risk of head injury too great for children to be allowed to play the game? Should schools
programs change the rules of the game to make it less dangerous? Football teaches teamwork,
discipline and responsibility. Although some people think that football is dangerous, some think it's
safe because they have the best equipment, helmet training and neck stabilization to keep the neck
safe when they land wrong, any exercise keeps children healthy and team sports give them this
opportunity. Football equipment is all over your body it's in the pants on there shoulders the helmet
to keep the play

Mnemonic Saltaps Essay
A L T A P S
If you need to decide whether or not you or a team–mate should continue to play or train, the
mnemonic SALTAPS helps.
IMPORTANT: NEVER move a player with a suspected neck or spine injury or an unconscious
player!
S A L T A P S
S is for Stop play if a player goes down.
S A L T A P S
A is for Ask the player what happened and how they feel. Check facial expressions, and posture
(position either standing or lying down).
S A L T A P S
L is for Look at injured limbs for obvious signs of injury: bleeding, bruising, swelling, deformity.
Take the player off if there are significant signs of injury.
S A L T A P S
T is for Touch the injured site if the player will let you. Gently palpate to find source of pain. If you
are unsure, don't touch or move the limb until a qualified person can assess ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Whatever the case, keep a close eye and take the player off if in doubt.
http://www.fifa.com/development/medical/players–health/football–injuries/first–aid/saltaps.html
(2016) (See above)
A potential hamstring tear: There are three different types of hamstring injuries e.g.
 grade 1 – a mild muscle pull or strain
 grade 2 – a partial muscle tear
 grade 3 – a complete muscle tear http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hamstring–
injury/Pages/Introduction.aspx (2016)
The initial treatment that I would use for a hamstring tear would be the RICE method. o REST–
make sure the leg is still in a single position and for you to avoid any type of physical activities. o
ICE–apply cold packs (a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a tea towel will also work) to your

hamstring for 15 to 20 minutes every two to three hours during the day. Don't apply ice directly to
your skin. o COMPRESSION–compress or bandage the thigh to limit any swelling and movement
that could cause further damage. You can use a simple elastic bandage or elasticated tubular bandage
available from a

Deer Process Analysis
Katie Earnest
Ms. Bursack Hour 5
Comp.12 College Writing
27 October 2015
Process Analysis Getting down and dirty with deer Hunting may seem like all fun and games until
you actually have to handle the deer. It's time you learn how to clean one. Learning the steps from
field dressing to skinning the deer can be difficult to learn in a short period time, which is why this
paper is here to discuss the step by step process on how to get the job done right. Field dressing is an
efficient and easy way to lug the deer back to the vehicle. Making sure the deer is properly field
dressed is the first important step. Items that are essential for the proper field dress are a sharp knife,
steel for sharpening, nylon cord, several rubber bands, garbage bag and disposable bags. Always
remember to use clean instrument. Prop the deer on its back and starting from the back legs, make a
cut down to the pelvic bone. Before cutting to the muscle layer, you should peel the skin back. It
makes it easier for working around. Make a slit from the jaw bone all the way down to the breast
bone, peeling back all the skin and fur. Move up the blade upward and cut through the muscle layer.
Cut a hole around the anus and then tie it off.to ensure that ther4e is no spillage.Cut the windpipe
and esophagus in two as far up the neck as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A cooler full of ice is recommended to place the freshly cut meat into. Preferably start at the back
and do one side at a time, of your choice on either side of the spine. Make cuts to through the meat
until you hit the spine bone. Cut down the spine 7 inches. Cut the meat around the neck on the side
of the spine that was chosen to start with. It is now time to remove the back straps. This meat is used
for steaks and is mostly made of fat. Cut down through the neck, the hips and down through the
ribcage. Now the meat can be placed in ziplock bags and stored away in the

Traction: Manual Or Mechanical Therapy
Traction is a manual or mechanical therapy technique that has several different uses. A basic
definition for traction would be pulling on a body part in order to straighten a body part or relieve
muscle pain. Traction can be used as a means to place some part of the body back into its original
position. An example of this might be a dislocated shoulder. To place the humerus back into the
joint, pulling force would be applied to the arm. This would allow the humerus to reset back into the
shoulder joint. This pulling force can also have an impact on muscle tightness and spasms. Gentle
pulling force can stretch out muscles in a particular region of the body and reduce the occurrence of
spasms and tightness. Traction is a very effective tool that is used in therapy office every day. One of
the more common forms of traction used in therapy is cervical traction. This form can be performed
manually by the physical therapist, or it can be performed mechanically by a traction machine.
Manual traction is the choice of many therapist simply because of the cost involved in mechanical
traction equipment. Manual cervical traction is performed by the therapist using their hands or some
accessory to gently pull on the patient's neck. This technique can be performed in a sitting or
standing position. If the hands are used, the therapist will grip the patient's neck directly under the
occipital bone of the skull. A towel or padded strap can also be used to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If pulling force becomes excessive, injuries can occur. Physical therapists have a low occurrence of
injury from cervical traction. The highest rate of injury is observed in chiropractor's offices (Fabio,
R., 1999). The injuries associated with this technique are mostly minor problems like headaches.
Some are much more severe in some cases resulting in death. Other more serious conditions include
injuries that can occur to the brain stem and spinal

Goldberg Wolf Injuries
Types of Injuries
You can trust lawyers at Goldberg Wolf to handle your case with compassion and respect you
deserve
Protecting workers rights since 1002, Goldberg Wolf has extensive experience in handling wok
injury claims in Southern New Jersey and Philadelphia. We take great pride in helping our clients
get the full compensation they deserve after an on–the–job injury or accident.
An injury at workplace– minor or serious; can leave you with significant physical, emotional and
financial problems. Depending upon the severity of the injury, you may incur medical bills and may
require some time away from work – or may be incapable of continuing your current career.
Handling all types of Workplace Injuries and Accident Claims in New Jersey ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Common types of brain injuries resulting from workplace accidents may include traumatic brain
injury, concussion, fractures in the skull and face, or scars, marks or bruises on your face.
Back and Neck Injuries – Injuries in the neck and back can be very painful and may often require a
surgery to fix the issue. Even with injury an individual may experience lasting pain, numbness or
loss of some functions. Common neck and back injuries suffered at work include broken vertebrae,
herniated discs, spinal cord injuries, or whiplash (due to some kind of impact).
Bone Injuries – Bone injuries are another common type of workplace injuries. Depending on the
extent of injury, these may require long period of time to heal and may require surgery to insert a pin
or rod to hold the broken bone in place as it heals. Common categories of bone injuries include
hairline fractures and compound fractures.
Injuries due to repeated movements – You may also receive injuries on the job due to repeated
movements that can cause damage to the muscles, tendons or the nerves. Common types of injuries
include carpel tunnel syndrome, trigger finger or

Ap Biology Chapter 1 Summary
AP Biology summer Reading
Chapter 1
1. The author chose to focus on 375 million year old rock because the transition from fins to necks
and limbs occurred then. The scientists knew that any time later than this and they would find lots of
animals with limbs. But if they searched earlier than this time then there are only fish without necks.
When the fish were evolving they evolved necks before they evolved limbs so this was a good sign
in chronology. Sedimentary rocks are the best types of rocks for fossil due to their gradual pressure
and low amounts of heat. Sedimentary rock is also found in lake beds and streams, where fish and
aquatic wildlife are most likely to live.
2. Titaalik is the first "fish" to have characteristics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydroxyapatite is a chemical in teeth that makes them much harder than boned. Because of this
teeth do not decay, and therefore under certain conditions are still present many million years after
the bones have diminished.
2. Conodonts are the teeth of an old jawless fish. They have been found on every continent they
were used by jawless fish as teeth because they could cut through food easily.
3. When Shubin says this he refers to the chronology of the inter epidermis organisms. Teeth were
the first structures to form out of the skin. Without the groundbreaking efforts of the tooth, hair
scales and breasts would not have been able to form because they evolved from teeth.
Chapter 5
1. The trigeminal and facial cranial nerves at first seem to be tangled muscle and nerves. When
actually they only get that way because of where they came from, and because they had previous
function in our ancestors. There are 12 Cranial nerves that come from the brain. These nerves
control our facial expressions and all basic actions of the face. The trigeminal and facial cranial
nerves are the two cranial nerves that are the source for this misconception of chaos, for the have
"very complex functions and take tortuous paths through the head to do their job" (Shubin

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