Investigation Of Lucy Essay

Investigation Of Lucy Essay
Background
Expedition began in 1972 with scientists Maurice Taieb, Yves Coppens, Jon Kalb, and Donald
Johanson. (Johanson, 2004)
This was known as IARE or International Afar Research Expedition. (Johanson, 2004)
Discovery of "Lucy" in 1974. (Johanson, 2004)
Analysis of location
The expedition took place in Ethiopia's Afar Triangle which was also known as Hadar. (Johanson,
2004)
This was the best location to find fossils because it was 200 meters of strata. (Johanson, 2004)
Strata is an area in the ground where different layers of rock exists. (Johanson, 2004)
The "lacustrine and fluviatile sediments" allowed for a fossil rich area. (Johanson, 2004)
This allowed for complete or semi–complete skeletons to preserved and later found. (Johanson,
2004) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Johanson, 2004)
About 40% of the human–like ape's skeleton was uncovered. (Johanson,1981)
Important skeletal bones such as the femur, skull, jaw, and pelvis showed that Lucy was a
transitional species between ape and man. (Johanson, 1981)
Johansson and his team found half a pelvis, among the bones, providing them with important
information about the gender of the fossil. (Johanson,
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Injuries During A Car Crash
1.0 Introduction:
Did you know 19% more fatal crashes are most likely to happen on Saturday. Car accidents are the
deadliest as well as the most common type of personal injury. These crashes can result in serious
physical harm which in turn can significantly impact your life. This research start with the injuries
sustain of the upper body endures in a car crash, and what are the theories behind both biology and
physics.
2.0 Injuries During a Car Crash
2.1 Body
Skull (Head)
The head is the most vulnerable parts of the human body. In a car crash, the upper body (not
included the head) would be secure with a seat belt, sudden acceleration or deceleration would cause
the brain impacts back and forward on the skull. Forceful shock would ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The equal shock is disseminated over a bigger region, decreasing the greatest force on the body. The
safety belt and airbag are both exerting an interaction in the incident and while the seat belt restrains
the driver from moving out towards his/her previous position where the air bag is effective in
apprehending the occupant and cushioning the impingement. The whole frontal of the human body
fully impact when the airbag ejects. Due to the fact, the seat belt only restrains the chest to prevent
drivers from forcing out the windshield of the car but the head is excluded. The head forcefully
pushed to the airbag with large shock which may eventually break the skull structure. (Paul, 2017)
6.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, as discussed above, the causes of a car accident are fatal because of the large force
encounter when the car hits but at the same time can be controlled by some effort. The car accidents
have many sources not only speeding, lack of attention or uncontrollable factors because there are
many other causes of car accidents. The safety of the car would be more advance in the later time,
with much more protective equipment preventing from shock in the human to sensor that
automatically pre–calculate the upcoming casualties.

The Theme Of The Poad
I think that the theme should be that animals have the same level of intelligence as humans. Most of
them. Like the dolphin in "The Pod". The story started off with the dolphin in the story stranded.
Then the protagonist in the story, Jesse drives over to the grocery store and sees the dolphin move.
He runs over to the dolphin trying to push it over into the water, he then remembers that the rib cage
of the dolphin couldn't support the body on land. When Jesse finally got the dolphin into the water
the dolphin kept trying to swim back to land. Jesse had to lead the dolphin back into deeper water to
get it to swim back to its pod. In the story "Can Animals Feel and Think?" it said that people think
animals are just "animals." When people

Structure And Functions Of The Skeletal System
TASK 1– Skeletal system Produce an information project that can be displayed around a sports club
or for athletes to give information on the different structures and functions of the skeletal system. A.
Describe the main functions of the skeletal system (P1) Functions of the Skeleton Support– the
skeleton acts as frame for the body and keeps us upright, it provides shape and is the main structural
frame for the body. Protection– the skeleton provides the protection for the vital organs in the body.
For example, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs. Another example would be the cranium; it
protects the one of the most import vital organs in the body, the brain. Movement– the skeleton
enables movement. It provides a large surface area for muscle attachment. When skeletal muscles
contract, they pull on bones at a joint to produce movement. Produce Blood Cells– the skeleton
enables red and white blood cells to be produced in the marrow cavities of larger bones of the body.
Red blood cells make haemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. White
blood cells help protect the body against infections. Bones such as the femur and the pelvic girdle
produce blood cells. Fat and Mineral storage– the bones in the skeleton store many minerals. The
main minerals they store are calcium and phosphorus which strengthen the bones. Leverage– the
bones in the skeleton provide the attachment for muscles. The muscles attached to the bones provide
the power

Scoliosis Research Paper
Introduction
Everyone's spine has natural curve which round our shoulders and make our lower back curve
slightly inward (Common Scoliosis Questions). Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine
(Taylor, 2011, p394). Scoliosis can also be defined as a lateral (towards the inside) curvature of the
spine with increased convexity (the quality or state of being curved outward) on the side that is
curve (Taylor, 2011, p601). There are several less common types of scoliosis, but the four major
different types of scoliosis are congenital scoliosis, early onset scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, and
neuromuscular scoliosis. The spinal curves cannot be corrected simply by learning to stand up
straight like poor posture.
History
Little is known about the history deformities of the spine (Vasiliadis, 2009). Curvature of the spine
is a disorder that has plagued the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It affects eighty–five percent of people. Idiopathic scoliosis frequently runs in families and there is a
growing body of evidence that genetics plays a major role (What Causes Scoliosis, 2008).
Congenital scoliosis is when scoliosis is present at birth when the vertebrae is irregularly formed.
Central nervous system disorders (cerebral palsy), muscle diseases (muscular dystrophy), or genetic
diseases (Down syndrome) may cause scoliosis. Infections and fractures containing the spine, may
cause scoliosis. The risk factors for scoliosis are age, gender, and family history. The usual age is
typically between 9 and 15 years, which signs and symptoms begin during growth spurt prior to
puberty. Both boys and girls develop mild scoliosis at about the same rate, yet, girls have a much
higher risk of the curve worsening and requiring treatment (Scoliosis, 2012). Scoliosis is maybe
hereditary, but most children with scoliosis do not have a family history of the disease (Scoliosis,
2012). If there is a family history of scoliosis, 20% will develop the

Body Systems Essay
Functions Of The Skeleton The human skeleton has 6 main functions that provide the body with
good health. They are as follows: Support – our skeleton provides shape and support to our body
which gives our body its shape, without this function our body would simply collapse. Movement –
it aids our body to move by giving a framework to the attached muscles which then allows different
movements at different joints. Movement is therefore powered by the skeletal muscles. Protection –
the skeleton provides protection to many important organs. The skull protects the brain, eyes and
ears. The vertebrae protects the spinal cord from any damage. The rib cage prevents any damage to
the lungs, hearts and major blood vessels. The illium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones containing the appendage bones, the pectoral and
pelvic girdles. It is responsible for the ability of movements and the protection of the major organs
in the human body. Types Of Joints There are three types of joins in the skeletal system each
allowing different types of movements. Fibrous joint connected by the fibrous connective tissue is
also known as the fixed joint, This type of joint allows no movement and can be found in the bones
such as the skull Cartilaginous joint is connected by the cartilage and is also known is the slightly
moveable joint. It allows little movement between joints in places such as the vertebrae and ribs.
Synovial joints are the most common joints in the skeletal system and are also known as the freely
moveable joints. They are not directly connected which is why it allows a great amount of
movement. As with most other joints in the body, synovial joints achieve more movements. The
synovial joints consist of six different types of joints. Types Of Movements Flexion – is the bending
of a joint where the bones on either side of joint are brought together, decreasing the angle between
bones. Extension – the opposite of flexion where the joints are straightened and the angle of the
joints are increased. Abduction – the moving of a limb away from the central of the body

The Human Skeletal System
The typical human skeleton consists of 206 bones in adults. More bones are present at birth, which
gradually fuse together as the body matures. The skeleton is divided into two parts. The axial
skeleton includes the bones of the skull, face and spine along with the ribs and breastbone.
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms, hands, legs, feet and pelvis as well as the
clavicles and shoulder blades. The skeleton serves several vital functions.
1. Shape
The skeleton gives the body its shape, which changes with growth. In addition to determining
characteristics such as height and the size of the hands and feet, stable body shape enables essential
functions. For example, a stable rib cage and spine enable the lungs to fully inflate ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The strong bones of the spine, pelvis and legs enable people to stand upright, supporting the weight
of the entire body. Body cavities –– hollow spaces framed by the skeleton –– hold the internal
organs. For example, the skull holds the brain, the chest cavity houses the heart and lungs, and the
abdominal cavity encases the organs of the digestive, urinary and internal reproductive systems.
3. Movement
The skeletal bones are held together by ligaments, and tendons attach the muscles to the bones of the
skeleton. The muscular and skeletal systems work together as the musculoskeletal system, which
enables body movement and stability. When muscles contract, they pull on bones of the skeleton to
produce movement or hold the bones in a stable position.
The shape of the bones and how they fit together at the joints allows for different types of
movement. For example, the leg bones come together at the knee to form a hinge joint that enables
the knee to bend back and forth. The joining portions of the bones of the hip and shoulder have a
much different shape and form ball–and–socket joints that allow movement in multiple directions.
4. Protection
The skeleton protects the internal organs from damage by surrounding them with bone. Bone

The Importance Of Body System Communication In The Human Body
Human body system communication is highly important for us to function properly. All the systems
in the human body are essential to our survival and good health. If you take away the purpose of just
one of these body systems our whole body will not work thoroughly. Nervous system, endocrine
respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive
systems are all examples of different system in the human body. They all work jointly for us to
move, dance, eat, and think like we do. One of the most important system is the skeletal system. It
support our body, protects, and helps us with movement, storage of minerals and blood cell
production. The skeleton also protects the internal organs from any harm and damage, allows
movement by providing a structure for the muscles to attach to and stores bone marrow, which is
used to produce red and white blood cells. A good example would be the brain, which is inside the
skull, and is protected by the skull from any trauma to the head. Also the heart, lungs, liver and other
internal organs that are caged in the rib cage and protected from trauma by the ribs. The
vertebrate/spine hold the body straight, allowing us to have motions such as taking notes in class.
The skeletal incorporates all of the bones and joints in the entire body. According to Inner Body,
each bone is a complicated living organ that is made up of countless cells, protein fibers, and
minerals (Taylor, undated). As the skeleton

The Neanderthals
According to the consensus view, the Neanderthals lived 250,000 to 30,000 years BP (Before the
Present), they were very primitive, looked more like gorillas than men, led a short brutish life, and
died on average at the age of forty–five. According to my research, they were built more powerfully
than modern Humans. Their thicker tendons and ligaments, attached to heavier bones, gave them
superior strength, and the capacity of leaping high to hunt large animals. One of their back muscles,
that Humans have lost, added tremendous force and precision for throwing an object such as a lance,
or for handling a sword. Their voluminous rib cage gave superior stamina during any effort. Their
eyesight was much sharper than that of modern Humans'

Studies For The Libyan Sibyl
"Studies for the Libyan Sibyl"
"Studies for the Libyan Sibyl" (1510–11) by Michelangelo Buonarroti is the study of male anatomy
and is a characteristic example of Michelangelo 's late draughtsmanship, and a preparatory sketch
for one of the female seers frescoed Libyan figure Sibyl, painted on the Sistine Chapel Ceiling
(1508–1512) Rome, Vaticana Palace. Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, Caprese 1475–1564 Rome)
was a painter, sculptor, architect, poet, engineer as well as a compulsive drawer, of the High Italian
Renaissance era, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Michelangelo was once quoted saying "Design, which by another name is called drawing is the font
and body of painting and sculpture and architecture and every other kind of painting and the root of
all sciences" (Michelangelo And The Mastery Of Drawing). Michelangelo's purpose for "Studies for
the Libyan Sibyl" was not to create a finished piece to please the public or even a person. "Studies
for the Libyan Sibyl" is a 28.9 x 21.4 cm nude Italian Renaissance piece he has distilled both the
linear and tonal essence of the form. Drawn with red and white chalk and possibly soft black chalk,
or less probably charcoal on paper. The reason Michelangelo drew "Studies for the Libyan Sibyl"
was his way of learning and understanding "the elements that were crucial to the elegant resolution
of the figure 's pose, especially the counterpoint twist of the shoulders and hips and the

Sphenoid Bone Research Paper
The skull is very important to our head because it protects our brain and creates the shape for our
head. Ethmoid bone is one of the bones that associate with the skull bone that protect the vital
organs in the nasal cavity and it's an irregular–shaped bone. Frontal bone is an irregular–shaped and
flat bone. It protects the brain and provides support to form the face locating in the front of the skull.
Occipital bone is an irregular–shaped and trapezoidal–shaped bone locating in the back of the skull.
It creates the back portion to protect the brain. Parietal bone is paired, flat bone create part of the
roof and sides of the skull which to protect the brain. Sphenoid bone is unpaired, irregular–shaped
bone in the shape similar to a butterfly. It forms part of the base of the cranium and the eye sockets
which covering some part of the brain and protecting the eyes. Temporal bone is paired, irregular–
shaped, and flat bone. It covers the base and sides of the skull alongside the temporal lobes of the
brain which support the skull and temples. Hyoid bone is in the U shape that goes between thyroid
cartilage and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cervical vertebra locates in the neck between occipital bone and T1 vertebra. It helps hold up the
skull and protects the spinal cord. Atlas and axis are very special bones because they provide the
movements for the head. Atlas is a ring–shaped vertebra that rotates and axis is a pivot that helps the
head to turn side to side. Thoracic vertebra has a very important job is to protect the heart and lungs
which locates in the trunk between C7 and L1 of the body. Lumbar vertebra is consider as the lower
back between T12 and S1 in the body that can helps support the weight of the body. Sacrum and
coccyx located in the lower back between L5 and C1. Sacrum is a very tough bone that supports the
weight and coccyx, also known as the tail bone, connects with the muscles to the pelvic

The Heart Of The Lungs
The Lungs are a part of every living human and animal that exist today. The lungs are classified as
one of the hardest–working organs in the body, besides the heart. They can expand and contract up
to 20 times a minute or more to provide oxygen to be distributed to tissues in all parts of the body.
They are considered to be the largest organ in the body. Taking up over forty percent of the chest
cavity. Due to the size, we can only have two. The heart takes up the other space in the upper cavity.
Each lung is made up of a sponge like material of tissue. They have been divided up into sections
called lobes. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung only has two. These are called the
superior, middle, and inferior. The average size of the lungs is 11 in. in length. Most normal adult
human's lungs are about the same size. The normal lungs have an average weight of 234 grams or
so. The weight depends a lot on the health of the lung. The average pair of human lungs can hold
about 5 liters of air. Approximately, a healthy human can breathe up to 24480 times in a day. The
lungs are red color because it is smooth muscles. It is made of all muscle tissue. The job of my
organ is to take oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide is exchange. It does its job with the millions
tiny grape–likes cells that are called alveoli, which allows oxygen to seep into the capillaries or the
thin wall that air sacs where carbon dioxide exchange take place.

5_Skeletal System Organs (1,100 Words). The Framework Of
5_Skeletal System Organs (1,100 words)
The framework of the human body is the skeletal system. Skeletal system organs include the bones,
joints, cartilages, ligaments, tendons and teeth. Bones offer support for the muscles, protect our vital
organs, and allow us to eat food. Our joints allow our body to move, twist and bend. Cartilage, like
our ears and nose, offer soft structures that are more malleable than bones. Two separate bones are
connected by ligaments, and bones and muscles are connected by tendons. Our teeth allow us to bite
and chew our food. Skeletal structure is similar among all people around the world, with the greatest
diversity occurring between the sexes. We will explore each system in greater detail and provide ...
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3. Joints
Joints appear throughout our body. Our ability to move turn our head is because of our spine 's
ability to twist and turn. Our shoulders and hips allow our arms to move in circles. Our elbows and
knees are hinge joints, which allow us to extend or retract our hands and feet. Our wrists and ankles
give is the ability to move them in circles. Our fingers and toes are hinge joints as well. Every place
in your body that moves, like your jaw, does so because of joints.
4. Ligaments
Ligaments are made of fibrous collagen tissue. The purpose of the ligaments are to connect two
bones to each other. These connects are located at joints, which control and enhance our movements.
Our hips, shoulders, elbows and knees are connected by ligaments. People who are double jointed
have ligaments that allow them to move their joints further than people who are not double jointed.
5. Tendons
Tendons, like ligaments, are also made of fibrous collagen tissue. Tendons connect muscles to
bones, which allow the movements of our muscles to cause our bones to move. When a muscle
contracts, it pulls the tendon which causes the bone in the arm to contract. When we walk, lift items,
talk or make dinner, we are moving our tendons.
6. Teeth
Our teeth allow us to bite and chew our food. Our teeth are connected to our jaw and are incredibly

durable. Teeth are one of the most important indicators of our health. Baby teeth are temporary teeth
that are able to fit into the

How Different Features Of The Musculoskeletal System...
This essay will talk about how different features of the musculoskeletal system functioning in terms
of movement, support and load bearing, the factors which affect tensions in developed muscle and
different roles of muscle and their roles in movement. The first part to start with is to understand
what musculoskeletal system is and the function of it. The basic function of musculoskeletal system
is to support the human body, allow movement, support and protect organs, it also known as the
loco–motor system. The system is formed by bones, cartilage, ligaments, muscles, tendons, joints
and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The skeletal part of
the system works as storage system for calcium and phosphorus. It is essential for bones to regulate
mineral balance in the bloodstream, and then the variation of minerals is high, these minerals are
stored in bone; when it is low, minerals are withdrawn from the bone. The skeleton system has a
critical relationship with blood production (hematopoietic) system. The hematopoietic system
locates in long bones and there are two distinctions of bone marrow. The yellow marrow has fatty
connective tissue, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy; the red marrow is important
for blood cell production. The bones also provide stability to the body; muscles keep bones in place
and also play a role in movement of the bones. When movement happens, different bones are
connected by joints and

Article Summary And Synthesis Essay
The author of this article wrote about a recent discovery of the fossils of a new human–like species
that are sparking controversy among several paleoanthropologists. According to the article, the
remains were retrieved by a group of slim excavators from the inside of a deep South African cave.
The age of the bones were found unclear due to the fact that it had been buried in sediments of
numerous layers. Close examinations showed that the fossils had the same traits as several other
species in the genus Homo. The skeletons had similar skulls, legs, and ankles while other traits such
as their fingers and rib cages were slightly different to accommodate other methods of movement.
Paleontologists from various parts of the world have reasoned whether or not they believe that the
discovered remains had any actual relation to the human species. Nonetheless, the researchers
believe that any new information from the bones could help them find out its origin, age,
distribution, and deposition into the cave. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, I chose to write about this article because I was intrigued at the thought that even with our
advanced technology and wide–ranged knowledge, there are still many things in our world that
remain a mystery to us. Paleontologists seem to have such an overall exciting and adventure–filled
time when they carry out their duties – discovering ancient items and places, and then examining
them to uncover their untold histories. In this article, the researchers discovered an unknown species
with human–like features and it just blows my mind that they could've uncovered these artifacts
years earlier or later on. In addition to that, I think it's pretty cool to find a new species to add in the
genus Homo and if it is true that it is in fact part of that group, it would essentially be as if the whole
Homo sapien species found out about a long lost, unknown

The Cupbearer
The Enigma of the 'Cupbearer' is a short video in which the narrator introduces viewers to the
Cycladic figurine 'Cup–Bearer.' It is a rare figure type, and the only intact seated 'Cup–bearer' from
Cycladic art. The figure is thought to be male because it is in action, and females were often shown
standing with their arms crossed over their chests. In the 'Cup–Bearer' the "male" is made of marble,
and is sitting on a stool made from the same piece of marble. He is holding a cup in his right hand,
and is poised as though getting ready to take a drink, make a toast, or offer a libation to the gods.
The meaning of this figurine, and others from this time, is unclear, but it is historically important
since it marks an artistic milestone. According

Skeletal System Informative Speech
Have you ever wondered whats in your body? well i'm here to tell you about the skeletal system that
every human being haves, and if you don't have one something is wrong which i highly doubt if
thats true.The skeletal system is a very important part of our body ,it helps us move through the day.
Without that we wouldn't be here because without that our body would shutdown and we would
become weak.
The skeletal system haves 6 primary functions. which includes support, protection, movement,
mineral homeostasis, blood cell protection, and storage. All of these functions are a big part of our
body and are helping us out even if we don't know they are. The "support" function provides
structural support for the entire body. The "mineral homeostasis" stores calcium and phosphorus.
The "blood cell production" is the red bone marrow which produces red and white blood cells and
other elements. My favorite function is "protection" because it provides soft tissue around the heart,
lungs, ribs, and most importantly the brain. Another one of my favorites is "movement", because i
like to move and i'm a really busy person and just cant stay still. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The skeletal system has two different parts, the "axial skeleton" which has a a total of 80 bones and
consists of the vertebral column,the rib cage and the skull.And the "appendicular skeleton" which
has a total of 126 bones and consists of the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and
the lower limbs. The skeletal system is made up of the skeleton, axial skeleton, skull, backbone,
bony thorax, appendicular skeleton, upper appendages, the hand, lower appendages, bone
composition, bone structure, composition of the bone, periosteum, compact bone, and the spongy
bone. The main organ of the skeletal system are

Explain The Structure And Function Of The Skeletal System
In this content am going to be talking and explaining the structure and function of the skeletal
system. I will be talking about: Axial skeleton, Appendicular. Also highlighting the different types of
bone such as long bones, short bones flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. I am also
going to be talking about how your body is Axial skeleton The axial skeleton is part of the skeleton
that has bones from the head and the trunk which are found in the vertebrate, it forms the main axis
or core of your skeletal system. It has 80 bones and is split into eight parts; the skull bones, the
ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. Ity kepps
the heart and the lungs safe from any damge that the body might experience. It is also the portion of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With out the support we wouldn't be able to function in the right way. The skeletal system is very
important because of the bones that are found in our body, nearly all bones hold our vital organs in
place whilst you are moving. Protection– The cranium and the ribs are both very important for
protection. Cranium protects your brain form any impact or any wrong movements that the body
might experience. The ribs are just as important because they protect the heart and your lungs, they
stop anything that will try and damage the lungs the lung a very important because if they are not
working right the heart will not function properly. The heart is protected by the ribs in order for it to
function without it being in risk of any damage from the outside. Blood cell production – Red blood
cells and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the bones, this is because it protects
the body form any infection that might start. Red blood cells deliver oxygen into the body tissues
this happens by blood flow from the heart through the circulatory

Reflection Paper
The second day of school into sixth grade was going fine, I was having a good day. I was excited
that I was in middle school. The clock finally hit three I went straight home. I got home, I ate and
watched tv shows on Netflix.I was having a laid–back day since I didn't have homework to do.It was
around 8:50 p.m. and my mom told me and my sisters to go to bed since it was a school night. I
went to my room but didn't listen to my mom. My younger sister Samantha and I were playing
around with my baby sister Gema. We were playing on my bed by the corner. I was playing around
with both of my sisters by tickling them. We were all having fun together until... my sister Gema
who was two years old then started slipping. Samantha got off the bed while my sister Gema was
holding on to me. I decided I would get Gema off the bed safe. So I got her off the bed and at this
moment I was upside in a weird position. I knew I would fall off the bed somehow so decided to do
a flip. I thought that this way I wouldn't fall flat on the ground and hit my head. This was already a
bad idea, but what was worse is that I was never in gymnastics so I didn't know how to flip
correctly. Once I flipped I heard CRACK and I felt my bone shift I knew right away that was my
bone cracking. I was on the floor crying while my sisters were just standing do nothing but looking
at me. My mother and grandmother came upstairs to my room, "Que paso?" (what happened in
Spanish) my mom said. I told my mom "Gema was

A Thousand Splendid Suns Character Analysis
In A Thousand Splendid Suns and First They Killed My Father, we find the three female characters
of Laila and Mariam, and Loung, respectively, in harrowing and dangerous political atmospheres.
Both of the political atmospheres described in these two books expose these characters to harsh
realities of war, abuse, starvation, and oppression; these characters must also come to terms with a
rising body count around them. From Mariam's perspective, we hear that "there was looting, murder,
and, increasingly, rape, which was used to intimidate civilians and reward militiamen (Hosseini
253)." Despite these despotic circumstances, and perhaps in spite of the physical toll they take, the
three female characters of these books exhibit extraordinary perseverance as a result of their
tumultuous surroundings.
The most prevalent and threatening theme that each character experiences first hand, as a result of
the dangerous political atmospheres they are exposed to, is starvation; we slowly see each character
physically diminished throughout their stories. Loung describes vividly to readers, "I can count
every rib in my rib cage, but my stomach protrudes outward, bloated like a ball between my chest
and hips (Ung 83)." Similarly, Mariam recounts how starvation had ravaged Laila's daughter's body:
"Aziza's ribs began to push through the skin, and the fat from her cheeks vanished. Her calves
thinned, and her complexion turned the color of weak tea. When Mariam picked her up, she could
feel her

Human Spinal Deformities Using 3d Reconstruction Techniques
Literature Survey on Human Spinal Deformities using 3D Reconstruction Techniques
Introduction:
Spine and its deformities: Scoliosis is a complex three–dimensional (3–D) deformation of the trunk
that requires orthopedic treatment in 5 out of 1000 persons [1]. It is described as a lateral deviation
of the spine (Fig. 1), combined with asymmetric deformation and axial rotation of the vertebrae,
deformation of the rib cage and possibly of the pelvis.
The human spine is divided into cervical (7 vertebrae C1 – C7), thoracic (12 vertebrae Tl – T12),
and lumbar (5 vertebrae L1 – L5) sections above a fused sacrum (Fig. 2). While the spine normally
has no lateral curvature, there are normal side–view curves including lumbar lordosis, thoracic
kyphosis and cervical lordosis. Scoliotic curves are considered thoracic when the apex lies between
T2 and T11, thoracolumbar at T12–L1, and lumbar from L2–L5. Each vertebra consists of an
anterior weight–bearing vertebral body and posterior elements that protect the spinal cord and
enable muscular and ligamentous attachments (Fig. 3). Particularly in severe scoliotic curves,
asymmetric loads on the vertebrae encourage asymmetric growth of the vertebral elements, with one
result being that despite a substantial underlying spinal curve the spinous processes may deform to
produce a relatively straight line on the back surface. The spine, composed of vertebrae connected
by fluid–filled intervertebral discs, is a loose and

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7) – Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large
muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE – Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is
horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its position, the clavicular pectoralis major is
commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize
the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of
four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior
originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the upper ribs and inserts along the medial border
of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone.
SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the
humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a
shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Why Do Primates Have A Common Ancestor
All primates have a common ancestor, from millions of years ago. Go further back, and you will
find a common ancestor for all mammals. Then a common ancestor for all vertebrates, then animals,
then all life on earth. How closely two organisms are related can be deduced by looking for
homologous structures, structures that look similar and have a similar function. This proves that the
organisms descended from a common ancestor. Station 1 contained multiple vertebrate skeletons.
They all had homologous structures, including a vertebral column and a rib cage. This shows that all
vertebrates are related and come from a common ancestor with a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mammals are a subcategory of vertebrates, and mammals are more closely related to each other than
to other types of vertebrates. They are so closely related, in fact, that the pictures at Station 9, of
embryos of different mammals, are nearly indistinguishable. They all seem to have developing
vertebrae, heads, and limbs, that are identical. Some of these will be lost as the embryo develops.
The human embryo will lose its tail, while the dolphin embryo will lose a large part of its limbs.
Primates are a category of mammals, and apes are a type of primates. All apes come from a common
ancestor, and that includes humans. Even humans speciated multiple times before the modern
human, or homo sapiens, evolved, as evidenced by the skulls at Station 5. They were all skulls of
different species of prehistoric human. The skull most similar to the modern skull belonged to the
most recent species of human. There were times when two types of humans lived together. The
species that was best adapted to fit the environment at the time survived, while the

A Comparison Of Two Cvities Of The Human Body
There are two cavities of the human body I would like to share first. The Cranial cavity is part of the
dorsal cavity but the cranial is inside the skull. The dorsal cavity divided in two housing the brain.
Secondly, Spinal cavity formed through the spinal cord and process through the dorsal cavity. The
ventral cavity is a view of the front of the human body and the thoracic cavity hold the lungs. The
thoracic cavity is secured by the rib cage and muscles. The abdominal pelvic cavity holds the
stomach, small and large intestines. Also, the liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, and kidneys. The
abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity hold the reproduction organs and bladder. In a female, a uterus
and vagina work between organs. The rectum is in the

The Respiratory System Essay
The respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into
and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the
lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the
lungs and waste gas excreted, it passes through the airway, first through the mouth or nose and
through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe – also known as the trachea. At this point it then enters
the lungs through the bronchi before finally reaching the air sacs known as alveoli. Within the lungs,
through a process known as diffusion, the oxygen is transferred to the blood stream through the
alveoli (air ducts) where it is then transported inside ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the alveoli, the oxygen is transferred to the blood whilst simultaneously collecting waste
carbon dioxide for excretion as we breath out. This transference is known as diffusion and is linked
to the cardiovascular system.
Diffusion is an automated process by where the levels of oxygen, water and carbon dioxide pass
over a 'semi–permeable membrane' between the walls of the cells and blood vessels to create a level
environment. This membrane only allows these three elements to pass whilst retaining other
elements such as blood cells, hence semi–permeable. The high concentration on one side of the cells
transfers through this membrane until the level is equal on both sides.
The human body comprises of two respiratory sponges called lungs. The left lung is slightly smaller
than the right as it makes room for placement of the heart. Due to this slightly smaller size, it only
contains two lobes whereas the right lung has 3 lobes. Both lungs are host to the network of air sacs
or alveoli which transport the air from the outside environment to the external and internal
respiration processes.
As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles
to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside
the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the
pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

Functions of the Upper Respiratory Tract
There are three major organs in the upper respiratory tract. The nose, the pharynx, and the larynx are
all located outside of the chest cavity and play a major role in sustaining life. These three anatomical
parts help draw in oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs for gas exchange. However, these
organs do not only contribute to the exchange of gases but also provide separate functions as well.
The nose is the organ that projects above the mouth on the face of a person or an animal. The nose
contains the nostrils and is used for breathing and smelling. It is the only external portion of the
respiratory system. The nose is not comprised of bone but rather of cartilage. The nose has tiny hairs
and sticky mucus which traps dust particles. The main role of the nose is to move dust particles to
the nostril openings so they can be removed from the body. The pharynx is the membrane lined
cavity that lies behind the nose and mouth. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth to the
esophagus. Food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their final destination. The
pharynx is sometimes referred to as the throat. It contains a protrusion called the uvula which can be
seen when looking in an opened mouth. The main role of the pharynx is to assist humans in speech
and allow food and air into the body. The larynx is essential to human speech. The larynx is also
known as the voice box. It is a muscular organ that forms an air passageway to the lungs. It

Heart Research Paper Outline
Heart Research Paper Outline Did you know that your heart is the same size as both your hands
clasped together? Well it's true when you are a kid your heart is the size of your fist, but when you
are an adult your heart is like your two hands together. The heart is an organ that keeps you alive. It
is in your chest and is protected by the rib cage. First, there is a lot of information about the heart.
The organ works ceaselessly, beating 100,000 times a day, 40 million times a year–in total clocking
up three billion heartbeats over an average lifetime. It keeps the body freshly supplied with oxygen
and nutrients, while clearing away harmful waste matter. The fetal heart evolves through several
different stages inside the womb, first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost 80% of people die from heart disease. The only way to know your level of risk is to be
assessed by a healthcare professional and to be checked for factors such as your blood pressure,
cholesterol and glucose levels, waist measurement and BMI. Once you know your overall risk,
agree with your healthcare professional on a plan for specific actions you should take to reduce your
risk for heart disease and stroke. The Circulatory System is made up of three main parts: The heart,
the blood vessels and the blood. Sometimes the watery fluid called lymph and the vessels that carry
it are considered to be part of the Circulatory System. The heart is a special pump that pumps the
blood around the body. The purpose of this paper was to summarize information about the heart,
explain how it works, and discuss its purpose. It was said that the heart evolves through several
different stages inside the womb, first resembling a fish's heart, then a frog's, which has two
chambers, than a snake's, with three, before finally adopting the four–chambered structure of the
human heart. I also told you how the heart works. When the heart contracts, the chambers become
smaller, forcing blood first out of the atria into the ventricles, then from each ventricle into a large
blood vessel connected to the top of the heart. Now the purpose of the heart is the size of its owner's
clenched fist, the organ sits in the middle of the chest, behind 1the breastbone and between the
lungs, in a moistened chamber that is protected all round by the rib cage. It can also be easy to fix
the heart. The only way to know your level of risk is to be assessed by a healthcare professional and
to be checked for factors such as your blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels, waist
measurement and BMI. The heart is very important for your

Sternocleidomastoid
The sternocleidomastoid are muscles that are considered accessory. They are active for inhalation
when needs increase or during high lung volumes as in hyperinflation. These muscles pull the
sternum up and increase the size of the upper rib cage in the AP dimension, sometimes taught as
pump handle elevation. These accessory muscles are affected by the position of the diaphragm and
changes in the ZOA.10Kyndy The diaphragm displaces the abdomen and the rib cage equally during
quiet breathing. If the resting tone in the oblique abdominals is insufficient, more than half of the
expansion would go into abdominal expansion allowing for superior migration of the anterior aspect
of the rib cage. This would decrease the ZOA, change the muscle lengths ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Weakness in the abdominals can have a snowball effect on posture and will be discussed later.1 Like
the diaphragm, the transversus abdominis modulates its activity for both postural and respiratory
functions, unlike the other abdominal muscles. It is not active during quite breathing but becomes
active as the demands for expiration increase. Its EMG activity is therefore out of phase with EMG
activity by the diaphragm. 8,11Hodges/Gandevia 2000 and Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson Various
studies have shown that the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis simultaneously contract prior
to movements in the extremities. Hodges et al demonstrated this co–activation 20ms prior to the
activation of the deltoid when the subject was asked to move an arm into flexion.8
Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson. Hodges monitored the diaphragm by measuring the length of the
ZOA because it+ is closely associated with the length of the diaphragm. He believed that the
diaphragm+ was contributing to postural stability by, "maintaining the hoop–like geometry" of the
abdominal wall.Hodges19 Vostatek stated that the diaphragm was contracting in order to provide
abdominal pressure for stabilization of the spine. He also stated that the ribs needed to stay down
and only expand out to the sides during inhalation in order to maintain

Skeletal System Vs Muscular System
How you ever thought about how we run, walk, and talk? The organ systems in our bodies are vital
for our body to function. These systems work with each other in order to carry out functions that we
need. You may wonder how these systems made up of? It's like climbing down a ladder. First, you
have an organism or in this case the human and the humans are made up of organ systems that are
made up of organs, tissues, and cells. The skeletal system generates a framework for the body while
the muscular system generally produces movement. The skeletal system and muscular system are
two vital systems that help aid movement and much more.
The skeletal system includes ligaments, cartilage, and bones. Four major organs in the skeletal
system are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This system consists of both the skeletal and muscular system. They work together in unison to help
our body produce movement, stabilize bones and give the body support, and pump blood cells. The
bones have skeletal muscles that help produce movement. With the joints they act like fulcrums
while the bones and muscles work and act like a lever. Depending on how close or far away of the
load to the joint make the bones and muscles create a mechanical advantage or disadvantage when
lifting an object. The bone that is stationary is the skeletal system. The skeletal muscles are attached
by bones by tendons which help move the body. The tendon is a strong tissue used to produce
movement. It doesn't stretch. Most of the time the tendon fastens a muscle to a bone. For example,
the muscle on the upper part of the arm, is known as the biceps, is pulled together by a tendon to the
bones just below the elbow. When the biceps becomes shorter, the tendon holds fast and pulls up the
lower arm. On the back of the arm is triceps. When the muscle contracts, it pulls and straightens the
arm. This is how a person is able to walk, raise and lower the head, and much more. The bone
marrow produces leukocytes and erythrocytes while the muscular system pumps it out to the cells in
the body. Now the skeletal system and muscular system gives our body our shape and stability. The
muscles in the muscular system like the skeletal muscles and tendons help the bones in the skeletal
system have their for a and shape so they would not fall and collapse. These are the interactions of
both the skeletal and muscular

Exploring the Skeletal System Essay
Exploring the Skeletal System
The precise number of bones in the adult human skeleton varies from one person to another, but on
average there are 206 bones varying shapes and sizes. The skeleton is divided into two main parts.
The central bones of the skull, ribs, spin (vertebral column) and breast bone (sternum) form the axial
skeleton. The bones of the arms and legs, along with the shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone
(clavicle) and pelvis make up the appendicular skeleton.
The cylindrical, linked vertebrae of the spinal column offer strong, bony protection for the spinal
cord. Aided by muscles and ligaments, the vertebrae support the skull and hols the body upright.
The spin has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ribcage
A bony cage within the chest shields the heart, lungs and other organs. There are 12 pairs of ribs, all
attached to the spine. The upper seven pairs of "true ribs" link directly to the sternum by costal
cartilage. The next two to three pairs of "false ribs" attach indirectly to the sternum by means of the
cartilage linked to the ribs above; the remaining "floating ribs" have no links to the sternum. (the
lowest ribs are hidden by the liver and stomach).
Pelvic bones
The pelvis varies in shape according to sex. Overall, the structure has a similar appearance in both
sexes but takes a shallower and wider form in females to allow for the specialised function of
childbearing. Arranged in a ring, the fused pelvic bones provide a strong foundation for the upper
body and protection for parts of the reproductive systems.
Bones of the skull
Two separate sets of bones from the intricate structure of the skull. The eight bones enclosing and
protecting the brain are called the cranial vault. Another 14 bones make up the skeleton of the face.
In adults, all of the lower jaw, (mandible) are locked together by joints known as sutures. Theses
seams are visible on the surface of the skull as lines between the bones.
Viewed from the front, the most prominent skull bones are the

Articulated Skeleton Research Paper
There are two categories that in formation of the complete Articulated Skeleton: axial and
appendicular. Axial skeletal is the central part of body that consists of the bones of the head and
trunk of a vertebrate. It has 80 bones in total, and it is composed of 6 parts: the skull bones, the
bones of inner ear, the hyoid bones, the rig cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull forms
and supports the head and face structure. Except lower jaw (mandible), all bones of the skull are
joined by fixed joints formed by bony ossification. The bones of inner ear are also called ossicles,
they are the one of smallest bones in the human body, and they transmit sounds from air to brain.
The hyoid bone locates between the chin and the thyroid cartilage and base of the lower ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rib cage is located in the upper body and consists of 24 bones that serve the purpose of
protecting many vital organs. They divide into 2 parts of 12 bones that symmetrical to each other of
the body. The hearts, lungs and parts of stomach are all inside the rib cage. It sometimes describes as
thoracic cage because it is a major part of the thoracic cavity in the human body. The rib cage is not
only for protecting vital organs but also helps a person to breathe. "The sternum, commonly known
as the breastbone, is long, flat, narrow bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilises
the thoracic skeleton. Several muscles that move the arms, head and neck have their origins on the
sternum." (Sternum, 2016) As well as rib cage, it protects vital organs inside the chest, such as the
heart. Vertebral column is also called spine or backbone, composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae, in the human vertebral column there are normally 33 vertebrae. There are 5 region of the
spine: 7 neck (cervical) vertebrae, 12 chest (thoracic) vertebrae, 5 low back (lumbar) vertebrae, the
rest are pelvic (sacral) vertebrae and

The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system is the framework of the body that consists of bones and connective tissues that
protects and supports the body tissue and internal organs. The skeletal system function is to form a
shield or a solid framework that supports and protects the body's organs and skeletal muscles. Each
bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. Further
more the skeletal system provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints.
Overall the importance of the skeletal system is that it acts as a guard or shield that protect the brain
and internal organs.
The human adult body consists of 206 individual bones. These bones are divided or rather arranged
into two major divisions or parts. One of which is the Axial skeleton. The Axial ... Show more
This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture. Some of the symptoms of
this disease is back pain, loss of height and stooped posture, curved upper back, and broken bones
that might occur in minor injuries. unfortunately, there is no cure discovered yet for this disease.
Another disease associated with the skeletal system is leukemia which is a type of cancer that
involves white blood cells. The symptoms of leukemia include excessive sweating, fatigue that
doesn't go away, weight loss, bone pain, and tenderness. There is no known way to prevent
leukemia. However most patients with leukemia are treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
and bone marrow transplantation. These are only some of the disease included with the skeletal
system.
The skeletal system is a system in which it is the framework of the body including the bones in your
body. People need to start improving their skeletal systems health in order to prevent diseases and
unhealthy decisions that would affect their lives

Literature Summary Of Thorax
Review of literature
Thorax is a composed of many integrated systems including the muscles, bones and other soft
tissues organ systems, the biomechanics of which, impart the thorax a high mechanical resistance to
injury, mainly due to distinctive elastic properties of the rib and spine system supported by muscles.
So, understanding the complex mechanics of the thorax is critical for understanding the vast
multiplex of injuries sustained in various different circumstances.
Anatomy
The skeleton of the thoracic wall is formed by
the spinal column and 12 thoracic vertebrae
the sternum
12 paired ribs and costal cartilages
The sternum
It is a dagger–shaped bone, which forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage and consists of three
parts.
The manubrium
The body
The xiphoid process
The ribs
The ribs run in an oblique, inferior direction from their posterior articulation to their anterior
articulation. For example, rib 2 articulates with the T2 vertebra posteriorly but with the sternal angle
at the T4 vertebral level anteriorly.
There are three types of ribs
1) True ribs –
1st to 7th ribs which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.

2) False ribs –
8th to 10th ribs which are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them
3) Floating ribs –
11th and 12th rib which do not connect even indirectly with the sternum
Ribs can be further classified as –
1) Typical ribs – 3rd to 9th.
A typical rib has a head, neck,

Chapter 5: the Skeletal System Essay
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System
I. Introduction. The skeletal system consists of the bones, along with the cartilage and fibrous
connective tissue that make up the ligaments that connect bones to bone at joints.
A. Functions of the Skeleton.
1. The skeleton supports the body.
2. The skeleton protect soft body parts.
The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, and the vertebrae protect the
spinal cord.
3. The skeleton produces blood cells. Red bone marrow contains stem cells that produce all of the
blood cells.
4. The skeleton stores mineral and fat. All bones have a matrix that contains calcium phosphate that
serves as a source of calcium and phosphate ions for the blood. Fat is stored in the ... Show more
Osteoclasts are bone–absorbing cells that breakdown bone and assist in depositing calcium and
phosphate in the blood.
A. Bone Development and Growth. The term ossification refers to the formation of bone. The bones
of the skeleton form during embryonic development in two distinctive ways: intramembranous
ossification and endochondral ossification.
1. Intramembranous Ossification. Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull, are examples of
intramembranous bones. In intramembranous ossification, bones develop between sheets of fibrous
connective tissue. First, spongy bone forms between the sheets then calcium salts to the outside of
the bone forming compact bone surrounding the spongy bone.
2. Endochondral Ossification. Most bones of the human skeleton are formed by endochondral
ossification. During endochondral ossification, bone replaces a cartilaginous model of the bones.
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) lays down a cartilage model that is shaped like the future bones. As
the cartilage model calcifies the chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts from the periosteum secrete the
organic bone matrix that undergoes calcification. The result is an outer layer of compact bone called
a bone collar which covers the diaphysis. Blood vessels bring osteoblasts into a region of the
cartilage called the primary ossification center where they produce spongy bone. The spongy bone
of the diaphysis is absorbed by Osteoclasts creating the

The Human Skeleton Book Report
This semester has been by far the most challenging one I had so far. Although I faced many
challenges, the learning experience made it enjoyable. We have seen so far about 12 chapters and by
the end of the semester, we would have cover 16 chapters. Although all chapters were very
educational, chapters seven and eight were the most interesting to me. The human skeleton has
about 206 major bones; it is divided into two parts, the axial skeleton which forms the longitudinal
or central core and the appendicular skeleton, which forms the limbs and the bones that connect
them to the body. Chapter seven educated us about the axial skeleton. According to our textbook, the
axial skeleton has 80 bones. Our book divided these 80 bones into, the skull, which is subdivided
into 18 cranial bones and 14 facial bones; bones associated with the skull, which are 6 auditory
ossicles and the hyoid bone; the vertebral column subdivided into 24 vertebrae, the sacrum and the
coccyx and the thoracic cage, which are 24 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The skull has several bones that have air–filled chambers called cavities (207). These sinuses are
located in four different bones and these bones constitute the paranasal sinuses. The paranasal
sinuses consist of: the frontal sinus, spenoidal sinus, ethmoid air cells and maxillary sinus (224).
Another interesting bone that is part of the skull, but more specifically the cranium, is the spenoid
bone. Because this bone articulates with all the other cranial bones, it is also known as "keystone of
the cranial floor." On the spenoid bone we find the sella turcica, and within the sella turcica, it's
found the hypophyseal fossa, which has the pituitary gland (217). The pituitary gland produces
hormones like the growth hormone. Other cranial bones are: the frontal bone, parietal bones,
temporal bones, occipital bone and the ethmoid

Midterm Review Anatomy 1 Lab
Review: Anatomy I Lab Chapter 1: Language of Anatomy What is anatomic position? – Human
body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward. –two major divisions of human body surface are Axial, and
Appendicular 2. Body orientation and direction. ~Superior– above ex. the nose is superior to the
mouth ~Inferior– below ex. the abdomen is inferior to the chest ~Anterior– front ex. the face and the
arms are in the anterior body surface. ~Posterior– back ex. the spine is posterior to the heart
~Medial– toward the midline ex. the heart is medial to the lungs. ex. the sternum is medial to the
ribs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–Coccyx–formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. It is literally a human
tailbone, a vestige of the tail that other vertebrates have; is attached to the sacrum by ligaments. 7.
Sternum (bones of sternum and identify them in figure) 8. True ribs and false ribs *12 pairs of ribs –
True Ribs– first seven pairs; are directly connected to the sternum. –False Ribs– next five fairs; are
not directly connected to the Sternum. Chapter 5: Appendicular Skeleton How many bones are in the
appendicular skeleton –composed of 126 bones of appendages and pectoral and pelvic girdles which
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 2. The bones of the Clavicle and Scapulae –Clavicle
(collarbone) – sternal (medial) end– attaches to sternal manubrium –acromial (lateral) end–
articulates w/ the scapulae to form part of the shoulder joint. –Scapulae (shoulder blades) –known as
"wings of humans" –connects humerus (upper arm bone) w/ clavicle (collar bone) – two processes:
–acromion: connects clavicle –coracoid process: attachment point for upper limb muscles –has three
angles: superior, inferior, lateral 3. The Arm –consists of single bone called humerus –head fits into
glenoid cavity &

Diaphragic Pressure Essay
If the therapist has access to an electronic medical record, noting transdiaphragmatic pressure from a
pulmonologists' evaluation is the best indicator of diaphragmatic strength. This is measured as the
difference between intraabdominal pressure and intrathoracic pressure. Documenting diaphragmatic
weakness as a diagnosis should be considered when evaluating breathless patients. 44 Observation
will be the next tool to help identify those patients with dysfunctional breathing as a result of a poor
ZOA. Other authors recommend assessment in supine with a comparison made between sitting and
supine. Issues will be more pronounced in supine. A reduction in vital capacity (perceived
breathlessness) or reports of orthopnea is another indicator of DD. McCool2 Mier–Jedrzejowicz et
al found that patients with the most severe orthopnea had the weakest diaphragms.44 In these
patients, the physical therapist should also look for the abdominal paradox. In this clinical sign the
weakened and flattened diaphragm contracts inwardly, as opposed to inferiorly, pulling the rib cage
with it. It is a result of the change in the orientation of the diaphragm, the loss of the ZOA and its
resultant ineffectiveness in moving the rib cage outwardly. Urmey/De Troyer/Kelly/Loring45 The
abdominal paradox will most likely be identified in these patients in sitting and ... Show more
But muscles that attach to the rib cage should also be assessed for proper length. The pectoralis
major attaches to the superior 6 costal cartilages. If there is limitation in horizontal abduction, one
can assume that there will be resultant tightness in the rib mobility where the muscle attaches. If
there is latissimus or intercostal tightness, there may be a limitation in shoulder flexion. Length of
the anterior neck musculature can be assessed during exhalation. The sternum should be able to
descend fully without concomitant posterior cranial

The Human Skeleton Can Offer More Information Than Meets...
The human skeleton can offer more information than meets the eye. In fact, when analysing an
individual's skeletal features it is possible to constitute a biological profile. In this essay, I aim to
explore the multiple elements that a human skeleton could shed light upon such as age, sex, stature,
diet, health and trauma.
Due to the natural breakdown of the skeleton with age, the determination of age at the time of death
becomes less precise the older the individual gets. Therefore age is most precisely estimated in
subadults (Adams, 2009). One of the most reliable indicators is the individual's dental development.
Teeth develop from before birth to about 18 years of age, when the formations come to a conclusion.
The observation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another technique to assess the age in subadults is to observe the epiphyseal fusion of the bones,
which takes place at a foreseeable rate (Adams, 2009). An example of this technique is the Greulich
and Pyle's atlas of the skeletal development of the hand and wrist, which studies in particular the
epiphyseal fusion of the metacarpals and phalanges, as well as the development of the carpals
(Anderson, 1971).
For adult individuals, it much harder to get an accurate age estimation due to the fact that people age
differently which also allows for more variation making the estimation intervals much larger
(Adams, 2009). In adults, age can be estimated through the study of different parts of the thoracic
cage and the pelvis. The first part of interest is the medial clavicle. Age is determined through the
study of the epiphyseal fusion. The epiphysis in those bones is the last to fuse and usually starts
between the ages of 18 and 25. When the medial clavicle is fully fused the individual is in general
over 25 years old (McKern, 1957). The second part of the thoracic cage that is used to ascertain age
is the sternal end of the fourth rib. The characteristics looked at are "the formation of a pit, its depth
and shape, configuration of the walls and rim surrounding it, and the overall texture and quality of
the bone" (Iscan, 1991, p617). With age, the pit found at the top of the rib deepens and widens,
thinning the

The Main Structural Components Of The Respiratory System
Respiratory system
The main structural components of the respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity and the
pharynx then lower in the body there is the larynx, trachea and the lungs when you move lower into
the body there is the bronchi and the bronchioles, then at the bottom of the body there is the alveoli
and the diaphragm.
Nasal Cavity– Is a hollow space in the nose and skull that has lots of mucus on the membrane. The
function of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisturise and filter the air entering the body, before it
reaches the lungs.
Trachea– Is normally called the windpipe. The Pharynx and larynx are also located along the
trachea. The main function of the trachea is the air to and from the lungs. The Trachea is located at
the base of the neck and in the body's middle line.
Lungs– Is to process gas exchange called respiration. Oxygen from the Trachea comes in and enters
the blood and a waste of gas, which is the result of metabolism. The lungs also help us get rid of
carbon dioxide as we breathe it out.
Alveoli– Gas Exchange occurs here.
Main the functional unit of the lungs
Site of gaseous exchange
Very thin walled – so that gas can pass quickly into and out of the blood
Huge blood supply – Highly vascular
Massive surface area
Oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood
Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs and out to the atmosphere when you breathe
out
When we inhale there is a large muscle called the diaphragm. The diaphragm flexes downward to

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