Acid Base Extraction Lab Report

Acid Base Extraction Lab Report
Acid–Base Extraction Lab
Experimental:
Three grams of a mixture containing Benzoic Acid and Naphthalene was obtained and placed in 100
ml beaker and added 30 ml of ethyl acetate for dissolving the mixture. A small amount (1–2 drops)
of this mixture was separated into a test tube. This test tube was covered and labelled as "M"
(mixture). This was set to the side and used the following week for the second part of lab. The
content in the beaker was then transferred into separatory funnel. 10 ml of 1 M NaOH added to the
content and placed the stopper in the funnel. In the hood separatory funnel was gently shaken for
approximately one minute and vent the air out for five seconds. We repeated the same process in the
same manner one more time by adding 10ml of 1M NaOH.
After about 1 minute of shaking, the two layers separated. The organic layer on the top layer
(consisted of ethyl acetate and naphthalene) collected for further experiment; by adding Sodium
Sulfate into organic phase and filtering the Na2So4 from the solution using the wool. The dried
organic layer was weighed to get its mass and the residue of Na2SO4 were rinsed with ethyl acetate
under vacuum (rotary evaporator). The acid extract on the bottom layer which is a combination of
benzoic acid and NaOH were collected in the 50 mL Erlenmeyer beaker for the recovery of acid.
We then created an ice bath using a 250mL Erlenmeyer beaker. The 50 mL Erlenmeyer beaker was
then labeled as "Acid Extract", and was placed in the
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Our Experiment to Separate a Mixture of Organic Compounds...
Purpose/Introduction
What were we trying to accomplish with this experiment? What method did we implement to
accomplish the task? What techniques were used to purify and identify the product(s) of the
reaction? In this experiment, an acid–base extraction was done to separate a mixture of an unknown
acid and fluorene, a neutral compound. The possible unknown acids were 2–chlorobenzoic acid, 3–
chlorobenzoic acid, and 3–methylbenzoic acid. The purification of the isolated unknown acid was
performed by recrystallization and its identity was established by analyzing the melting point range
of the pure product and comparing it to the provided standards. In addition, a mixed melting point
experimentation enhanced the fidelity of the unknown's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, the organic carboxylic acid becomes a charged species after it is deprotonated by a base
like sodium hydroxide, producing a carboxylic salt. After completing the extraction, an acid, such as
hydrochloric acid, is added to the basic aqueous solution causing the sodium carboxylate salt to
change back to the default carboxylic acid, which will precipitate out of solution since it is water
insoluble. Recrystallization is a technique when a solute is dissolved in a hot solvent (destruction of
the impure crystal lattice) and is then precipitated out of solution as the solvent is immediately
cooled (selectively producing a purer lattice). The unknown acid was recrystallized using hot water
followed by hot ethanol in order to dissolve the solid, followed by cooling which resulted in the
precipitation of the desired product. Afterward, melting point experimentation was used to match
the melting point data of the unknown acid with the provided standards of the known acids. If there
is a melting point depression, one has acted as an impurity to the other compound. In contrast, if
there is no noticeable decrease in melting point relative to the two separate compounds; it is safe to
say that they are the same substance.
Reaction:
Results
What was the unknown identity of the acid after conducting melting point

Acid Base Balance Research Paper
Acid–base balance in the body is important to maintain our normal functions. The regulation of
hydrogen ions is essential for the body to perform normally and to achieve homeostasis. Our bodies
maintain a pH level between a small margin of 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH level becomes too low, the
body goes into a state called acidosis. On the contrary, if it elevates too far, the body enters into a
state called alkalosis.
Acidosis is caused by an overproduction of acid in the blood, an excessive loss of bicarbonate from
the blood, or by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. Acidosis is categorized into two separate
categories; Metabolic acidosis and Respiratory acidosis. As the pH in the blood lowers, the body
starts to react to the drop. Respirations can become faster and deeper to try and release carbon
dioxide which is slightly acidic, and the kidneys will excrete more acid into the urine. If the body
cannot compensate for the drop in pH, it can enter into a coma.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as in acidosis, the two types of alkalosis are metabolic and respiratory. When the pH becomes
too high due to too much base in the blood, the body can start to have uncontrolled skeletal muscle
contractions.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when the body gains too much base or loses too much acid. Some causes
of this would be vomiting for long periods of time where stomach acid is lost or too much fluid and
electrolytes such as sodium or potassium is lost. Ingestion of large amounts of a base can also cause
alkalosis. An overactive adrenal gland and the use of diuretics are also a major cause of metabolic
alkalosis. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis includes the replacement water and electrolyte loss and
treating the underlying issue of alkalosis. Diluted acid can also be given for alkalotic

Acid-Base Imbalance
Acid–Base Imbalance
Janet J Memoli
Grand Canyon University NUR 641E
September 30, 2015
Acid– Base Imbalance One of the basic concepts that new nurses need to learn is that homeostasis
in the body is maintained by the acid base balance in the body. That concept is critical when looking
at arterial blood gases. This can help guide the nurse to anticipate what the doctor will order and the
education that she needs to give the patient and the family. This case study should help to illustrate
the point.
Case Study The case study that was given to us is a 22 year old woman who reports being "sick with
the flu" She has been vomiting and having difficulty keeping food and drink down. In addition she
has been taking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High pH is alkalosis, low pH is acidosis.. Next you look at carbon dioxide and bicarbonate.
Bicarbonate will go the same way as pH. So if the pH is high then the bicarbonate will be up, if the
pH is low then the bicarbonate will be low. Carbon dioxide is the opposite. If the pH is high then the
carbon dioxide is low, if the ph is low then the carbon dioxide is high ( Fournier, 2011). The possible
causes of this acid base imbalance are the vomiting and the overuse of antacids. As the name implies
it is bicarbonate which has been added to the body. The vomiting reduces the extracellular fluid and
this in turn leads to a release of angiotensin and aldersterone. This release then increases the
bicarbonate absorption and increased hydrogen ion and potassium excreted. This patient may also
have hypokalemia which is very common in metabolic alkalosis and would need to be replaced if it
occurred ( Thomas, 2015). The respiratory rate would also slow to try and compensate for the
alkalosis. The treatment for this patient is to replace the fluid which should stop the release of
angiotensin and aldersterone. This should be accomplished with normal saline. If there is
hypokalemia you would need to supplement with potassium. A proton pump inhibitor would also
need to be used like prilosec to prevent further losses in hydrogen ions. If she was on any diuretics
they need to be discontinued and if renal failure is

Separation Of A Carboxylic Acid Lab Report
Organic Lab I No. 5–6
Separation of a Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol, and a Neutral Substance
(Two–week lab)
Reading Assignment
1) Chapter 7
Introduction: P. 135– first paragraph
Theory and Techniques (p142–145) o Properties of Extraction Solvents o Mixing and Separating the
Layers o Drying Agents o Part 1: The Technique of Neutral Liquid/Liquid Extraction The
description is for dichloromethane–aqueous solution mixture, but you will use the same technique
for your tert–butyl methyl ether–aqueous solution mixture. Note, however, that the ether is less
dense than water, while dichloromethane is denser than water. o Part 2: Acid/Base ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discussion Assess your results: recovery yields (where you may have lost yield), purity from
melting points (degree of purity/impurity, what could be the source of impurity).
Reaction Equations
Part 1. Salt Formation by Acid–Base Reaction
PHENOLS Phenols are weak organic acids and more soluble in organic solvent than in water.
Phenols only react with NaOH (strong inorganic base) to form water–soluble ionic salt. Phenols do
not react with NaHCO3 (weak inorganic base). [pic]
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Carboxylic acids are strong organic acids, soluble in organic solvent and
not soluble in water. Carboxylic acids react with both NaOH (strong inorganic base) and NaHCO3
(weak inorganic base) to form water–soluble ionic salt. CO2 gas will be produced when bicarbonate
reacts with carboxylic acid.
[pic]
NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS Neutral compounds do not react with either NaOH or NaHCO3. They
are soluble in organic solvent and not soluble in water.

Part 2. Recovery of Non–Ionic Acids by Acidification
The carboxylic acid is recovered from the carboxylate salt dissolved in aqueous solution by
acidification. Once protonated, the carboxylic acid becomes non–ionic, thus insoluble in water. As a
result, the acid precipitates out as a solid. This solid will be recrystallized for purification. The

Melting Point Chromatography
Experiment 3: Identification of an Unknown Mixture by Extraction, Recrystallization, and Melting
Point Determination Abstract In this experiment, an unknown compound was identified using
extraction and recrystallization techniques. This was followed by a determination of the melting
points of the extracted and recrystallized substances. Each unknown compound consisted of two
substances that were either a carboxylic acid, a phenol or a neutral. In this particular experiment,
unknown compound three was identified and was found to consist of the carboxylic acid 2–
chlorobenzoic acid, as well as the phenol 2–naphthol. This was determined using the melting points
of the substances. The first substance had a melting point of 134.0°C, which is very close to the
literature value of 138–140°C1 for 2–chlorobenzoic acid. The other substance had a melting point of
126.5°C, which is also very close to the literature melting point of 120–122°C1 for 2–naphthol. Out
of the 1.001g of the original unknown sample, 0.456g of carboxylic acid and 0.448g of the phenol
were recovered. This gave percent yields of 91.1% and 89.6%. These high percent yields and
melting points indicate that the extraction and recrystallization performed in this experiment were
successful. Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extraction is a technique that is used to do this. It helps to separate mixture based on the solubility
of the substance in two immiscible phases. Although these phases can be solid–liquid, only liquid–
liquid extraction was used in this particular experiment. To do this, the desired mixture is first
dissolved in a particular liquid and then a second liquid is used to extract it. The second liquid must
not only be immiscible with the first liquid, but it also must dissolve the compound more than the
first

Acid-Base Reaction Lab Report
Discussion:
The focus of the first part of the experiment is extraction. By using liquid–liquid extraction, the
acid, base and neutral component of an unknown compound should be isolatable. The unknown
compound was in a 1:1:1 ratio of acid, base and neutral components. By dissolving it in 20mL of
ethyl acetate, then adding it to a separatory funnel with 20mL of HCl, the HCl would be expected to
react with the unknown base in the separatory funnel. Since HCl and the unknown base would be
soluble, it would be present in the aqueous bottom layer of the separatory funnel and can easily be
drained out of the separatory funnel. The top layer would remain in the separatory funnel as an
organic layer with the remaining acid and neutral components. The extracted HCl and unknown
base could then be neutralized in an ice bath (since an acid/base reaction is exothermic and
generates heat) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once neutralized, the unknown base would be expected to precipitate out of the solution and would
then be able to be vacuum–filtered producing the unknown base component as a solid. The
remaining acid and neutral components in the separatory funnel can then undergo a second
extraction with 20mL of NaOH. Much like the unknown base, the unknown acid would become
soluble with NaOH and would be easily extracted from the separatory funnel leaving an organic
layer of the neutral component in the funnel. The unknown acid component could then be
neutralized with HCl in an ice bath to precipitate out and vacuum–filtered just like the unknown
base giving an isolated unknown acid solid. The remaining layer contained the neutral was then
dried using Na2SO4 and gravity filtered using a glass funnel and cotton swab in the funnel to filter
Na2SO4 from the liquid. The solution was then dried with an air hose to evaporate the ethyl acetate
leaving the unknown neutral component. Once all three of the unknown components were dry, they
each

A Person 's Normal Ph Range
A person's normal pH range is between 7.35 and 7.45. (Tortora, G., Derrickson, B. H. ,2014–01–22).
This range is important for the body to function properly. There certain conditions that can cause the
pH range to fluctuate. Acidosis is a condition in which the blood pH is below 7.35 and alkalosis is a
condition in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45. Significant changes in pH range can affect
cellular function and possibly lead to death. "Your blood needs the right balance of acid and basic
(alkaline) compounds to function properly". (George, K., 2013)
Respiratory acidosis is a condition that happens when there is too much carbon dioxide in the lungs.
When this happens, the blood becomes too acidic. People with respiratory acidosis will have a pH
less than 7.35 with a PaCO2 greater than 45mm HG. (sitelms.org) This particular form of acidosis
can be caused by diseases of the airways, lungs, and chest. It can also be caused by diseases that
may affect the nerves and muscles that tell the lungs to inflate or deflate. Certain narcotics may
cause this to happen as well. If respiratory acidosis does not become too severe the kidneys will help
to raise the blood pH to the normal range. The kidneys increase the amount of hydrogen it releases
and the reabsorption of bicarbonate. When medical treatment is necessary, it is usually aimed at the
underlying disease, or cause of the condition. (.nlm.nih.gov, 2016) Bronchodilator drugs may be
prescribed to help reverse some types of

Methods Of A Solvent System For Extraction
Introduction Extraction is a technique that is commonly used to separate mixtures, despite whether
the components are solids or liquids. One of the most well–known examples of extraction is the
brewing of tea or the making of coffee. Every pot of coffee or cup of tea involves solid–liquid
extraction. The soluble flavor and caffeine are extracted from the solid tea leaves or ground coffee
beans into hot water (the solvent). Insoluble plant material is left behind in the tea bag or coffee
filter. During extraction, the mixture is brought together with a solvent in which the substance of
interest is soluble, but the other substances present in the mixture are insoluble. Typical lab
extractions are of organic compounds out of an aqueous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In solid–liquid extractions, a solvent is added to a solid. The insoluble material can then be
separated by either gravity or vacuum filtration. This allows the soluble material to be 'extracted '
into the solvent. The filtered solution can then be used as a solution, or the solvent can be
evaporated to recover the solute in powder or crystalline form In liquid–liquid extractions,
extraction methods differ depending on the density of the solvent that is used. The other method of
extraction that is not used in this experiment is the acid–base extraction. Acid–base extractions are
those in which the water layer is made either acidic or basic in order to convert one component of
the mixture to an ionic compound. This makes it water soluble so that it may be separated from
other hydrophobic organic compounds. Most organics are soluble in polar organic solvents, but only
very small organics or very polar neutral organic compounds are soluble in water. An acid–base
extraction operates on the same principle as solid–liquid and liquid–liquid extractions, but can
provide a further level of fine–tuning. If one or more of the compounds in the mixture to be
separated is acidic or basic, the solubilities of these acidic and basic components can be manipulated
by applying simple acid–base reactions. The solubilities of acidic and basic compounds can then be
changed.
Experimental
A. Solid–Liquid Extraction Firstly, 0.2 g of the mixture

Extraction of Benzoic Acid Essay
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to practice common organic laboratory techniques inside the lab
to get one oriented to the basic methods of procedure that can be used for later experiments. This
experiment involves the separation of benzoic acid from a more crude form, consisting of benzoic
acid, methyl orange, a common acid/base indicator, and cellulose, a natural polymer of glucose
(Huston, and Liu 17–24). The technique that is used to perform this separation is called extraction.
Extraction is a systematic process of separating mixtures of compounds, taking advantage of the
affinity differences of compounds to separate them (Padias 128–37). This technique recognizes the
principle that "like dissolves in like," that is, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These layers can be separated through the use of a seperatory funnel which drains the bottom layer
into a separate container. This method uses the understanding of partition ratios of solutes to
different paired solvents to produce an equilibrium leaning towards one solvent over another,
thereby extracting a compound from one liquid to the other (Padias 128–37). For example, consider
a mixture containing two solutes, solute A and solute B, and two immiscible solvents, solvent A and
solvent B. If solute A dissolves well into solvent A, but not very well into solvent B, and solute B
dissolves well into solvent B but not very well into solvent A, there would be a higher ratio of solute
A in solvent A than in solvent B, and a higher ratio of solute B into solvent B than in solvent A. One
can then see that, through the use of different solvents, two dissolved solutes can be separated from
a mixture. This ratio of a solute concentration to different solvents is defined by K, the distribution
constant. Successive filtrations yield's a higher percentage of products.
Chemically active extraction is a highly useful method of separating organic compounds in mixtures
(Padias 128–37). Organic acids and bases are soluble in organic solvents, but their corresponding
salts are soluble in water. Therefore, if one had a mixture of an acidic organic compound and a basic
organic compound in an organic solvent, addition of a base

6.03 Calorimetry Lab
In this experiment, a mixture of unknown #3 was used. That mixture had acid, base, and neutral. We
added solvent to the unknown. It is important to know the density of the solvent in order to
determine which is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. If the solvent that has more
density than water, so the organic layer will be the lower layer, while if the solvent has lower
density than water, the organic layer will be the upper layer. This will make an error if the
determination of the layers was wrong after added the strong acid or the strong base. We added 5%
HCl to the mixture in order to separate the base in the aqueous layer and form its salt. Same thing,
we add 5% NaOH to the mixture in order to separate the acid and form its salt. In order to recover
the base, we add 10% NaOH to the HCl extraction. The result will be salt with a base. Same thing
for the acid, in order to recovered it, we added 10% HCl. The reaction will give us salt with an acid.
For the neutral, we added sodium sulfate as a drying reagent in order to dry water and separate the
neutral part as pure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can know from the unknown melting point table that this acid is o–Toluic because o–Toluic
melting point is (103–105) °C. This was coming from NaOH extraction, which we added 10% HCl
to make it acidic and recovered the acid. The crystalized form of NaOH was still wet when doing
the measurement, so that make the temperature a little bit higher than theoretical melting point.
Even that, it was left for a week to dry but the recovered acid was accumulated over each other, and
can feel it was still wet when taking the acid in pipette to measure the melting

Acid-Base Extraction Lab Report
Introduction Acid–base extraction is a very useful technique in organic chemistry. It is used to
separate organic compounds from each other. The idea is that most of organic compounds will be
more soluble in organic solvents than they are in water (1). The extraction, in its most basic form,
will result in unequal distribution of solute between two immiscible (not forming one mixture when
added together) solvents (2). Since both of the solvents are immiscible, two separate layers will be
formed inside of the separatory funnel (2). Once the two layers have been separated, it is easy to
draw off the bottom layer by opening the bottom of the separatory funnel and letting it drain out
until the entire lower layer has left the funnel. Being able to determine the identities of the layers is
very important in ensuring the appropriate treatment to each liquid after being separated out. It's
important to know that the more dense liquid will be on the bottom of the separatory funnel (2). For
this reason, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate are usually used for extraction because both are less
dense than the dilute solutions (3). The name acid–base extraction comes from the idea that organic
compounds are separate based on their acid–base properties (1). An example of an acid–base
extraction based on acid–base properties would be a separation of a mixture containing an organic
acid, a base and a neutral compound (2). First, an organic acid will react with a base to

Chemical Kinetcs – the Hydrolysis of Pna Ester
"Chemical Kinetcs – The hydrolysis of PNA Ester"
Introduction: Reaction of a compound with water can result in a splitting, or lysis, of the compound
into two parts. Organic molecules containing a group of atoms called an ester can be hydrolyzed by
water to form a –COOH group (carboxylic acid) and an HO–– group (alcohol) as follows:
RCOOR' + H2O ( RCOOH + HOR'
This reaction is spontaneous for almost all esters but can be very slow under typical conditions of
temperature and pressure. The reaction occurs at a much faster rate if there is a significant amount
of base (OH–) in the solution. In this lab experiment, the rate of this reaction will be studied using
an ester called para–nitrophenyl acetate (PNA), which produces an alcohol, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
|Table 1 |
|Varying Exp |Test Tube|PNA [45mg/0.5L] |(PO4)3– Buffer| |H2O |Catalyst | | | |
|1.5x[PNA] |2 |3 |7 |2 |0 |– |– |– |– |
|1/2 [PNA] |3 |1 |7 |2 |2 |– |– |– |– |
|Imidazole |4 |2 |7 |2 |0 |Imidazole |0.025 |1 |0.005 |
|Super (10x) Imidazole|5 |2 |7 |2 |0 |Super (10x) Imidazole|0.25 |1 |0.05 |
|2–Me. Imid. |6 |2 |7 |2 |0 |2–Me. Imid. |0.025 |1 |0.005 |
|4–Me. Imid. |7 |2 |7 |2 |0 |4–Me. Imid. |0.025 |1 |0.005 |
|Acidic pH 6.5 |8 |2 |6.5 |2 |1 |– |– |– |– |
|Basic pH 7.5 |9 |2 |7.5 |2 |1 |– |– |– |– |
|Basic pH 8.0 |10

There were many things that I learned in Module 7 . Some...
There were many things that I learned in Module 7 . Some of them where: what is the difference
between an acid and a base; what is pH; what is equilibrium, what is Le Châtelier's principle; and
what is oxidation. Here are some of the things that I learned in lesson 07.01 (Acids and Bases) and
lesson 07.02 (Acid–Base Reactions). An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ or
hydrodium ionsH3O+ in solution. There are three "kinds of acids": Arrhenius, BrØnsted–Lowry,
and Lewis Acid. An Arrhenius acid is a substance the increases the concentration of hydrogen ion,
H+ or hydronium ions H3O+when dissolved in water. You must have water. A BrØnsted–Lowry
acid is any substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H+ to another substance. A ... Show more content
Here are some of the things that I learned in lessons 07.03 (pH), and 07.04 (Equilibrium). The
formula to calculate the pH of a solution is pH = – log [H3O+]. A titration is a laboratory technique
used to calculate the concentration of a chemical. You are performing an acid–base neutralization
reaction. For example, let's say we have some HCl that we do not know the concentration. We can
react it with a base, such as NaOH. You start by placing the substance of a known concentration in a
buret, such as a 0.25 M NaOH solution. Then, place the chemical that you do not know the
concentration of in a flask under the buret, such as HCl. We need to add an indicator to the flask
since most reactions are colorless. You will 'titrate' the NaOH until you reach the endpoint, which
means that you will allow the chemical in the buret, called the titrant, to flow into the flask. At the
end point, the solution will have a light pink color. Once you determine how much of the titrant,
NaOH you used, you can use stoichiometry to calculate the concentration of the unknown,
HCl.Chemical equilibrium is when the forward and the reverse reactions are occurring at the same
rate. If K is greater than 1, that means there are products than reactants are equilibrium. If K is less
than 1, there are more reactants than products at equilibrium.As more products are made, the rate of
the forward reaction will decrease.The rate of the

Separation Of Solute Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to purify a mixture of compounds in order to separate it into its
pure components, using the common methods of extraction, gravity filtration, vacuum filtration, and
drying organic solutions. Extraction is a common laboratory technique used to isolate and purify the
product of a chemical reaction. The principle behind this method is that a solute is transferred from
one solvent into a second solvent that it is more soluble in. Therefore, the two solvents must be
immiscible and form two distinct layers. Generally, one solvent is aqueous and the other is organic.
Also, the extracting solvent should be somewhat easy to separate from the solute. The two layers
can be physically separated in a separatory funnel, where the denser solvent is usually on the
bottom. . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The separation of benzoic acid and naphthalene is achieved through dissolution and extraction. By
dissolving the benzoic acid/naphthalene mixture in diethyl ether, a solvent that both are soluble in,
the mixture is completely dissolved and suspended throughout the solvent, forming a solution. By
next adding sodium hydroxide, the benzoic acid is converted into its conjugate base so that it is
soluble in water and insoluble in diethyl ether. Through the process of extraction, an organic layer
with naphthalene as the solute and diethyl ether as a solvent separates from an aqueous layer with
benzoic acid as the solute and water as the

Acid-Base Lab
"Acid/Base" lab's purpose was to introduce extractions of one of the four neutral organic
compounds (4–chlorobenzophene, biphenyl, trans–stilbene, and trans–chalcone). We then were
asked to test the solubility of our selected neutral compound with hexane, water, methanol, and
ethyl acetate to find the solvent that only dissolved the neutral compound while introduced to heat.
Once the solvent was chosen, we purified the compound by recrystallization, and then concluded
that my neutral organic compound was trans–stilbene.
₪ Introduction ₪ It's essential for any chemist to grasp acid/base chemistry. It's a method of
purification, once the experiment is completed. However, it's the groundwork of pKa values, which
helps identify the acid, conjugate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also another factor is finding a solvent at which ones compound dissolves in when heat is
introduced and insoluble at room temperature, but it should also crystalize when introduced to cold
temperatures. My compound had the melting point of trans–stilbene at 121–123°C which, was just
lower than the PubChem recorded melting temperature of 122–125°C. Concluded that my neutral
organic compound was trans–stilbene because of the mixed melting points similarity. If the
experiment were repeated it would be important to possibly have students use pipets or some
measured method to rinse their product during recrystallization so that mistakes such as over rinsing
occur less and are more precise. Also another improvement that could be made is to perform more
tests to the acid that had been a nucleophile to better identify its transformation. Other wise the lab
that was performed was parallel to that of work in the extraction of medicines and other compounds
that are marketed as pure at a less grand scale, but demonstrated the importance of acid/base
chemistry.
Supplemental

Determination Of Solubility Of Polar Solutes
Introduction
In the extraction of certain compounds, solubility plays an important factor in how the procedure is
performed. The identification of which solvent is best for the substance is crucial. The relation of
polarity between the solute and solvent is determined at a molecular level. The relationship between
the solvent and solute needed shared similar characteristics. Polar solutes are dissolved in polar
solvents while nonpolar solutes are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. From a chemical level,
molecules are attracted to other similar molecules closest to their properties. Polar molecules are
only attracted to polar molecules in both the solute and the solvent, and the same goes for nonpolar
molecules. This explanation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in some alkaline solvents acidic products will become deprotonated, keeping them
soluble in water. The target compound can then be extracted as a free base. The extract results then
are isolated by the addition of two immiscible solvents. Two solvents that cannot be mixed are used
so that there is a clear separation between the aqueous and organic layer. The component needed for
extraction is contained in the organic layer. This is because the compound is more soluble to the
composition of the organic layer. Multiple extractions with smaller volumes are more efficient than
a single extraction at a one large volume. When an organic solvent is used to extract a compound
from the aqueous solvent, smaller volumes will result in a better extraction. The success upon the
collection of the crude material is depended on how well the water is absorbed by the anhydrous
drying material. The presence of the drying material correlates with the vapor pressure of the other
compound. When the vapor pressure is low, there is a smaller amount of moisture in the gas
produced. Once the anhydrous material is added and clumping was avoided, the evaporation of the
added organic substance can proceed. The final material collected can be physically identified by
the final color of the precipitate. A greenish– white precipitate is most likely identified to be pure,
and a brownish color indicates that the collected material is wet, and not

The Effect Of Ph Solution Of Feed Phase On The Removal...
Figure. 7. Effect of pH solution of feed phase on the removal efficiency of citric acid
Transport conditions: Feed phase: citric acid 10–2 M, pH 2–12. Stripping phase: deionized water,
pH=6.8. Membrane: 12.60 cm2 of surface area, Calix[4]resorcinarene (0.15 g/g mixture of
polymers), 0.03 ml 2–NPOE/g mixture of polymers. Values obtained after 5 days of
experimentation.
3.8 Stability of PIMs
In this study, one PIM was reused, whereas the feed and strip phases were replaced after one cycle
with fresh ones in 5 experiments and each experiment lasted from 4 days. As observed in Fig. 8. The
initial flux of PIM shows a gradual decrease with increasing of cycle's reuse, which may be caused
by the loss of carrier from membrane [37]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion
In this study, a polymer inclusion membrane was prepared and succevally applied for the removal of
citric acid from synthetic wastewater. The mixture of CTA and CA was found to be the optimum
base polymer for quantitative transport of citric acid. Moreover, the nature of carrier especially alkyl
chain length, stirring rate, and pH of feed phase are also important factors affecting the increased
rate of citric acid transport. Hence, from results obtained it can be seen that the investigated
calix[4]resorcinarene are effective extractants for citric acid and that their extraction abilities depend
on the alkyl chain length of the substituent in the macrocycle. Choosing the appropriate length of
alkyl chain, very selective system can be designed. The excellent efficiency for the citric acid
transport by the proposed PIM system reveals its potential application for the selective removal,
concentration and purification of citric acid from different media.
References
[1] K.L. Kalra, H.S. Grewal, Fungal production of citric acid, Biotechnol. Adv., 13 (2) (1995) 209–
234.
[2] M. Pazouki, P.A. Felse, J. Sinha, T. Panda, Comparative studies on citric acid production by
Aspergillus niger and Candida lipolytica using molasses and glucose, Bioprocess Eng., 22 (2000)
353–361.
[3] A.A. Ghoreyshi, F.A. Farhadpour, M. Soltanieh, M. Abdelghani, Transport of small polar
molecules across nonporous

Assignment Notes On Respiratory Acidosis
Assignment Template
Name: Janett Perez Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Define condition
Respiratory Acidosis is a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all the carbon dioxide
the body produces. This causes body fluids, mainly the blood to become too acidic.
Respiratory Alkalosis is an acid imbalance due to a condition called hyperventilation which is where
you take in too much oxygen and it decreases the carbon dioxide being produced in your body.
Metabolic Acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid
or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.
Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal
range (7.35 –7.45) Causing Increased bicaronate in the blood.
List PCO2 levels
The normal range for Pco2 is between 35–45 mmHg. Anything above 45mmhg would be high.
(Tortora & Derrickson, 2013)
The normal ranges are 35–45 mmHg. Anything below 35 mmHg causes respiratory alkalosis.
(Tortora & Derrickson,2013)
N/A
N/A
List HCO3– levels
N/A
N/A
When metabolic acidosis happens, it means that the HCO3 levels drop below 22mEq/liter. (Tortora
&Derrickson, 2013)
When metabolic alkalosis happens, this means the HCO3 levels rises above 26 mEq/Liter. (Tortola
& Derrickson 2013)
List pH levels
Normal arterial blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45 when respiratory acidosis is in affect your pH
level would be lower than 7.35.

Extraction Lab Report
Extraction
Aleigha Spaulding
Joseph Osazee
10–6–15
Abstract:
This report presents the percentage recoveries found when using the solid–liquid and liquid–liquid
extraction techniques to extract a strong acid, weak acid, base, and neutral compound from a
mixture. During the solid–liquid section of the experiment, 0.5 M NaHCO , 0.5 M NaOH, 0.5 M
HCl, and distilled water are used to dissolve and separate the acid, phenol, and amine solutions from
the mixture, leaving the neutral compound remaining. After adding 3 M HCl to the acid and phenol
solutions and3 M NaOH to the amine solution, the solutions and solids formed were filtered and the
percent recovery of each was calculated. The percent recovery was around a range of 20 % to 22 %
for the acid, phenol, and amine, but the neutral had a much higher percentage about 60 %. After
using similar techniques for the liquid–liquid extraction section of the experiment, removing the
clear lower layer of the two immiscible liquids each time, the percent recovery was around 50 % –
55% for the acid and neutral. The percentages for the phenol and amine were lower. In both sections
of the experiment, some percentage of the acid, phenol, amine, and neutral compounds was
recovered, so that part of the experiment was successful.
Introduction:
Extraction is defined as a process for separation of compounds in a mixture based on difference in
their solubility. Extractions have been in use for centuries, and there are many

Fulorenone Synthesis Lab Report
A common problem that scientists encounter in chemistry is that two or three compounds are mixed
together and they have to perform the purification and extraction to identity the single compounds
that mixture contains. In order to separate the components of a mixture, various techniques can be
used such as sublimation, evaporation, extraction, filtration, decantation, and more. In this lab,
benzoic acid, benzocaine, and 9–fulorenone were mixed and acid–base extraction, separatory funnel
extraction, drying organic solutions, suction filtration, and melting point determination were used to
separate the mixture in to more pure substances. For the acid–base reaction, proton transfers
occurred to result in compound polarity shifts, which allowed

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solid Phase Extraction
Solid–Phase Extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation step which is important in determination of
specific compounds in foods. SPE offers many opportunities not only for analysis of a large
diversity of food samples but also for optimization and advances. 5 Besides, Solid–phase extraction
methods for DNA have been developed in recent years in formats that enable high–throughput DNA
extractions. Moreover, Solid phase extraction (SPE) is widely used for clean–up in food analysis,
and has largely replaced classical gravity column chromatography. 6 Furthermore, the applications
of SPE are determination of sympathomimetic amines in blood, urine and tissues, Benzodiazepines
screening in urine, determination of cocaine and cocaine metabolites and anabolic steroids in urine
and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in blood, serum or plasma.
Liquid–liquid Extraction Liquid – liquid extraction is also known as solvent extraction. It is a
separation process which is based on the different distribution of the components to be separated
between two liquid phases. It depends on the mass transfer of the component to be extracted from ...
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For direct extraction, dip the fibre coating into the aqueous sample and the analytes can partition
between the coating and the matrix. For headspace extraction, place the fibre in the headspace above
the aqueous matrix during extraction. Extracting the volatile analytes only, but this method is
advantageous for high molecular weight interfering samples. When a sample contains both high
molecular weight interfering and non–volatile compounds, such as proteins, it is quite difficult to
applied direct or headspace SPME. In such cases, restricted–access materials or membrane–
protected SPME is used and a better reproducibility and accuracy result will be

Benzocaine Extraction Lab
In this lab, liquid–liquid extraction was performed to isolate a mixture of benzocaine and benzoic
acid. 2.0107 grams of the mixture was first weighed out for the trials. When HCl was added to the
mixture for the first acid extraction of benzocaine, an emulsion formed during inversion and venting
that prevented a defined separation of the two layers. 8 mL of water was therefore added before
continuing the extraction. The addition of NaOH then turned the top aqueous layer basic, indicated
by the pH strips that turned blue when tested. A vacuum filtration isolated 0.29 grams of benzocaine
and a MelTemp apparatus measured the crystal's melting point ranges to be 85.1C–87.4C. For the
base extraction of benzoic acid, the aqueous layers were retrieved ... Show more content on
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In the first acid extraction of benzocaine, the compound was dissolved in the organic solvent of
dichloromethane. When the mixture was shaken with HCl, benzocaine's amine group gained a
proton and became more soluble in water than dichloromethane. This allowed the newly formed
hydrochloric salt to migrate to the aqueous layer. However, the addition of NaOH to the acidic
aqueous layer regenerated benzocaine by deprotonation, making it insoluble in the aqueous layer.
The precipitation of an ionic salt was therefore recovered by vacuum filtration and had a tested
melting point range of 85.1C–87.4C compared to 88C–90C, the literature melting point of
benzocaine. The similarity in melting point ranges, but low percent yield of 30.37% proves that the
extract was somewhat successful. Lower yields may be the result of spillage performed in the lab. In
the second basic extraction, the organic layer now included benzoic acid and benzamide. When
treated with NaOH to deprotonate benzoic acid, the newly formed sodium benzoate transitioned to
the aqueous layer as a sodium salt. Benzoic acid is regenerated once again after the addition of HCl
and became insoluble in the aqueous layer after protonation. Its precipitation was then filtered out
for a 65.87% recovery. Compared to its literature melting point of 122.41C, the resulting 120.9C–
123.5C melting range of the sample also supports the accuracy of the separation due to its
similarities and high percent yield. In conclusion, the usage of base and acid liquid extraction was
mostly successful in this experiment because it was able to efficiently and properly isolate the
impure mixture into two separate components of benzocaine and benzoic acid. By performing the
techniques of extraction and vacuum filtration, the similarities between literature and tested

Excedrin Lab Report
Excedrin is an over–the–counter drug containing aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine and is owned
by GSK and Novartis (Sun, 2014). The three components of Excedrin all have useful medicinal
properties for reducing migraines for Excedrin users. Acetaminophen is a painkiller that directly
affects the central nervous system, it relieves fever and aches and pains. Aspirin is also a pain
reliever that can reduce headaches and pains, but unlike acetaminophen aspirin can also reduce
swelling in patients. In Excedrin, acetaminophen and aspirin are used together to reduce migraines
since both pain relievers are metastasized in different organs. Aspirin is metastasized in the kidneys
and acetaminophen in the liver, so maximum pain relief can be achieved ... Show more content on
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The lab we did utilizes the varying acidity, polarity, and solubility of aspirin, acetaminophen, and
caffeine to teach undergraduate organic chemistry students a variety of laboratory techniques. The
purpose of this lab was to use the properties of the active components in Excedrin to learn and apply
the techniques of acid–base extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography. Utilizing these techniques,
we were able to separate the three components of Excedrin, confirm their identities, and check the
purity of our products. The theory behind the acid–base extraction we conducted is to use the acidity
level of each of the components of Excedrin to separate them without using the common separation
method of temperature changes. Acid–base extraction is used to isolate compounds by using ionic
salts like K2HPO4 and KOH to make the compound water soluble then adding an acid like HCl to
protonate the compound and make our desired product precipitate out since it returns the component
back to neutral. Acid–base extraction works for the separation of the components of Excedrin since
they all have different acidities. The method is to use a weak base like K2HPO4 that will only react
with the most acidic component of the Excedrin– the aspirin– to extract it with acidification. Then,
use a stronger base like KOH to react with the weaker acid of acetaminophen in order to extract it
after acidification. After the aspirin is removed with K2HPO4 and the acetaminophen is removed
with KOH the only component that remains is the caffeine meaning the acid–base extraction
separated all of the components based on their relative acidities. A useful method in determining the
acidity or basicity of a compound when debating whether acid–base extraction would be useful is to
look at the pKa or the pKb value for the

Recrystallization Of Ethyl Acetate
Extraction and Recrystallization The purpose of this experiment was to separate an acid, base, and
neutral component from 30 mL of ethyl acetate and 1 gram of unknown through two separatory
techniques.The two separatory procedures used were extraction and recrystallization. Extraction is
used because it is an important method to purify solids and remove any impurities that might have
appeared when pouring chemicals or not cleaning the glassware correctly. Recrystallization was
carried out in this experiment after extractions to achieve an even higher state of purity. Extraction
is used to remove one or more component of a solid, liquid, or gas mixture into a separate phase. In
this experiment, extraction was used to separate a solid–liquid ... Show more content on
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The ethyl acetate in the neutral compound could have had some water in it therefore, Na2SO4 was
used to soak up the water. Then, the acid and base mixtures were separated by neutralizing the pH of
the solvent. We neutralized the pH of the solvents because it gives better percent yields and allows
the extractions to precipitate out. The reason we only neutralized the acid and base mixtures is
because the neutral mixture is already neutralized. The pH strip of the base was green (ph=7) and
the pH strip of the acid was red (ph=1) which showed that they were neutralized. Vacuum filtration
was then used to separate the precipitate from the liquid. Vacuum filtration is the done by using a
vacuum pipe under the fume hood with a Buchner funnel. To set this up, an Erlenmeyer flask with a
side arm (to connect the vacuum suction pipe) was tighten to a flask holder and the Buchner funnel
was put on top with the cork. The vacuum filtration was then carried out and the solids should have
separated from the liquid.The solids collected were labeled "crude acid" and "crude base". The
neutral compound would take too long to separate through filtration, therefore it had to be air dried.
Through this process, the ethyl acetate eventually dried out and the crude neutral solid should have
remained at the bottom of the

A Patient With Respiratory Acidosis Essay
a) In a patient with respiratory acidosis, the partial pressure of CO2 in the plasma (PCO2) rises
above normal levels of 40 mmHg (1). Airway resistance due to asthma, respiratory depression due
to drug use as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease all cause hypoventilation, lowering
partial pressure of plasma oxygen (PO2) to below its normal value of approximately 100 mm Hg (1)
and can lead to respiratory acidosis. The equation below describes the equation between CO2 and
H2O with H+ and HCO3–. According to the law of mass action, all reactions tend towards
equilibrium, and any disturbance in the amount of any of the products or reactants will shift the
reaction in a direction which leads to re–establishment of equilibrium. If CO2 concentration rises,
the new chemical equilibrium will favour further production of both H+ and HCO3– through
disassociation of H2CO3. Each additional molecule of CO2 would lead to production of one
molecule of H+ and HCO3–.
〖CO〗_2+H_2 O→ H_2 CO^3→H^++HCO_3^– (1).
Production of H+ will cause plasma pH to fall below 7.4. Normally, increases in H+ concentrations
are buffered mostly by haemoglobin, however buffers can only resist small changes in pH. The
HCO3– levels increase slightly, but are likely to still remain within normal levels of 22 to 26
mEq/L. This is because equilibrium changes in concentrations is slight compared to the large
compensatory changes (1). Renal mechanisms can assist in excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3–.

Acid And Base Synthesis Lab Report
Extraction: Acid and Base Separation and Isolation
Kaleigh Conway
Chemistry 2270 Laboratory, Section 017
Instructor: Mudithangani Kolambage
October 11, 2017
Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to investigate the method of extraction as a means of isolating
pure compounds. In this experiment, the acid–base extraction method was used on a mixture
composed of three separate components: an acid, a base, and a neutral component. The extraction
solvent used was diethyl ether. Through sequential acid–base reactions where aqueous 10% NaOH
and aqueous 10% HCl were used in a separatory funnel, the three components were extracted,
isolated and then recovered through precipitate reverse reactions using 10% NaOH and concentrated
HCl. Once the components were isolated and recovered, a melting point analysis was performed and
these values were then compared to the values in the laboratory handout in order to identify the
compounds. Percent yield of each compound was also calculated. It was found that the mixture
contained Benzoic Acid with a melting range of 121.6–122.9 oC and a percent yield of 292%,
Meta–nitraniline with a melting range of 111.4–112.2 oC and a percent yield of 204%, and Biphenyl
with a melting range of 70.6–73.5 oC with a percent yield of 128%.
Introduction:
Goals:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To isolate different components of a substance through extraction
2. To calculate the percent yield of each component that was recovered
3. To identify the different components of a substance using melting

Essay On Titration Of Carbonate And Bicarbonate
Determine the total alkalinity of (=[HCO–3 +2[CO2–3]) by preforming a titration with the use of
HCl.
Determine the Bicarbonate content (HCO–3 + OH– → CO2–3 + H2O) by preforming a titration
with the use of NaOH to convert HCO3– to CO2–3.
Calculate the composition of carbonate and bicarbonate in the solution.
Introduction
Acid–base titrations are common laboratory practices that are used to determine the concentration of
either an acid or a base, by neutralizing the substance with a known concentration of an acid or base.
Crude sodium carbonate, also called soda ash, is commonly used as a commercial neutralizing
agent. In this experiment, we will determine the composition of an unknown solid, knowing only
that it contains sodium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using this, the concentration of carbonate can be determined from the total alkalinity (see Results).
Experimental Information
Procedure
At the start of the experiment all the following glassware was cleaned with DI water, and soap; then
dried to remove traces of DI water that remained. The glassware used was a 50mL buret, (3) 150 mL
volumetric flask, a 25mL glass pipet, and a 250mL volumetric flask. 2.5 grams of solid unknown
was added to the 250mL volumetric flask with the use of a funnel, and DI water was filled to the
mark on the 250mL volumetric flask, making sure to rinse the funnel, so the unknown residue
presented on the funnel can rinse down into the flask. After removing the funnel, we diluted to the
mark with DI water, and swirled the flask, until all of the powder was dissolved. This experiment
involved two different titrations. The first titration we observed was for total alkalinity (=[HCO–3
+2[CO2–3]) which was measured by titrating the mixture with 0.1 M HCl to a bromocresol green
end point. After 2L of 0.1M HCl were prepared, and divided among all groups. 25.00–mL aliquot of
unknown solution was pipetted into a 150mL volumetric flask, using bromocresol green as the
indicator, to observe the color change from a tinted light blue to a tinted light green, being the

With Reference to Acid-Base Balance Explore the Role of...
School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies.
With reference to acid–base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood
pH?
'We live and die at the cellular level' (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular
function. Acid–base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between
the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William,
Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+.
Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the
lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis
Hypoventilation= CO2 = H+ =pH = Acidosis CO2
CO2
H+
H+
pH pH Normal blood pH (7.35–7.45)
Normal blood pH (7.35–7.45)
Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centre
Breathing becomes slower and shallower
Breathing becomes slower and shallower
Breathing becomes deeper and faster
Breathing becomes deeper and faster
pH pH H+
H+
CO2
CO2
Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis

Hyperventilation=CO2 = H+ =pH = Alkalosis
Fig.2: Respiratory regulation of blood pH.
Simple act of breathing also regulates blood's pH.. When the ventilation rate increases, more CO2
will be excreted, leading to decreased H+ concentration and raise in pH. Contrarily, when the
ventilation rate decreases, less carbon dioxide will get excreted, leading to its accumulation,
therefore increase in H+ and decrease in blood's pH (Tortora, Derrickson, 2009, p.1002).
As we can see, lungs and brain control blood's pH minute by minute.
When the respiratory system fails to control the pH of the blood through ventilation it can lead to
respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.
Respiratory acidosis is an excess of carbonic acid that is caused by conditions resulting in
hypoventilation and CO2 retention. The major effect of acidosis

Acid Base Balance
Acid–Base Balance
Kelly Heffron
Grand Canyon University NUR–614
September 16, 2015
Acid–Base Balance
The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the
arterial blood between 7.35–7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi–systems
to ensure that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following
paper is define the classification of the acid–base balance, define the factors from the case study,
explain the pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological
interventions, and the educational needs of patients with an imbalance.
Classification
In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. ... Show more content on
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Another major factor that the patient did was self–prescribe antacids for the stomach issues (Grand
Canyon University, 2015). Metabolic alkalosis occurs from excessive intake of antacids. Antacids
are calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate (Human Touch of Chemistry,
2015). With the vomiting and loss of gastric secretions, HCO3 began to build–up in the body. For
the stomach upset, the patient began to add more HCO3 formularies to the stomach, which
increased the levels of HCO3 in the body.
Pathophysiology
There are different ways that metabolic alkalosis can occur. Generally, the imbalance occurs from a
loss of hydrogen ions, a shift of hydrogen ions into the intracellular space, and administration of
antacids (Medscape, 2015). Hydrogen ions are lost from the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract,
which occurs from vomiting and diarrhea. When hydrogen ions are excreted from the body,
bicarbonate ions are added to the intracellular space (Medscape, 2015).
Compensation Mechanism
When homeostasis is disrupted, the body will respond in several ways. Depending upon the
imbalance, the body will work to quickly correct the problem and restore the body to homeostatic
state. There are organ systems involved to correct the issues, like the renal and respiratory systems.
When the body breathes, the lungs blow off carbon dioxide that has built up in the body.
Renal Compensation In the case study, the patient was suffering with

Respiratory Acidosis Essay
Acidosis and Alkalosis are both conditions in which the levels of acids and bases are not controlled.
The typical pH value for the body is between 7.35 and 7.45. If the pH is above 7.45, it's called
alkalosis, and if the pH is below 7.35 it's called acidosis.
Acidosis Acidosis is an increased acidity in the blood, kidneys, lungs, or other body tissues. There
are two types of acidosis, respiratory and metabolic.
Respiratory: Respiratory acidosis is a condition where too much carbon dioxide builds up in the
body, specifically in the lungs. Some of the symptoms of respiratory acidosis are drowsiness,
confusion, shortness of breath, sleepiness, and headaches. If caught early, the symptoms can be
treated and a full recovery is possible. Some common causes of respiratory acidosis are asthma, an
injury to the chest, obesity, sedative misuse, overuse of alcohol, chest muscle weakness, nervous
system issues, and deformed chest structures. Treatment plans for respiratory acidosis include oral
drugs to dilate airways or a CPAP device. A CPAP device is a continuous positive airway pressure
device. This device opens up airways and helps many people breathe ... Show more content on
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Some of the early symptoms of metabolic alkalosis are nausea, numbness, prolonged muscle
spasms, muscle twitching, and hand tremors. Some of the late stage symptoms are dizziness,
difficulty breathing, confusion, stupor (a state of near–unconsciousness), and even coma. Some of
the possible causes of metabolic alkalosis are vomiting, overuse of diuretics (any substance that
promotes the increased production of urine), adrenal disease (when your glands make too much or
not enough hormones), loss of potassium, antacids, ingestion of bicarbonate, laxatives, and alcohol
abuse. Treatment plans for metabolic alkalosis are to take oral medications or supplements to make
up for acid loss, or to combat base

Essay On Acid-Base Extraction
Discussion
By using acid–base extraction techniques, a three–component mixture was separated into its
individual components which included an acidic, basic, and neutral component as previously
mentioned. A separatory funnel was the mechanism used to carry out this procedure. Its easy
handling allowed for thorough mixing of the solution. It was equipped with a stopper which was
opened to release pressure from inside the funnel caused by the heat from one's hands and also the
reactions taking place within it (1). Without inverting the funnel and relieving pressure the funnel
would've exploded. The stopcock was useful for precisely drawing off each layer. However, if the
separatory funnel had been shaken too violently an emulsion would've formed. An emulsion is when
the layers do not clearly separate. Instead, one cloudy layer will form. During this procedure an
emulsion was avoided by using proper gently swirling technique.
Acid–base extraction works on the principle that most organic compounds are more soluble in
organic solvents than in water (4). Extractions are also dependent on the assumption that immiscible
solvents of different densities will settle on top of one another accordingly. Diethyl ether was the
chosen extraction solvent for this procedure because it is slightly soluble in water, and organic
compounds are most often soluble in it, and also its low boiling point. The only drawback of using
diethyl ether was its high flammability. Diethyl ether readily

1, 4-Dichlorimene Lab Report
Benzoic acid and 1,4–dichlorobenzene are extracted from an unknown sample of powder. Both
components are identified by comparing their experimental melting points to known literature
values.
Discussion. Extraction is the transfer of a solute from one phase to another. Solubility depends on
polarity, and goes by the rule "like–dissolves–like." Most organic molecules are more soluble in
organic solvents than in water. If the organic solvent is immiscible with water, then when the
organic solvent dissolves organic molecules this solution forms a layer separate from the water layer
forming two layers: an organic layer, and an aqueous layer. When the two layers are mixed together,
small amounts of components from each layer will dissolve in the other layer, establishing an
equilibrium between the two layers. In order to extract solute from solvent A to solvent B, several
extractions with small portions of the solvent B are more efficient than a single extraction with the
total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the unknown powder was known to contain both an organic compound and an acid, we had to
add aqueous sodium hydroxide in order to draw out the acid and its conjugate base into the aqueous
layer. When the base was added to the separatory funnel, it attracted the acid and formed an
immiscible aqueous layer under the liquid layer containing the organic compound. The funnel was
shaken to draw out as much acid as possible, and the aqueous layer was withdrawn from the funnel.
Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added a second time to pull out even more acid that may have
remained in the organic layer, and was withdrawn as well. In hopes of drawing out any remaining
acid from the organic layer, water, a polar substance, was added to the separatory funnel to form a
final aqueous layer that was withdrawn and added to the previous

Genetic Engineering Of People : How Dna Is Located,...
Genetic Engineering of People:
How DNA is Located, Extracted and Amplified
Eric Ottoson
Chemeketa Community College
Abstract
Genetic engineering is controversial topic of discussion amongst many circles today. The benefits
can be laid out to its untold potential, but there are lines that are superimposed from moral
standpoints and personal ethics. The idea resonating in these circles brings to light the availability to
be able to selectively choose your offspring and specific features that you may want them to have.
This entire idea starts at the very beginning of where life is formed. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is
the genetic finger print that is found in every living organism. The initial discovery of DNA was
first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original identification of DNA was by a Swiss chemist named Friedrich Miescher. In 1869,
Miescher labeled a "nuclein" inside a human white blood cells nucleus. His term was later changed
to nucleic acid which eventually leads to the term we know today at deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(Pray, 2008).
B. DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell. Inside each nucleus of a cell is two meters of DNA.
The genetic makeup of DNA consists of chemical building blocks of nucleotides. Nucleotides are
made up of three bases: phosphate, sugar and nitrogen. The nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are:
adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. The order of these bases determines what biological
instructions are contained in a strand of DNA (Genome.gov, 2014). Adenine pairs with thymine in a
two hydrogen bonds while cytosine and guanine pair with three hydrogen bonds (Pray, 2008). The
phosphate and sugar bases make up the backbone of the double helix design of a DNA stand. Each
backbone contains covalent bonds the hold the structure together. These bonds run anti– parallel
forming the sides of the double helix. DNA contains sequences that generate proteins that are called
genes. These genes are strings of amino acids that contain instructions for the function of what each

Case Study On Metabolic Sacidosis
Metabolic sacidosis occurs when the chemical sbalance of acids and sbases in a patient's blood gets
sthrown off. This can happen when a spatient's body is making too much sacid, isn't getting rid of
senough acid, or doesn't have senough base to offset a normal samount of acid. Metabolic sacidosis
is defined as shaving an arterial blood pH less than s7.35 with plasma bicarbonate sless than 22
mmol/L. The patient in sthis case had a blood pH of 7.34 with sa plasma bicarbonate slevel of 14
mmol/L. Additionally, the patient had a sdecreased PaCO2 of 26 mm Hg and an elevated sPaO2 of
92 mm Hg, which scould be compensatory for the metabolic sacidosis. The patient has been taking
ssalsalate and aspirin medications, which are common ssalicylates. Salicylate ... Show more content
Patients are soften symptomatic at salicylate concentrations shigher than 40–50 mg/dL. Patients
with ssalicylate sconcentrations approaching sor exceeding 100 mg/dL usually shave serious or life–
threatening stoxicity. Patients with chronic spoisoning who have levels of 60 mg/dL or greater
soften have serious toxicity. In overdoses, the peak serum sconcentration may not occur for 4–6
hours, so sconcentrations obtained before that time smay not reflect speak levels. levels from 15–30
mg/dL are sconsidered to be within the therapeutic range. Signs and symptoms sof toxicity begin sto
appear at levels higher sthan 30 mg/dL. A 6–hour salicylate slevel higher sthan 100 mg/dL is
considered spotentially lethal and is an indication for hemodialysis. Chronic singestion can increase
sthe half–life to longer sthan 20

Essay Acid Base Extraction
Acid Base Extraction
The purpose of this laboratory assignment was two–fold, first, we were to demonstrate the
extraction of acids and bases, finally, determining what unknowns were present. Second, we were to
extract caffeine from tea. These two assignment will be documented in two separate entities.
Introduction: Acid/base extraction involves carrying out simple acid/base reactions in order to
separate strong organic acids, weak organic acids neutral organic compounds and basic organic
substances. The procedure for this laboratory assignment are on the following pages.
3) Separation of Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol and a Neutral Substance
The purpose of this acid/base extraction is to separate a mixture of ... Show more content on
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Add additional 5ml of water to funnel, shake as before
Add 15 ml NaCl to funnel. Shake Bottom layer is white and NaCl was added to the mixture and
allow layers to separate gooey. wash the ether and draw off lower layer, which is layer and to
remove discarded organic substances
NaOH and
NaHCO3 Pour ether layer into 50ml Erlenmeyer flask from the top of the separatory funnel (not
allowing any water droplets to be transferred) Flask 3
Add anhydrous NaSO4 to ether extract

Biochemical Techniques for the Extraction of Escherichia...
Modern biochemical study and analysis of nucleic acids have been heavily dominated by
electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction techniques, as the former allows for relatively
inexpensive and accessible resolution and visualization of nucleic acids according to basic chemical
properties such as molecular charge and weight, and the latter quickly increases the concentration of
nucleic acids, normally found in cells in minute amounts, to a level easily analyzed by modern
biochemical techniques. These two techniques are therefore currently indispensable in dealing with
nucleic acids on a practical level, and are tools which should be present in every biologist's kit. This
study therefore attempts to elucidate the theoretical and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While ample plant and animal samples can be easily obtained, for bacterial samples such as E. coli,
they must be propagated first in culture in order to obtain the necessary amount of cells needed for
the DNA extraction process.
The extraction and purification of genomic DNA is essential as purified DNA serves as the starting
point for the amplification of a gene within the DNA via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
First and foremost, cell lysis or cell disruption must be done to release the cell contents to expose
the DNA within the organism, detergents, basic or high salt solutions will then be used for DNA
purification by dissociating other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. DNA will finally be
isolated through the use of organic reagents and centrifugation to facilitate collection of the
precipitated DNA.
Prior to the experiment, materials to be used were sterilized to prevent contamination, which may
later on affect the results as contaminants may react with the solutions to be used for the later
procedures or even damage the DNA samples. Autoclaving or the use of pressurized steam was
utilized to sterilize the materials as exposure to high temperatures normally causes damage to
cytoplasmic membranes, breakdown of ribosomes, irreversible enzyme denaturation and DNA
strand breakage of bacterial contaminants.
Due to the ability of nucleic acids to store genetic information which will later on encode for
necessary proteins, it is important to extract

Unknown Mixture
Experiment 3: Identification of an Unknown Mixture by Extraction, Recrystallization and Melting
Point Determination
Alex Presello 103402448
Lab Completed: October 10th, 2014
University of Windsor
Experiment 3: Identification of an Unknown Mixture
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to first, extract two of three possible organic compounds from
an unknown organic mixture (#2) and second, to identify them. The two main methods of separation
used in this experiment were liquid–liquid extraction and recrystallization. In order to determine the
identity of the unknown compounds, their respective experimental melting points were found and
compared to the known melting points of compounds based on previous literature. The first liquid–
liquid extraction was performed with the weak base NaHCO3 revealing one of the unknowns to be a
carboxylic acid. The second liquid–liquid extraction involved NaOH (a strong base) and revealed
that the second unknown in the organic mixture was a phenol. Experimentally, it was determined
that the melting point of the carboxylic acid was only slightly higher than ... Show more content on
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This experiment examined the use of a liquid–liquid extraction – a method based on the solubility
differences between organic compounds in two immiscible liquids. The compound of interest will
be found in the liquid phase that it has a higher affinity for. This experiment relied on the fact that
once an organic compound is converted into its ionic form it became soluble in polar solvents –
water, in this case. It should also be noted that non–polar organic compounds would not be soluble
in the aqueous (water) phase but would be soluble in the organic phase (ethyl acetate). The
following are examples of the relevant acid–base reactions for the two unknown organic substances
identified in this experiment based on the fact that unknown #2 was

Acid Base Extraction Lab Report

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Acid Base Extraction Lab Report