Rainas Municipality Profile Presented

RAINAS MUNICIPALITY
PROFILE
PRESENTED BY: 072/MSU/BATCH
Pusp Raj Bhatt
pusprajbhatt.wordpress.com

BACKGROUND
• Nepal has gone through rapid urbanization in past decade
• The GoN had declared 58 municipalities in 2053 B.S
• In 2015, number increased to 217 Municipalities (in 3 phases)
• Final phase: 26 new municipalities
• Urban population increased from 17% to 42%
• 3 Municipalities belonged to Lamjung :
 Karaputar
 Madhya Nepal
 Rainas

BACKGROUND
• Rainas is among the youngest municipalities declared on 19
September 2015
• Vision: “Rainas Municipality: Agriculture, Tourism, Education
and Environmentally friendly City”
• Area: 73 sq. km.
• Total population: 18,527 (CBS, 2011)
• No. of Wards: 14
• Center of municipality: Former Tinpiple Bazaar

BACKGROUND
Merging 6 VDCs:
 Tarkughat
 Dhamilikuwa
 Chakratirtha
 Bhalayakharka
 Pyarjung
 Mohoriyakot

POPULATION DENSITY
Population Density: 254 person/sq. km. (CBS, 2011)

OBJECTIVES
• Main objective: to prepare Municipal Profile of Rainas Municipality
in order to use this profile for the formation of Local Area Plan in
future as well
• General objectives of the study of municipality profile is as follows:
• To familiarize with the onsite current situation of the
municipality
• To prepare municipal profile which consists of whole spatial
and non spatial data of the present day with analysis using
statistical tools to give clear information for all stakeholders
• To collect socio-economic, cultural and environmental data
from the sample population through household survey
• To gather relevant information about the study area through
the study of secondary data and literature review

SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
• Scope:
• detail information
• prioritized problems and opportunity related to physical, social,
economic and environmental situation of Rainas
• Limitation
• Sample survey, 12% of total household due to limitation of
time
• data is collected by house to house data collection through
primary survey
• authenticity of the data depends very much on the facts
provided by the public during the questionnaire
• scope of the work is limited within the municipality only, will
not incorporate the influences from the neighboring
municipality

PARAMETERS OF SURVEY
• General Information
• Salient Feature of the Municipality
• Demography
• Municipality Office Information
• Socio-Economic Indicators
• Physical Infrastructures
• Social and Cultural Institutions
• Environmental Institutions
• Health and Educational Institutions

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• In 15th Century:
• YASHUBRAHMA SHAH King of LAMJUNG;
• one of 22/24 States
History: Play of TIME and POWER
TWO PRINCES
YASHUBRAHMA (King) + BASANTAWATI (Queen)
Narahari Shah
Drabya Shah
Narahari Shah – Lamjung
Drabya Shah – Gorkha after wining
Ligligkot King Drabya Shah

History: STORY of THE RULERS
• Mother Basantawati
called upon the Son
Narahari and Dyabya
and flowed down her
milk to Chepe River (at
Chakratirtha) :
CONFORMATION OF
PEACE AND CONFLICT
RESOLUTION
Chepe
River
Gorkha
Lamjung

History: Bhakti Thapa
• “Bhakti Thapa was sleeping
on a big serpent coiled up
on the boulder raising its
wide hood high above
casting shed that protected
the young Bhakti Thapa
against the scorching heat
of the midday sun. The
serpent slowly uncoiled
without waking up the boy
and descended from the
boulder. It disappeared
from the sight after
slipping into the bushes
nearby….”
Bhakti Thapa

History: Siddakothan Temple
• Siddanath Baba (Hostory
of Around 400 years
back) Blessed Drabya
Shah to expand the
Reign in the East – In
Gorkha
Siddakothan Historical Temple

History: Rainaaskot
Kalika Temple at Rainaskot Fort

LOCATION
Geographic Location
• Latitudes : 28°03'21.49"N and 28°10'15.51"N
• Longitudes : 84°26''04.71"E and 84°33''15"E
• Elevation : 600m (Tinpiple) above sea level.
Relative Location
• East, South- East: Chepe River, Gorkha District
• South: Marsyangdi River, Tanahu District (Purkot VDC)
• West: Marsyangdi River, Sundar Bazaar Municipality
• North: Bharte VDC, Gauda VDC, Kolki VDC

PHYSIOGRAPHY
• Average Annual Rainfall
 Minimum 3mm (Jan, Feb, Nov)
 Maximum 129mm (July)
(Data taken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)
• Average Annual Temperature
 Minimum 0°C (Jan, Nov, Dec)
 Maximum 30°C (April, August)
(Data taken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)

PHYSIOGRAPHY
• Climate varies from tropical to sub-tropical
• Main Rivers: Marsyangdi and Chepe

ACCESSIBILITY
• Accessible from Gorkha and Bhoteodar
• The Mid- hill highway running east west from the mid hill is
under construction
• 45 km of this highway lies in Lamjung district while almost 13 km
of the overall length runs through Rainas municipality which is on
the process of black topping
• Nearest Black Topped Roads
• Turture Bazar (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 20 km
• Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 17 km

ACCESSIBILITY
• Internal roads:
• Dumre to Turture Bazar: 10 km, Turture to Nepal Danda: 5+ km
• Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Tarkughat (Lamjung): 1 km
• Turture to Chepeghat: 4km
• Chepeghat (Lamjung) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 16 km
• Dumre to Besisahar: 42 km
• Borangkhola to Besisahar: 42km (approx.)
• Rainas Municipality is connected by 5 motorable bridges
(Bhandarthok, Chepeghat, Baaisjangar, Tarkughat and Paundidhik)

INSTITUTIONAL SET UP AT RAINAS MUNICIPALITY
• Newest Municipality of Nepal declared on 19th September 2015 (
2nd Ashoj 2072)
• Currently Municipality Office housed in the previous Tinpiple VDC
Office.
• Declared according to Local Self Governance Act 2055 (1999) LSGA,
स्थानिय स्वायत्त शाशि ऐि
• LSGA Cosiders VDC, Municipalities and DDCs as Local Bodies
• Municipality is formed after merging the existing 6 VDC’s namely
Pyarjung, Mohariyakot, Bhalayakharka, Chakratirth, Dhamilikuwa
and Tarkughat and now the then 6 VDCs are converted in to 14
municipal wards.

INSTITUTIONAL SET UP AT RAINAS MUNICIPALITY
Previous VDC
Ward
Converted
Municipality Ward
Previous VDC
Ward
Converted
Municipality Ward
Tarkughat VDC 1,2,3,4,5
Rainaas-1
Chakratirtha VDC 1,2,3
Rainaas-8
Tarkughat VDC 6,7,8,9
Rainaas-2
Bhalayakharka VDC
1,2,5,6,7 Rainaas-9
Dhamilikuwa VDC 1,2,3
Rainaas-3
Bhalayakharka VDC
3,4,8,9 Rainaas-10
Rainaas-4
Pyarjung VDC 4,5,6,7,8,9
Rainaas-11
Rainaas-5
Pyarjung VDC 1,2,3
Rainaas-12
Rainaas-6 Mohoriyakot VDC 6,7,8,9 Rainaas-13
Rainaas-7
Mohoriyakot VDC
1,2,3,4,5 Rainaas-14

MUNICIPALITY STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO LSGA
• Publically elected Chairman and Vice
Chairman
• Ward Chairman, Woman ward member and
ward members of each ward committee
• Six persons including one woman nominated
by the Village Council from amongst those
social workers, socially and economically
backward tribes and ethnic communities,
down trodden and indigenous people living
within the village development area
• VDC Secretary, any employee appointed by
government to act as the Secretary of the
Village Development Committee
• supporting staff
• One Ward Chairman,
• One Woman Ward Member, and
• Three Ward Members.
TIER 1, Village Council
TIER 2, Village
Development Committee
TIER 3, Ward Committees
Elected Body and
nominated locals
Government Employee
Elected Body

VDC STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO LSGA
• Publically elected Mayor and Deputy Mayor
• Ward Chairman, Woman ward member and ward
members of each ward committee
• No less than 6 persons and no more than 20 persons
including woman nominated by the Municipal Council
from amongst those social workers, socially and
economically backward tribes and ethnic communities,
down trodden and indigenous people living within the
area of the Municipality
• Executive Chairman, government employee appointed by
the ministry
• Administrative Staff
• Account Staff
• Technical Staff
• Supporting staff
• One Ward Chairman,
• One Woman Ward Member, and
• Three Ward Members.
• Administrative and Technical Staff
TIER 1, Municipal
Council
TIER 2, Municipality
Office
TIER 3, Ward
Committees
Elected Body and
nominated locals
Government
Employee
Elected Body

RAINAS MUNICIPALITY STRUCTURE
• Representatives from the municipality level
political parties, women and indigenous
groups, socially and economically backward
tribes, elderly people group and active
social workers
• Executive Chairman, government employee
appointed by the ministry, Mr. Noor Raj
Kadariya
• 2 former VDC secretaries
• 1 technical staff under LGCDP
• 1 account officer from को ले नि का
• 1 computer operator
• Joint Ward Offices:
• गा बि स सहायक ( VDC Level Assitants)
• सामाजिक परिचालक ( Social Mobilizers)
• peons
TIER 1, Municipal
Council
TIER 2, Municipality
Office
TIER 3, Ward
Committees
Nominated locals
Government Employee
Government Employee
Different NGOs and local organizations are also assisting the municipality

CASE STUDY OF BIDUR MUNICIPALITY ORGANIZATION

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
From CBS data
a. Total Population
According to census 2011,
Total population= 18527
Average household size= 3.57
sex ratio = 77.67
Male population = 8099
Female population = 10428

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
• Expansive population show larger percentages of population of
younger age group >> found in populations with large fertility
rates and lower life expectancies
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
0_4
5_9
10_14
15_19
20_24
25_29
30_34
35_39
40_44
45_49
50_54
55_59
60_64
65_69
70_74
75+
Population Pyramid (CBS,2011)
Male
Female

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
b. Education Status
• Although presence of schools up to
secondary level, but no facility of
higher education
• Education >> one of major reasons
for migration in Rainas Municipality
31.48%
68.52%
Education status
Literate (%) Illiterate (%)
Population Literate
(%)
Illiterate
(%)
18527 31.48 68.52

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
d. Major Ethnic Group
Main ethnic groups >> Brahmin, Gurung and Chhetri with a population
of 3475, 3221 and 2968 respectively
17.39
16.02
18.76
8.9
6.54
10.1
4.32
4.9
2.54
1.76
3.54
1.82
1.19
0.99
1.24
%

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
c. Ownership of Housing Unit
Out of total 4751 households,
95.05% houses are owned by themselves, 3.75% are rented, and
0.29% are institutional and 0.91% others

e. Main Sources of Drinking Water
Out of 4751 households, 83.41% use tap water while 8.74 % use
spout water and 0.51% use other sources of water

f. Toilet Facilities and Types
• Most of them use flush toilet (54.20%)
• Still 20.25% of total population do not use toilets

Zone I
Name
of Place
Mohoriyak
ot
Tarkughat Dhamilikuwa Total
Ward
no.
13 14 1 2 3 4 5
373
Surveye
d HH
74 52 34 27 70 82 34
Zone II
Name
of Place
Pyarjung
Bhalayakha
rkha
Chakratirtha
Ward
no.
11 12 9 10 6 7 8
195
Surveye
d HH
22 20 14 34 21 62 22
568
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
a. Population Details of Sample Survey

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
0-1
1-5
5-15
15-30
30-49
49-75
>75
Population Pyramid (Survey)
Male
Female

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
53%
47%
Gender composition
Male Female
• Slight difference in population
distribution
• Tentative equal
distribution of male and
female
• In ward no. 13, more male
(15.4%) than female
(13.9%)
b. Gender composition
Ward- wise Gender Distribution
15.4%
13.9%

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
c. Age Group Composition
• Population of age group 15 - 30 >> highest frequency >> 34% of
total population
• Lowest >> 1.9% lies below 1 year of age.

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
• Slight difference in population distribution between male and female
in various age groups
• In age group 5-15, female population is faintly higher as compare to
that of male
Age-Sex Composition

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
d. Caste Composition
• Predominantly dominated by Brahmin community, which is
about 32.7%.

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Caste and Family Type
• Family structure of society changing with time >> urbanization
• Majority of Dalit >> nuclear family while Newars seem to have
equal distribution of nuclear and joint family

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Caste and Mother Tongue
• Most of inhabitants speak their mother tongue
• Newars do not speak Newari and prefer Nepali instead due to - -
- scatter distribution, lack of practice in communication, cultural
degradation

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
e. Religious composition
Religion Percentage
Hinduism 78.7
Buddhism 18.8
Islam 0.7
Christianity 1.2
Others 0.5
• The municipality consists of predominant Hindu religion >> 78.7%,
Buddhist religion occupies 18.8%, Christianity 1.2%, Islam 0.7%
and other religions just 0.5%

LINGUISTIC COMPOSITION
• 78% of total household speak Nepali.
• 16.5% people speak Gurung followed by Tamang, Newari and
other languages.
78%
16.5%
4%
0.7% 0.7%
Mother Tongue
Nepali Gurung Tamang Newari Others
Mother Tongue Percentage(%)
Nepali 78
Gurung 16.5
Tamang 4
Newari 0.7
Others 0.7

EDUCATION
Literate population - 87.81%
Illiterate population - 12.18%.
12.18%
87.81%
Literacy status of Rainas
Illiterate Literate
Ward Number Literate %
1 5.85
2 4.00
3 10.37
4 12.25
5 4.95
6 2.74
7 8.95
8 3.42
9 2.15
10 5.88
11 3.91
12 3.05
13 12.74
14 7.57
Literacy status of different wards

EDUCATION STATUS
Highest percentage of people with formal education is ward 13 and the
lowest is in ward 9.

EDUCATION
12.18%
10.27%
14.58%
13.38%
27.6%
12.95%
7.53%
1.46%
0.03%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Education level
• 27.6% of total population completed secondary education level
• 14.58% population completed primary level, followed by lower
secondary, higher secondary level.

• Males given more priority to attend school than females.
• Females either married at an early age or engaged in
household activities.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Education level by gender
Male Female
EDUCATION
Significant gender disparity in literacy and educational attainment

FAMILY STRUCTURE
Ward
No.
Nuclear
Family (%)
Joint
Family (%)
1 6.3 5.6
2 4.5 5.1
3 12.9 11.5
4 12.9 16.7
5 6.6 5.1
6 4.5 2.6
7 14.1 6.4
8 4.5 3.0
9 2.4 2.6
10 6.6 5.1
11 4.2 3.4
12 4.5 2.1
13 6.9 21.8
14 9.3 9.0
• Greater percentage of nuclear family
• People are adopting nuclear family
due to change in lifestyle and
education
58.80%
41.20%
Family Structure
Nuclear Joint

DEATH
• Out of 568 household, death in 90 households in last five years
• Male death - 61.11%
• Female death - 38.89%
• Majority of deaths occurred at the age group of 49-75, 75 and
above age group
34%
3%
60%
3%
Cause of Deaths
Natural Accident Disease Others

Migration Trend: Within Rainas Municipality
74.8%
25.2%
Indigeneous Migrated
Place of Origin

16.9%
16.8%
24.5%
0.0% 0.0%0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wardwise Population Origin
Ward No.
Indigenous
Migrated
Highest Migrated
Ward with Indigenous
Population

• 30.77% during the period of
2061-2070
• 2070- 2073: 11.54% migrants
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
Migration Year%age
0
2
4
6
8
10
1973
2012
2021
2024
2032
2037
2040
2044
2047
2050
2053
2056
2060
2063
2066
2069
2072
•Rapid pace of
Migration
• Upper hilly
areas to lower
flat urbanizing
areas

• Majority migrations for domestic (family) reasons: 35.66%
• Employment, Education and Business
• From villages in search of facilities: 8.39%
35.66
9.79
13.29
11.89
2.10
16.08
8.39
2.80
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Domestic
Education
Employment
Business
Marriage
Others
Facilities
Natural Calamities
Percentage
Reasons for Internal Migration

• Majority of surveyed HH have family members outside the
municipality
• 25% of total surveyed population migrated
MIGRATION OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY
44.7%
55.3%
No Yes
Family member migrated outside municipality

• Of the 25% total migrated population
• 62.53% migrants within Nepal
• 37.41% outside Nepal
MIGRATION OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY
Out
migration
62.53%
Emigration
37.47%
Migrants Population

OUT-MIGRATION DESTINATIONS
4.5% 3.0% 5.5%
56.7%
19.1%
11.15%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
• Kathmandu
•42% for education
•37% for employment

Out-Migration Reasons within Nepal
18.71%
40.64%
0.76%
2.84%
0.19%
36.86%
Domestic
Education
Health
Others
Training
Work
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
Reasons of Out-Migration within Nepal

Out-Migration based on Age Group
0.95%
5.10%
15.88%
53.88%
20.60%
3.59%
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0-1 1-5 5-15 15-30 30-49 49-75
Out-Migration based on Age Group
• Majority of students and working age group migrate
• 53.88% of majority age group 15-30 years
• About 41% of students age group migrate
• 37% of working age group migrate

Out-Migration based on Gender
59.36%
40.64%
Male Female
Out-Migration based on
Gender
Distribution of population on various destinations

Out-Migration based on Caste
22.64%
32.45%
17.74%
11.70%
4.53%
5.66%
5.28%
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
Gurung
Brahmin
Chettri
Dalit
Tamang
Newar
Others
Out-Migration based on Caste
• 32.45% of Brahmins migrate for job
opportunities
• 22.64% Gurungs for government service
(Nepal Army), followed by Chhetri

Out-Migration based on Family Structure
57.36%
42.64%
Nuclear Joint
Out-Migration based on
Family Structure
Distribution of migrated population on various
destinations based on family structure

• 9.4% of total population surveyed
• 37.47% of the total migrated population
Migration Trend: International
Out
migration
62.53%
Emigration
37.47%
Migrants Population

International Destinations
India Middle
East
Korea Japan Australia UK USA Hongkong Others
16.09%
58.36%
3.15% 1.58%
4.10%
1.26% 0.63% 0.63%
14.20%

International Migration Reasons
5.99%
0.63%
93.38%
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Education
Others
Work
Reasons for Emigration

Emigration based on Age Group
0.32% 0.95%
54.57%
40.69%
3.15%
0.32%
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
1-5 5-15 15-30 30-49 49-75 >75
Emigration based on Age group
• Majority of working age group migrate
• Job opportunities
• Middle East and India

Emigration based on Gender
90.22%
9.78%
Male Female
Emigration based on
Gender
Distribution of population on various countries
based on gender

Emigration based on Caste
19.87%
33.11%
16.56%
11.59%
6.95%
7.28%
4.64%
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
Gurung
Brahmin
Chettri
Dalit
Tamang
Newar
Others
Emigartion based on Caste
• 33.11% of Brahmins migrate for job
opportunities

Emigration based on Family Structure
60.26%
39.74%
Nuclear Joint
Emigration based on Family Structure

Degree of Migration Problem
Severe
6%
Moderate
17%
None
77%
Degree of In-Migration

Degree of Migration Problem
Severe
45.8%
Moderate
25.5%
None
28.7%
Degree of Out-Migration

ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
MAJOR OCCUPATION
• 20.7% engaged in agriculture, not commercialized.
• Agricultural products not sufficient
• Migrated population involved in services inside and outside
Nepal.
• Training programs for housewives

MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME
• 32.34% have
agriculture as main
source of income
• Remittance being
other major source.
• Animal husbandry can
be encouraged.

• Cow, goat and buffalo for dairy products.
Graph showing types of Animal Rearing

• The production of maize and Paddy is higher.
Graph showing types of crops

MONTHLY INCOME OF FAMILY
• Almost 50% of population have monthly income of 10000-
25000 and >50% have expenses of the same amount.
• The expenses are more on the education, festivals and
health facilities.
Graph showing monthly income of family Graph showing monthly expenditure of family

BUILDING OWNERSHIP
• Majority of people own their house i.e. 97.5% only 2.5%
people rent their place
• 35% of rented households are in Ward no. 7.
Graph showing the building ownership
Building Ownership
Ward No. Percentage of Rented Households
1 7.14 %
2 0.00
3 0.00
4 7.14 %
5 0.00
6 14.29 %
7 35.71 %
8 7.14 %
9 0.00
10 14.29 %
11 7.14 %
12 7.14 %
13 0.00
14 0.00

OWNERSHIP OF LAND
Graph showing ownership of land within Rainas MunicipalityGraph showing ownership of land outside Rainas Municipality
• 50.88% people have other land within Rainas Municipality
and 85.009% of people own land outside the Municipality

Graph showing Vehicle Ownership Type
OWNERSHIP OF VEHICLE
• 87.852% people do not own any vehicles

CULTURAL ASPECTS
• Celebrate different festivals - Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti,
Holi, Teej, Lhosar, Baisakh Purnima, Chaitya Dashain, Gai Jatra,
Janai Purnima, Eid, Easter day, Christmas
Special festivals
Ekadasi mela
• Celebrated on the day of
Haribodhani Ekadashi in the
month Kartik/Mangsir
• Celebrated for a single day in
Paudi Harrabot dovan in
Tarkughat and in Bokseraha in
the river bank of Chepe.

CULTURAL ASPECTS
Shivaratri mela
• Celebrated by people all over Mohoriyakot in Rainaskot
• Lasts for three days on the month of Falgun (Shivaratri)
Ghatu Nacch
• Specially celebrated by Gurungs of Mohoriyakot
• Lasts for two days during the month of Baisakh (Buddha Purnima)
Maghesankranti Mela
• Celebrated on 1st of Magh in Chepeghat in Marsyandi dovan

CULTURAL ASPECTS
Ropai Jatra
• Celebrated in Newar
community mainly in
Tarkughat area
Teej Mela
• Celebrated mainly by females on day of Teej on month of Shrawan/
Bhadra
• Markets mainly focused on products especially for Teej
Lakhe Nach
• Celebrated by some Newars of Tarkughat in Bhadra for a day
• Festival not continued till date
- may be due to lack of interest of people towards their tradition
& culture and influence from modern society

MONUMENTS
• Dhamilikuwa (historically important kuwa) after which the name of
the place was put as Dhamilikuwa
• Ram Mandir in Dhamilikuwa
• Dewa Chhambo Gumba in Syauli- Dhamilikuwa
• Chakratirtha Mandir
• Kalika Mandir in Bhalayakharka
• Gorakhnath Temple in Pyarjung
• Siddha Baba Temple in Mohoriyakot
• Historical Fort: Rainaskot is also a cultural place in Mohriyakot
• Rainas Peace Church in Dhamilikuwa

MONUMENTS
Dewa Chhambo Gumba in Syauli,
Dhamilikuwa
Shiva Mandir of Chakratirtha
Kalika Temple in Panthi danda,
Bhalayakharka
Kalika Temple, Rainaskot

BACKGROUND
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure Development
1. Road and Accessibility Condition
2. Bridges
3. Electricity
4. Communication
5. Irrigation
6. Water Supply
7. Residence and Building Materials

1.Road and Accessibility Condition
•Basic mode of transportation
•Connects the whole municipality area and helps in further
development.
•mostly earthen road in the municipality
• Road has almost connected whole part of the municipality
but there is no frequent transportation facility and the routes
are limited.
•many are under construction.

1.Road and Accessibility Condition

2.Bridges
In hills suspension bridges are mostly built for connecting across the
rivers. Different bridges constructed in the municipality are as follows:
Name of
Bridge
VDC Connection
Wooden
bridge
Suspension
Bridge
Motarable
Bridge Length
Okhle Dhamelikuwa
Bhandarithok
Gorkha
1 63.7
Naringhat Dhamelikuwa Purkot Tanahu 1 124.6
Chepeghat Dhamelikuwa Palungtar Gorkha 1 91
Kaliraha Dhamelikuwa Palungtar Gorkha 1
Chilli Khola Pyarjung Kolki 1 36.5
Dhulpure
Bridge Pyarjung
Kolki 1 35
Borang Khola Bhalyakharka Bhalyakharka-7 - 1 -
Borang Khola Bhalyakharka Bhalyakharka 4-9 - 1 -
Borang Khola Bhalyakharka
Bhalyakharka 4-
Gorkha -
1 - 49
Soti Bhalyakharka
Bhalyakharka-Harmi
Gorkha -
1 -
Dobhan Bhalyakharka Bhalyakharka -Kolki 1 -
Ekle Julunge
pool Chakratirtha
Aapiple Gorkha 1

3.Electricity
•Most of the people living here are facilitated with electricity from
national electricity grid .
•Some use solar energy and gas plant for electricity service.
•Many people of Pyarjung and Mauriyakot are deprived of
electricity service.

4.Communication
•Major means of communication -mobile phone.
•no landline -municipality.
Graph showing the communication Medium in Rainas Municipality

5.Irrigation
Rainas Irrigation planning:
•Water source : Chepe River
•Main Canal: 14.5km. , Branch Canal: 5km.
•Command Area: 850 hectare
•Benefitted land: Rainas Municipality, ward no.:
3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 (Bhalayakharka, Chakratirtha, Dhamilikuwa)
•Benefitted Population: 11666
•Main crops: wheat, maize, potato, paddy, mustard, seasonal
vegetable.
•Cropping Intensity: 230% (before: 100%)

5.Irrigation
Pangre-Harrabot Irrigation Planning:
•Water source: Tardi Khola
•Main canal: 8km., Branch canal: 500km.
•Command area: 390 hectare
• Benefitted land: Rainas Municipality, ward no.: 1,2
(Tarkughat)
•Benefitted population: 2893
•Main corps: wheat, maize, potato, paddy, mustard, seasonal
vegetable.
•Cropping Intensity: 200% (Before: 130%)

6. Water Supply
Source
•Piped water
•Well/ Kuwa
•River/Pond/Canal

6. Water Supply
Graph showing Source of Water Supply

6. Water Supply
Graph showing Ward wise Distribution of Source of water supply

6. Water Supply
Graph showing Water Purification method used

Graph showing Building Construction Type

Graph showing Construction material of Load Bearing Building

BACKGROUNDSOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE

•Health post / Sub health Post
•Post Office
•Pashu Sewa Kendra
•Krishi Bikash Bank
•Jila Aayurbed Aausadhalaya
•Police station – 2nos
Government institutions
Rainas Municipality OfficePolice Station at Chakratirtha

Non-Government institutions
Child Club
• 20 child club according to VDC profile (2067 B.S)
Youth Club
• Samaj Kalyan Yuwa Club
• Navikaran Yuwa Club
• Savya Srijan Yuwa Club
• Sunaulo Bihani Yuwa Club

Non-Government institutions
Community Based Organization (CBO)
• Numerous child clubs, women’s group, and cooperatives
working in the municipality.
• Women’ group also known as Aama Samuha has been
established for increasing income of the women and for their
empowerment.
• There are other community based organizations working for
welfare of housing old aged group.

Educational institutions
Table showing list of Educational institute
Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

LANDUSE
•Rainas Municipality can
broadly be divided into
various land use category
• Land use of agriculture and
Forests area, with compact
settlement on various
designated area, and water
body as Marsyangdi, Chepe
and Tarte River.
•The built-up areas can be
divided into residential,
commercial, institutional,
industrial, and recreational
areas.
Land Use
Area
(Ha) %age
Built-up 665.76 9.12
Bush 86.14 1.18
Cultivation 3747.81 51.34
Forest 2588.51 35.46
Grass 50.17 0.69
Orchard 0.94 0.01
River/ Stream 76.54 1.05
Sand 82.87 1.14
Others 1.27 0.02
Total 7300.00 100.00

SETTLEMENT PATTERN
•settlement has developed on the plain areas along the main
road to the upper slopes of Rainaskot.
•settlement clusters emerging as the ribbon development -Along
the roads connecting Dhamilikuwa to Bhalayakharkha

SETTLEMENT PATTERN
•emerging commercial areas are Tarkughat, Panchbhai Chautari,
Syauli, Tinpiple, Alkatar, Borangkhola, Kundule and Borang.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
• consists of Jungle, slope hills, plain flat land and river
• warm climate in plains in lower altitude and cooler climate
up hills
• Rich in natural resources like forest, flora and fauna, herbs,
water bodies, wildlife etc

Forest
• help to keep ecosystem in balance
• one of the main resources of Rainas municipality
• Almost 35.46% of municipality area is occupied by forest
• Well preserved
• forest area is covered with trees such as Bankarela, Harro,
Bari, Tetepati, Bet, Gurjo, Gurjango etc

S.N Name of Community Forest VDC Name
Area
(Hector )
1 Rani ban Bhalayakharka 34.25
2 Odalpato Bhalayakharka 14
3 Kaprechaur Bhalayakharka 54.15
4 Suryodaya Bhalayakharka 31.78
5 Satidevi Bhalayakharka 136.45
6 Dundure Dhanpakha Bhalayakharka 16.25
7 Pangate Community Forest Pyarjung 40.54
8 Lama gaun Community Forest Pyarjung 57.54
9 Samlekot Community Forest Pyarjung 54.43
10 Mandali Community Forest Pyarjung 16.1
11 Sani Pokhari community Forest Pyarjung 21.47
12 Silapathar Community Forest Pyarjung 7.26
13 Manichakra Community Forest Pyarjung 17.24
14 chakratirtha forest Chakratirtha 64.55
15 Deworali Chakratirtha 37.91
16 Jhakri than Chakratirtha 119.85
17 Aapchaur Dhamilikuwa 122.5
18 Lupu Gaun Dhamilikuwa 137.19
19 Salfedi Dhamilikuwa 21.11
20 Simalchau Ranighat Dhamilikuwa 61.84
21 Garambesi Dhamilikuwa 23.55
22 Chamfawoti Dhamilikuwa 37.7
23 Gauritar Dhamilikuwa 28.14
24
Shree Marshyandi Community Forest
Majhigaun
25
Shree Kataharbari Community Forest
Harrabot
26
Shree Nabojotyi Community Forest
Harrabot
27
Shree Kalika Community Forest
Sika
28
Shree Mahadev Community Forest
Sika
29
Shree Ananpurna Community Forest
Sika
30
Shree Taleju Community Forest
Sika
31
Shree Pipaltari Community Forest
Pipaltar
32
Shree Kalamata Community Forest
Tarkughat
List of Forests

Rivers and Water Bodies
• Chepe River
• Marsyangdi River
• Various ponds and water conduits
Ward-1: Kataharbari Padhero
Ward-3: Dhamilikuwa
Ward-9: Thuli Pokari -dried &converted into football ground
Ward-10: Katkate Padhero
Ward-13: Magar pani Padhero
Ward-13: Ritthe pani Padhero
Ward-13: Patle pani Padhero
Ward-14: Kaure pani Padhero
Ward-14: Kuwa pani Padhero
• in critical conditions due to lack of maintenance and change in
environmental condition

Wild lives and vegetations
• rich in biodiversity
• wild animals like leopard, bear, fox, squirrel, bat, monkey, wild
cat etc
• major birds like crow, dove, owl, eagle, crane, duck, and swan
• among 700 herbs known , 200 types of herbs are available like
Dubo, Jhingeraj, Pipla, Sabo, Gurjo, Tulshi, Babari, Gudargano,
Amala, Harro-barro, Simali, Bell, Akashay Beli, Gaitihare, Aloe
Vera, Pudina etc
• rich in flora and fauna
• dozens of flowers found like Rhododendron, rose, lily, hibiscus,
jasmine, marigold, lalupate, tulip etc

Agriculture
• 51.34% of total area of the municipality is occupied by
cultivation land
• potential in agriculture as it has flat fertile lands along bank of
the Chepe River which are facilitated by two irrigation canals
• fertile land is capable of producing paddy two times a year

• land on the upper hills not facilitated by irrigation has to
depend on monsoon rain for the cultivation
• capable of producing varieties of crops, fruits and vegetables
like maize, paddy, millet, wheat, mango, litchi, orange,
jackfruits, cucumber etc
• started growing Black cardamom (Alaichi).

Solid Waste Management
•Almost 82% of household dispose 1-3 kg of solid waste followed
by 3-6 kg and very few disposes more than 6kg of solid waste
daily

• Majority of people themselves manage the solid waste by
burning and burying it.
•municipality does not have any solid waste collection system and
allocated landfill site.
•People in the urbanizing areas throw their garbage in the open
area which has resulted in pollution

• Majority of people (75%) convert the solid waste into compost
•Composting not only solves the environmental degradation
problem and prevents pollution but also gives healthy agricultural
products

Sewerage and Sanitation
• almost every house in the municipality has their own latrines
86.62% has outside and 11.62% has inside
•Only 0.88 % lack latrines especially in squatter settlement

• 90% have permanent and almost 9% have temporary pit latrines
•Rainas Municipality along with the whole Lamjung District has
already been declared as Open Defecation Free Area in 2072 BS

• almost 96% have their own septic tank and only about 1%
uses sewerage connection system
•35% of the population uses their sewerage along with
animal excreta to generate Gover gas
•helps in managing sewerage and also making themselves
sustainable

DISASTER
LANDSLIDE
EARTHQUAKE WIND AND STORM
FLOODFIRE HAZARD

Definition
•According to Wikipedia- “disaster as a serious disturbance of the
functioning of a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources.“
• developing countries such as Nepal suffer most when disaster
takes place>> 95% deaths and losses are 20 times greater
• Nepal is extremely vulnerable to to the natural disaster
the impacts of climatic change
the unplanned development activities
• Rainas municipality of Lamjung >>> located in central Nepal
due to its topography and land pattern, there is significant risk of
natural hazards.

Flood
• Marsyangdi, is the major river drains from the north to the
south of the municipality. It in turn fed by numerous
tributaries including Chepe River.
• Flood is not the major
problem
• half of theriver water is passes
through irrigation canal.
• Also there is no settlement
along the river bank which
prevent loss of lives during
water level increment.
• However, during monsoon,
river water sweeps away the
land parts along the riverbank

Landslides
• Landslide is the major natural disaster
• series of landslides has occurred in the slopes along the Chepe
River
• Landslide is the result of different other natural disaster such
as flood, deforestation and earthquake.
• different development activities like construction of irrigation
canal and of rural road also trigger the risk of landslide in this
areas.

Earthquake
•Mega earthquake of 25th April 2015 had affected most parts of
Rainas municipality such as Mohoriyakot, Dhamilikuwa,
Chakratirtha, and Tarkughat.
•From building survey, we found 67.78% of housed were partially
damage, 18.49% of houses were fully damaged
• main reason of this destruction is the age and structure of the
buildings
• Load bearings buildings are
Severely affected rather than
RCC framed structure

Drought
• Another major hazard in most of the areas of Rainas
municipality
•The upper area of municipality such as Mohoriyakot, Pyarjung,
Tarkughat and Bhalayakharka is experiencing severe water
scarcity
•water resources has dried out so people have to travel a lot in
order get drinking water
•Lack of water has also affected the agricultural pattern of upper
areas
• also acts as the major reason for migration of people to lower
areas such as Dhamilikuwa and Chakratirtha.
• one of the reason to initiate fire in forest

Fire Hazards
•fire hazard take place very occasionally in Rainas municipality
• main reason of fire hazard in lack of awareness and traditional
misconception.
•But this year, drought act as the major reason for fire in forest
Wind and Storm
•Another natural hazard is wind and storm which takes place
during the month of Chaitra abd Baisakh
•People loss there life and property
•Also create other problems such as obstruction of roads,
damage of electrical poles which affect the day to day activities
of local people

LINKAGE
• No town produces all the goods required for itself within its
boundary
• Transfer of goods and manpower between cities.
• Rainas municipality is developing as center for undeveloped VDCs
and nearby district Gorkha.
• Exchange of any of such has direct impact in economic
development of the region
• Rainas Developing Phase
• No proper road connection
• Rainas can be taken as rural area

LINKAGE
• Rely on other cities like Narayanghat, Kathmandu, Dumre,
Besisahar and others
• Linkage between cities and Rainas can be considered as urban-
rural linkage
• ‘Engines' that drive economic, social and cultural transformations
• Rural-urban interactions include:
• Linkages across space (such as flows of people, goods, money,
information and wastes)
• Linkages between sectors (for example, between agriculture and
services and manufacturing).

LINKAGE
Rainas Municipality
• Manpower
• Cash Crops
• Health service
• Education
Besi sahar
Chitwan
Kathmandu
Dumre
• Consumable Goods
• Quality manpower
• Technology
• Cultural degradation
Linkage with Cities

LINKAGE
Trend Of Internal Migration

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
• Identified through data collected from household survey and
its analysis
1. Water supply problems
• 36.09% - Sever water problem
• 25.18% - No water problem
• 38.56% - House hold taps
• 21.65% - Community tap
• Remaining fetch directly from source
2. Solid waste disposal problems
• 81.87% produce 1-3 kg waste
• 14.79% produce 3-6 kg
• 96.83% buries in their own compound
• 75.18% converts into compost

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
3. Problems of health facilities
• 46.03% - Uses hospital
• 49.03% - Uses clinic and health post
• 76.23% - Uses maternal health services
• 100% children were vaccinated
4. Problem of educational facilities
• 20.60% - Literate
• 21.23% - Illiterate
• 5.28% - Primary education
• 8.97% - Lower secondary education
• 27.46% - Secondary education
• 10.74% - Higher secondary education
• 4.40% - Bachelor’s degree
• 1.05% - Master’s degree

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
5. Problem of accessibility
• 0% - Blacktopped
• 13.73% - Stone paved
• 20.95% - Graveled
• 41.20% - Earthen
• 23.94% - Trial
• 30.99% - <1 m
• 36.30% - 1-3.5m
6. Unemployment problem
• Vicious circle is created due to this problem
• 63% outside municipality

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
7. Migration problem
Upper part of municipality to lower part of municipality
• 35.66% - Domestic reason
• 9.79% - Education
• 13.29% - Employment
• 11.89% - Business
• 2.09% - Marriage
Outside municipality
• 56.17% - Kathmandu
• 4.53% - Besisahar
• 3.02% - Gorkha
• 5.48% - Pokhara
• 0.56% - Biratnagar
• 0.37% - Birgunj

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
• 0.56% - Nepalgunj
Outside Nepal
• 58.36% - Middle East
• 16.09% - India
• 45.77% - Responded migration as problem
8. Farming
• No trainings and subsidiary for farmers – Banana farming
• Bananas infested by insects and discourage
• No agriculture meter for fish farmers by NEA
• Have to pay more due to this
• No permanent source of water for fish farming

SWOT ANALYSIS
• Acronym for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat
• Developed for business for adopted for planning too.
• Data collected to be arranged as
• Strength : Characteristics that give advantage over
others.
• Weakness : Characteristics at a disadvantage relative to
others.
• Opportunities : element that could exploit to its advantage
• Threats : element that could cause trouble
• Strength and Weakness are internal, Opportunity and Threats
are external

SWOT ANALYSIS
OPPORTUNITY THREATS
STRENGTH Strength – Opportunity
Strategies
Strength – Threat
strategies
WEAKNESS Weakness –
Opportunity Strategies
Weakness – Threat
Strategies

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
• Agriculture
• Availability of water for
irrigation
• Natural beauty
• Presence of historical places
like mohariya kot and Rainash
kot
• Forest and medical herbs
• Greenery of the municipality
• Lack of infrastructures like water
supply, health services, drainage
system and road networks
• Unemployment
• Improper waste disposal
• Less no of schools
• Landline telecommunication not
available
• High terrain topography
• Low institutional capacity
OPPORTUNITY THREATS
• Market of besisahar Kathmandu
and nearby towns
• Tourism, paragliding
• Located approximately at the
middle of country
• Virgin land for development
• Pokhara and Bandipur attracting
more tourist
• Out migration to large cities
• Barren agricultural land
• Haphazard development due to
lack of bye laws
• Besisahar as a threat

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH – OPPORTUNITY STRATEGIES
• Supplying agricultural products to nearby towns
• Developing historical places as tourism centers
• developing trekking routes on the upper part of
municipality
• Supplying forest products and medical herbs to nearby
towns
• These nearby towns can be used as base for exporting
products mentioned in above points
• Central location of Lamjung can be used for supplying local
products all over Nepal
• Optimum use of land through land use planning
STRENGTH – THREAT STRATEGIES
• Developing tourism center in municipality to attract some
tourist going to nearby towns so that their visit to can be
prolonged in Nepal
• Creating job opportunities from agriculture, herbs and
forest products so as to minimize the out migration from
municipality
• Using job opportunities generated from tourism
development to stop the out migration form the
municipality
• Converting barren agricultural land back to agriculture
land through the initiation of local government with
participatory approach

SWOT ANALYSIS
WEAKNESS – OPPORTUNITY STRATEGIES
• Taking help from nearby towns to develop infrastructure
• Reducing unemployment from the jobs created through
newly developed sectors
WEAKNESS – THREAT STRATEGIES
• Initially providing home stay facilities for tourists so as to
improve the initial condition of municipality and
developing tourist facilities on long run to develop tourism
on full capacity

SWOT ANALYSIS
Short term strategies
• Flowing of information about historical places and natural
beauties of municipalities through different medias
• Tourism related training to the people which includes tourist
guide training, guides for he trekkers tourism institutes related
training
• Concession in different kinds of tax imposed in municipality so
that agriculture and tourism can be promoted in municipality.

SWOT ANALYSIS
Long term strategies
• Establishing of forest and agriculture product collection
centers at different locations along the ring road as per the
requirement in the municipality
• Development of trekking routes on the upper part of the
municipality
• Government helping private sectors for preparing base for
exporting products form Rainash which can be exported
outside Nepal
.

SWOT ANALYSIS
• Since lower part of municipality have good quality of soil with
good irrigation facility, agricultural land at those places to be
preserved and settlement to be provide at the upper part of
the municipality
• Since there are high amount of agricultural land barren,
facilities and encouragement programs should be created for
the farmers to convert them into agriculture land. This will in
turn increase the productivity of the municipality and help in
generating revenue of the municipality.

SWOT ANALYSIS
• Since municipality don’t have required qualified manpower
and resources to develop the infrastructures like
communication, water supply etc, and helps from nearby
towns should be taken so as to initiate their development.
• After the development of new sectors which is tourism and
improvement of existing sector which is agriculture different
new sectors can be created like tourist guides, paragliding,
trekking guides, hotels for tourist, restaurants, selling local
products to tourists. In case of agriculture, different kinds of
cash crops suitable according to season, transportation of
agriculture products to different towns nearby.

SWOT ANALYSIS
• After the development of new sectors which is tourism and
improvement of existing sector which is agriculture different
new sectors can be created like tourist guides, paragliding,
trekking guides, hotels for tourist, restaurants, selling local
products to tourists. In case of agriculture, different kinds of
cash crops suitable according to season, transportation of
agriculture products to different towns nearby.

CONCLUSION
•SWOT analysis showed that agriculture, tourism and central location
of Lamjung are one of the strong factor that can help Rainas to self-
sustain and develop further
•Water supply, solid waste, health facilities, educational facilities,
accessibility, unemployment and migrations were detected as problems
of Rainas municipality
•no ward offices in respective wards and it is very difficult for people to
reach the municipality office due to lack of vehicular accessibility.
•People not satisfied with declaration of municipality due to
insufficient infrastructure available
•Due to unemployment active population are migrating to areas with
more employment opportunities.
•Health services are not sufficient and are not accessible to people in
remote areas.

CONCLUSION
SNO FACILITES PERCENTAGE
1 Water supply to house hold 38.65
23 People using water without filtration 68.31
4 Waste buried in compound by households 96.83
5 Household using hospital 46.03
6 Household using maternal service 76.23
7 Illiterate population 21.13
8 Earthen road 41.20
9 Road width less than 1 meter 36.80
10 Outside country migration 37
•Although people of Rainas are engaged in agriculture, they are not
able to benefit economically due to absence of market for agricultural
products.
•Children have to walk for hours everyday for education.
• High level education facility is not available in the area.
•So proper planning has to be done in order to solve these problems.

PRESENTED BY: 072/MSU/BATCH
THANK YOU

Rainas Municipality Profile Presented

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