5. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1) RESEARCH
QUESTION
2) HYPOTHESIS
3) RESEARCH DESIGN
4) POPULATION &
SAMPLE
5) TOOLS
6) PROCEDURES
7) ANALYSIS OF DATA
8) LIMITATION &
DELIMITATION
9)Conclusion,
Recommendations
10) References
7. A FEW TERMS
VARIABLES
a) Independent
b) dependent
CONTROL GROUP(Comparison
group)
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP(treatment
group)
The independent variable is the variable that
is controlled and manipulated by the
experimenter.
The dependent variable is the variable that is
measured by the experimenter.
The control group is composed of
participants who do not receive the
experimental treatment.
An experimental group, receives the
treatment whose effect researchers wish to
study
8. TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASIC VS. APPLIED
QUANTITATIVE Vs. QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE - Correlational, experimental and quasi-
experimental
QUALITATIVE - Descriptive (Observation, case study)
9. QUANTITATIVE
CORRELATIONAL design which measures a relationship between two or more variables
without the researcher controlling them. It aims to find out whether there is a positive or
negative correlation. It does not imply causation.
EXPERIMENTAL - involves manipulating one variable to determine whether
changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. It relies on controlled
methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a
hypothesis.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL - without the random assignment of
participants to conditions or orders of conditions
10. TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS
Descriptive
Exploratory
CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS
Relational (Correlational)
Causal (includes Experimental)
11. TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Makes comparison over
time. It involves repeated
observation of the same
sample and variables over a
short or long periods of
time. Same group
compared.
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Makes comparison at a
single point in time. Examine
different samples of the
population at one time in
point. Different groups
compared. Easy.
13. POINTS TO CONSIDER
● RELEVANT
● POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Ethical issues, existing rules
and regulations, availability,
payment etc.)
● INCLUSION OF
INTERVENTION -Its
feasibility)
● EQUIPMENT
● AVAILABILITY OF
VALID TOOLS
● TIME
● COST
14. FRAME A RESEARCH QUESTION
Ask a few questions before you prepare the research questions -
TOPIC, WHO, WHAT , WHERE etc. For Example
Topic - stress Who - High School students What - Academic
achievement
Where - District of Palakkad
Research question - How does stress affect the academic achievement
among the high school students of palakkad district ?
15. Contd.
Ask a few more question yourself before proceeding
1) Are you planning for an interventional or relational study
2) Whether the sample will be available
3) Availability of valid tools
Besides it, think about the other points regarding the feasibility of the
research question.
16. A FEW EXAMPLES
● What is the role of social media on the
development of gender bias among adolescents in
India?
● What is the parenting styles among tribal primary
school children in the state of Madhya Pradesh?
● How does stress inoculation training influence the
emotional well being among working women ?
● What is the role of emotional intelligence on the
academic achievement among college students ?
18. TITLE
Avoid the use of articles (a,the). Eg. The impact of…..(avoid “The”)
Should not be more than 12 words in length
Should be self explanatory
Brief but should communicate the variables
It should communicate what the research paper is about.
Avoid using phrases like “A study on..”
19. A FEW TITLES
● Impact of social media on the development
of gender bias among adolescents.
● Parenting styles among tribal children in
Madhya Pradesh.
● Impact of stress inoculation training on
emotional well being among working
women.
● Emotional intelligence and academic
achievement among college students.
(Try to classify them - types of research)
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Editor's Notes
Impact of emotional intelligence training on academic achievement
Basic research tends to focus more on "big picture" topics, such as increasing the scientific knowledge base around a particular topic. Applied research tends to drill down more toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now..Study on cognition its elements. Applied- impact of stress on Academic achievement.. In quantitative research we quantify the variables, uses statistical analysis. Eg. impact of EI on AA. In qualitative we may use an interview to analyse the consumer behaviour.
Correlational - We study the relation between height and weight. Does not reach into conclusion. Positive or negative correlation. Experimental- mostly interventional studies. Like impact Ei training on AA
Descriptive - surveys, field studies, interviews etc. are used mostly here. Consumer behaviour in a supermarket..
Exploratory - to have a better understanding of the situation. For eg. A study on parenting styles among tribal children.
Descriptive - surveys, field studies, interviews etc. are used mostly here. Consumer behaviour in a supermarket..
Exploratory - to have a better understanding of the situation. For eg. A study on parenting styles among tribal children.
Qualitative but can use qualitative methods too 2) Exploratory 3)Experimental 4) correlational
A few terms independent and dependent variables, types of research and research questions, type of studies ( cross sectional and longitudinal), feasibility of research question, points to consider, a few examples, changing it into a title.,