2. Content Standard Performance
Standard
Learning Competencies
The learner demonstrates understanding
of:
1. the characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses,
and kinds of
quantitative research
2. the importance of
quantitative research
across fields
3. the nature of variables
The learner is able to
…
decide on
suitable
quantitative
research in
different
areas of
interest.
The learner …
1. describes characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, and kinds
of quantitative research
CS_RS12-Ia-c-1
2. illustrates the importance of
quantitative research across fields
CS_RS12-Ia-c-2
3. differentiates kinds of variables and
their uses
CS_RS12-Ia-c-3
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
3. Practical Research II
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Session Objectives
This lecture-workshop aims to capacitate teachers with the
curriculum content, teaching strategies/pedagogies, and learning
assessment of Practical Research 2 specifically on:
Nature of Inquiry & Research
4. Activity 1 (by group)
Differentiate Inquiry from Research
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
5. • Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’.
When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe
or examine something (HOTS questions)
• Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of
thinking, starting from particular to more complex ideas, execute
varied thinking acts that range from lower-order to higher order
thinking strategies reflected by the steps in the research process.
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Abstraction
6. Determine whether inquiry or research is applicable to the given situations:
1. A person wants to know the occupant of one condominium.
2. A student wants to know the medicinal effects of guava leaves.
3. Mr. Cruz wants to know the technique to make his electric fan function
instantly.
4. Professor Gomez wants to discover the impact of social networking on
his students’ learning abilities.
5. Aling Rosa wants to know the reason behind the decrease of her sales for
the day.
6. A businessman wants to find out which between these two marketing
strategies: free tasting and attractive packaging could increase daily
sales.
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Application
8. Characteristics of Quantitative Research
What is research?
• Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge
Keywords: systematic (with a system or method, the scientific
method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)
What is quantitative research?
• Uses quantities and numbers (scores, ratings, frequencies,
percentages, prices) to denote particular thing
• Numerical – pertaining to or denoting a number or symbol to express
characteristics of the thing being studied
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
9. • Objective research, only the real or factual, not the emotional or
cognitive existence of the object matters greatly to the artist
• analogous to scientific or experimental thinking
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
10. Classify the following word/group of words if it is strength or
weakness of quantitative research:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Strengths Weaknesses
Precise Uses Statistical Tool Inadequacy of Numbers
Less than 100% Accuracy Assumptions in Statistical Methods
Less prone to sampling bias Error can be Computed
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Activity 2
11. • Precision of numbers
• Level of significance (statistical) can be determines – that results are
not due to chance alone
• Sample is less prone to sampling bias
• Error can be computed, e.g., sampling error
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Strengths of Quantitative Research
• Inadequacy of numbers for total picture and depth of analysis
• Less than 100% accuracy in sampling, instrument construction and
administration
• Assumptions in statistical methods
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
12. • Rigor in doing quantitative research procedures
• Addition of qualitative analysis using quotes of subjects (persons from
whom data are collected) to support statistical results
Addressing Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
13. • Helps solve recurring, long-term real-life problems, not emergencies!
• Provides data for better understanding of real-life concerns and
issues, individual or group (community, national, international)
• Makes recommendations to improve existing situations or realities
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Importance of Practical Research
14. • A variable varies and has values. The values of variables under
study are the research data.
• Are these variables?
chair
shape of table
tweet
shirt style
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
What is a variable?
15. NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Kinds of Data (Values of Variables)
Ratio
Ordi
nal
Inter
val
Cate
gori
cal
16. 1. Ratio Data: most precise, e.g., 0-100 Zero is zero
Examples: temperature, age, height, weight
2. Interval Data: numbers have equal interval, zero is not necessarily
zero
Examples: test score, rating
3. Ordinal Data: ranks; intervals may not be equal; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, …
4. Categorical Data: least precise – categories
Examples: male/female, Catholic/Protestant/Muslim
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Kinds of Data (Values of Variables)
17. NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Two Kinds:
• Experimental
• true experimental, quasi-experimental, single subject, & pre-
experimental
• Quasi-experimental: matched comparative group, time series, and
counterbalanced quasi-experimental
• Non-experimental
• survey, historical, observational, correlational, descriptive, and
comparative research
Classification of Quantitative Research
18. • Descriptive survey
does not manipulate variables, describes patterns of data in
percentages, mean, median, and mode
• Correlation Causal
Correlation study determines relationship between two
variables: positive or negative; high, moderate, or low relationship
Causal study determines causation, dependence of variable on
one or more variables, stronger relationship than correlation
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research
19. • Experimental (many designs)
True Experimental Design
Experimental Group R O1 X O2
Control Group R O1 O2
Where:
R = randomly sampled individuals in group
O1 = pretest (before treatment)
X = treatment or intervention
O2 = posttest (after treatment)
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research
20. • Quasi-Experimental (intact groups)
Two Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Experimental Group O1 X1 O2
Control Group O1 X2 O2
Where:
O1 = pretest X1 = treatment or intervention
O2 = posttest X2 = existing condition with slight changes
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research
21. NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Differentiate quantitative from qualitative
research.
22. Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Mental survey of reality Results from social
interactions
Exists in the physical
world
Cause-effect relationship Explained by people’s
objective desires
Revealed by automatic
descriptions of
circumstance or
conditions
Researcher’s involvement
with the object or subject
of the study
Subjective; sometimes
personally engaged
Objective; least
involvement by the
researcher
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Source: Baraceros, E. Practical Research 2, 1st Ed. April 2016. Rex Bookstore. pp.9-10.
23. Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Expression of data, data
analysis, and findings
Verbal language (words,
visuals, objects)
Numerals, statistics
Research plan Takes place as the
research proceeds
gradually
Plans all research aspects
before collecting data
Behavior toward research
aspects/ conditions
Desires to preserve the
natural setting of
research features
Control or manipulation
of research conditions by
the researcher
Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Source: Baraceros, E. Practical Research 2, 1st Ed. April 2016. Rex Bookstore. pp.9-10.
24. Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Purpose Makes social intentions
understandable
Evaluates objective and
examines cause-effect
relationships
Data-analysis
technique
Thematic codal ways,
competence-based
Mathematically based
method
Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific,
or systematic
Sampling technique More inclined to purposive
sampling or use of chosen
samples based on some criteria
Random sampling as
the most preffered
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Source: Baraceros, E. Practical Research 2, 1st Ed. April 2016. Rex Bookstore. pp.9-10.
25. • Give the importance of quantitative research
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Application
26. 1. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative
research?
2. What are the different types of variables and give example for each.
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Evaluation
27. By group:
Formulate quantitative research questions out of the given qualitative
questions:
1. What noontime TV program ranks as the most watched program all
over the Philippines?
2. What stand did the student leaders express about their school’s
new policy on tardiness and absences of students?
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Activity 3 (Group Output)
28. • What teaching pedagogy / strategy do you think is appropriate in
teaching this content: Nature of inquiry and research?
• What possible learning assessment method/tool should be used to
effectively measure students’ performance
NATURE OF INQUIRY & RESEARCH
Activity 4
