2. CONCEPT OF RESEARCH
To re-search
To re-examine
To investigate
To test
To enquire
3. CONCEPT OF RESEARCH contd.
The concept of research in the Bible
Deut. 13:12-14 – enquire, search, ask diligent
questions, analyze and conclude
Jer. 17.10 The Lord search the heart and test the mind
1 Thess. 5:21 – Prove all things and hold fast that
which is true
4. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is an investigative process of finding reliable
solution to a problem through a systematic selection,
collection, analysis and interpretation of data relating to
the problem
in order words research is all activities that makes us
discover new knowledge about things around us.
5.
6. PROCESS OF RESEARCH
Identifying a problem
Defining the problem in precise terms in unambiguous
terms
Stating the problems in form of research questions and
research hypotheses
Designing the research
Collecting data
Analyzing data
8. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
To test what you already know
To understand the other side of an issue
To establish reliable guide
To expand knowledge
To predict, explain and interpret a behaviour
To provide solution to a problem
9. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
i. Classification by purpose
ii Classification by method.
iii Classification based on type of
evidences required and method of
analysis.
10. Classification by purpose
i. Basic (Pure) research
ii Applied research.
iii. Action research
iv. Evaluation research
v. Research and Development (R & D
11. Classification by purpose contd.
Basic [Pure] Research: This is concern with the
production of result and finding which lead to
development of theory.
Applied Research: This is conducted for the purpose
of applying or testing theory and evaluate its
usefulness in solving problems. It is concerned with
the usefulness of ideas or theories or practical
situation.
12. Classification by purpose contd.
Action Research: is a research that is directed
towards solving specific problem in a local setting .it is
usually taken by a teacher or group of teacher in school
to solving specific problem so that the result can be
generalized.
Evaluation Research: the results of evaluation
research help in decision making .
13. Classification by purpose contd.
Research and Development: This is aimed at
developing and testing product to ensure their
effectiveness.
14. Classification of Research by Method
Historical
Descriptive (survey)
Correlational
Experimental
Casual-comparative (ex-post-facto)
15. Historical Research
This type of research is based on oral evidence records such
as diaries, case history, autobiography, logbook; Books,
Journals, magazines etc are also useful documents.
Descriptive Research
It is also called a survey research. This type of research is
based on information, interviews, (oral, written,
structured, unstructured etc), inventories, rating scales,
self report, observation etc. Descriptive research is aim at
fact finding of the present condition or current situation.
16. Correlational Research.
The correlational studies present a research approach
that seeks to explain educational phenomena rather
than mere stating the phenomena.
Experimental Research
This type of research involves conducting experiment
for research purpose. The experimental method
involves investigating possible cause and effect
relationship by exposing one or more experimental
groups to a treatment and one or more control groups
not receiving the treatment.
17. Causal-Comparative Research
Causal-comparative and experimental research
represent distinctly different methods, however both
attempt to establish cause-effect relationship, and
both involve group comparison.
18. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BASED ON EVIDENCIES
REQUIRED OR METHOD OR DATA ANALYSIS
There are three types of research based on evidences
required or method of data analysis. These are:
i. Qualitative - non computational
ii. Quantitative - Computational
iii. Triangulation of multiple perspectives.
21. CHOOSING A RESEARCH
TOPIC
A research topic is taken from research problem
What are the factors that can influence choice of research
topic:
The researcher’s discipline
Duration
Fund availability
Desire for in-depth knowledge
22. Availability of resources
Income derivable
WORDINGS OF RESEARCH TOPIC
A research topic should be:
- Appropriate
- Descriptive
- Simple and unambiguous
It must be short and straight forward
It must be large enough to cover the subject matter
Word limit per title 14-20
23. Ensure that each word is needed
Avoid work wasters e.g. studies on
Investigation on
Analysis of etc.
24. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC
It must be researchable i.e. problem
that can be investigated through
collection of data
It must have 2 or more interacting
variables
It must be an area of interest
25. WHAT IS A VARIABLE?
Any quality or quantity in which the researcher is
interested and which varies in the course of the research
e.g interest, skill, knowledge etc.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
The most frequent variable encounter in research are:
Independent
dependent.
26. TYPES OF VARIABLE
Independent variable – is also called manipulative or
treatment variable.
- it determine the nature or the occurrence of another
variable
- It is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher
- It presume to cause, influence or affect the outcome.
27. Dependent Variable: is also called outcome variable
It is a variable that the independent variable is presumed
to affect.
It is a variable that changes, appear or disappear as
researcher changes, remove or introduces the independent
variable.
28. Extraneous Variable
is a secondary independent variable, that is, other
independent variables or factor that may affect the
outcome of a research if not controlled. Eg. Moderator
variable.
Intervening Variable: cannot be manipulated or studied
directly because their effect cannot be measured or
manipulated.
29. EXAMPLES
Academic Procastination, Overconfidence and
Parental Unrealistic Expectations as correlates of
Academic Rebelliousness
Relationship between gender and academic
achievement of education students
30. INTRODUCTION - Background to
the Study
This part provides reader with background
information for the research
It establishes the issue or concern leading to the
research
It must create reader’s interest in the topic
It establishes the problem that lead to the study.
31. Suggested part of introduction
The research Problem
Studies that have addressed the problem
Deficiencies in the studies
The importance of the study
Statement of the problem
Objectives of the study
Research questions and
Research hypotheses
32. GUIDELINES FOR WRITING
INTRODUCTION
The opening sentence must be able to stimulate the
reader
As a general rule in quantitative research do not start
with a quotation
Avoid using idiomatic expression e.g The lecture
method remain a “Sacred Cow”
33. Consider numeric information
Clearly identify the research problem
Indicate why the problem is important citing references
that justify the need to study the problem
Narrow the focus to specific questions to be answered or
hypothesis to be tested.
34. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research objectives are stated after the statement
of the problem.
It helps to transform the research problem into a
testable form, indicating clearly in specific terms what
the researcher intends to achieve.
Languages use – to examine, to determine, to assess, to
find, etc
35. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Research questions are interrogative statements or
question that the researcher seeks to answer.
Characteristics of a research question are:
It must be clearly stated i.e. it must not make different
meaning to different people.
It should determine the type of data to be collected how and
were to collect the data from
It should provide focus and direction to the major issues in
the study.
36. Characteristics of a research
question are contd.
The question should be large enough to cover all the major
variables in the study.
EXAMPLE:
Effect of information utilization on the academic
performance of university students.
37. Example of Research Question
How does information utilization affect the academic
performance of the university students?
Will information utilization affect the academic
performance of male and female university students?
or
Will there be any significance difference in how
information utilization affect the academic
performance of male and female university students?
38. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Research hypothesis is a formal affirmative statement
predicting a single research outcome.
i.e. it predict the likely relationship between independent
variable and dependent variable.
Also suggest or guess answers to the research questions
before the study is embarked upon
39. RH
Hypothesis can be formulated in 2 forms: Null and
alternative.
Null hypothesis is stated in a negative form. Ho is use to
represent null hypothesis.
It is a non-directional hypothesis. It is non-directional
because it does not indicate a favourable or negative
expectation of the findings.
40. Alternative hypothesis stated in positive form.
This is a directional hypothesis and H1 is use to represent
alternative hypothesis.
It specifies the relationship between variables.