2. ο Solid wastes are the wastes arising from
human and animal activities, that are
normally solid and that are discarded as
useless or unwanted materials
3. ο Solid wasted include crockery, bottles,
plastics, and other wastes thrown out as
garbage.
ο Old Automobile spares, machines, etc,.
ο Building material wastes, settled solid
components of sewage, dead animals,
chemicals, paints from industries and crop
residue from agriculture, pathogenic
materials from hospitals, etc,.
4. SOURCES QUANTITY [Mt/annum]
Municipal wastes 25-39
Agricultural residues 350
Cattle manure 210
Poultry manure 3.3
Out of 30 Mt/annum of municipal wastes, 8.5 Mt/annum comes
out from nine metropolitan cities only. About 60-80% of these
wastes are collectes on daily basis and rest is left to deacy.
7. ο A sanitary landfill is designed to reduce the
amount of waste that leaks out in the
environment.
ο The landfill is lined with clay to prevent
leaching, methane produced by rotting of
garbage in the dump may need to be
vented to prevent possible fire or
explosion.
ο The methane thus collected is used for
electricity production.
ο The water leaching must be treated before
reaching ground water.
8.
9. ο Composting is a common practice of solid
waste disposal in rural areas for the
production of manure and biogas.
ο Composting is a process biological degradation
or breakdown of organic matter under aerobic
conditions.
ο The organic compost resulting from this
process makes a nutrient rich soil amendment
that aids water retention, slow soil erosion
and improves crop yeilds.
10.
11. ο The most quick & convenient method.
ο It reduces the amount of wastes that goes to
the landfill,
ο They can also generate electricity from the
heat generated by burning the garbage.
ο They are designed to burn thousands of
tonnes of wastes per day.
ο However, it causes pollution adding fly ash,
particulates and gases.
ο Wastes do not completely burn even at high
temp (1,300Β°C). The residues are taken to
landfill or sea to dispose.
12.
13. ο Recycling of wastes helps in reducing
pollution.
ο The materials that can be recycled collecte
from the wastes are paper, cloth, metals,
glass, rubber & plastics.
ο Other recyclable materials are cars,
electronic goods such as computers, etc.
14.
15. ο Any discarded material containing substances
known to be toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic
or teratogenic to humans or other life forms;
ignitable, explosive, or highly reactive is
called hazardous wastes.
ο The wastes containing certain chemicals,
metals and pathogenic organismsare also
hazardous in nature.
ο These can damage the environment as well
as endanger life at low cocentrations.
16.
17. ο Hazardous waste management costs heavily
therefore waste reduction should be
incorported.
1. Toxic substances should be replaced by
non-toxic substances.
2. Transferring the waste to some other
industry where they can be utilized in some
other ways.
3. Substituting the raw materials.
4. Recycling and reprocessing.
19. ο Wastes must be heated to about 1200ΒΊC for a
sufficient period to complete destruction.
ο The ash resulting is reduced in volume upto
90% and the rest is stored in a landfill.
ο Plenty of oxygen is added for quick and
complete burn.
ο Gaseous hydrocarbons are not consumed in
the incinerator.
ο Scrubbers and precipitators remove minerals,
particulate and other pollutants from the
stack.
20. ο Chemical treatment can transform toxic
substances to non-toxic substances.
ο Neutralization, removal of metals/halogens
& oxidation are few chemical processes.
ο Neutralization is followed in treating acidic
or alkaline wastes.
ο Acidic wastes is neutralized by slaked lime
Ca(OH)2, caustic soda (NaOH) or soda ash
(Na2CO3).
ο Alkaline wastes are neutralized by mineral
acid. eg. H2SO4 or HCl or with CO2.
21. ο Removal of metals is done by ion exchange,
membrane technique, reverse osmosis,
electrodialysis, activated carbon absorption
& precipitation.
22. ο Physical treatments tie up or isolate
substances.
ο Charcoal or resins filters absorb toxins.
ο Distillation separates hazardous components
from aqueous solutions.
ο Precipitation and immobilization in ceramics,
glass, or cement isolate toxins from the
environment.
23. ο Specific bacterial strains capable of
degrading the wastes breaking down into CO2
& water are used.
ο By using recombinant DNA technology new
microorganisms could be developed to feed
on specific hazardous wastes.
24.
25. ο Finally after treatment the hazardous wastes
are disposed by the following methods.
1. Landfilling
2. Incineration
3. Deep well injection
26. Guidelines:
ο The site must be located higher than 100
year flood plain.
ο Impermeable lines be installed to collect the
leachates.
ο Any leachate that is collected should be
pumped out and treated.
ο Monitoring wells are required to check the
quality of ground waters in the area.
27. Common wastes which can be disposed are:
ο Sludge from cyanide bearing wastes,
ο Sludge from phenol treatment,
ο Heavy metal containing wastes,
ο Ash from various treatment categories of
wastes,
ο Discarded containers.
28. ο A high temperature thermal oxidation, which
converts wastes into gases and combustible
substances.
ο This method is used to dispose combustible
liquids and solid hazardous wastes and
pesticides and petroleum refineries wastes.
ο It destroys pathogens & decomposes organic
compounds into CO2, H2O, etc.,
ο This process is adopted for wastes that
cannot be recycled or reused.
29. ο Developed in late 1800βs.
ο A specific kind of geological formation must
be needed for disposal.
ο The formation must be deep, providing space
& sandwiched between impermeable layers
of rock.
ο This method is very expensive and risky,
hence not followed in routine practice.
30.
31.
32. ο Biomedical wastes are wastes which are
generated during diagnosis, treatment or
immunization or in the research and testing
biologicals.
ο Hospital wastes are needles, syringes,
surgical gloves, bottles, blood and body
fluid, placenta and other body parts,
radioactive substances, cytotoxic drugs,
chemicals, etc.,
34. ο The wastes are disposed by burning it in
incinerator at 1200ΒΊC .
ο Other methods by using autoclave,
microwave, hydro wave, etc.,
ο Wastes burnt below 1200ΒΊC release toxic
pollutants like dioxins, furans which are
carcinogenic & suppress immune and
reproductive systems
35. ο Launching mass awareness campaign through
electronic and print media to inform clinics
and dispensaries to undertake proper
management of biomedical wastes.
ο Training of staffs towards proper segregation
of biomedical wastes is also necessary.