1. Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Pneumonectomy is defined as a surgical procedure to remove a lung. There are two types of
pneumonectomy: simple or traditional pneumonectomy and Extrapleural pneumonectomy. Simple
pneumonectomy is defined as removal of just the affected lung because of cancer and extrapleural
pneumonectomy defined as removal of the affected lung, plus the part of the diaphragm, the parietal
pleura and pericardium on the side, this is primarily used for treatment of malignant mesothelioma.
In the journal of thoracic and cardiovascular, it is stated that, "Chest wall resection is a safe and
effective therapeutic option in the management of localized chest wall recurrence of malignant
pleural mesothelioma."
There are many respiratory conditions associated with
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2.
3. Response Of The Human Cardiovascular System
The tilt study demonstrated the baroreflex response of the human cardiovascular system to changes
in posture. Expected decreases in BP, MAP, CO at 30 seconds post–tilt and immediate decreases in
SV and TPR as seen in Figures 2, 4, 6 and Table 1 were observed. These decreases were due to
increased pooling of blood in the lower limbs leading to lower venous return and subsequently
decreasing flow out of the heart. Furthermore, there was a reflexive response by the autonomic
nervous system in order to regain normal cardiovascular parameters mediated by the baroreceptors.
Going from supine to standing position induced changes in the hydrostatic pressure experienced by
the superior and inferior regions of the body. As tilt occurred blood began to pool in highly
distensible veins of the lower region. Because of this pooling phenomena there was an expected
reduction in venous return to the heart and subsequently a reduced CO (Fig. 5) as seen 30 seconds
post–tilt (Sherwood, 2013). This reduced CO exemplifies the Frank–Starling Law of the Heart
which states that reduced venous return will result in reduced CO by the heart (Sherwood, 2013).
The Frank–Starling Law can also explain lowered SV as seen in Figure 4. The only explanation to
why CO (a product of HR and SV) might have increased in this experiment immediately after tilt
was because HR (Fig. 1) significantly increased at the same time in comparison to the small
decrease in SV as seen in Figure 4. MAP and BP decreases were
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4.
5. Normal Heart Rate Chart
Normal Heart Rate Chart
The heart is an organ located just behind and slightly to the left of the breastbone, and pumps blood
through a network of veins and arteries known as the circulatory system. The right atrium is sent
blood from the veins, and delivers it to the right ventricle. It is then pumped to the lungs where it is
oxygenated. The left atrium collects the oxygen enriched blood from the lungs and delivers it to the
left ventricle, where it is pumped throughout the body, and the ventricle contractions create blood
pressure.
A pulse is the beating of the heart as it is felt through the walls of an artery, such as the radial artery
at the wrist. Pulse rates can also be felt and measured at the carotid artery located on the side of ...
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Heart Rate During Exercise
Your maximum heart rate is the highest heart rate that is achieved during strenuous exercise. One
method to calculate your approximate maximum heart rate is the formula: 220 – (your age) =
approximate maximum heart rate. For example, a 30 year old's approximate maximum heart rate is
220 – 30 = 190 beats/min.
You can maximize the benefits and reduce the risks when you are exercising within your target heart
rate zone. Your target heart rate when exercising is normally 60 to 80 percent of your maximum
heart rate. This may be increased or decreased depending on your health factors, and your health
care provider may want you to limit the target heart rate zone to 50 percent. However, it is not
recommended to exceed 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. Anything above 85 percent
increase risks to the orthopedic and cardiovascular system, with minimal added benefits from the
exercise.
Normal Maximum and Target Heart Rate Chart
The following table shows the approximate target heart rates for various age groups. Find the age
group closest to your age and find your target heart rate. The guidelines for moderately intense
activities is about 50–69% of your maximum heart rate, and hard physical activity is about 70% to
less than 90% of the maximum heart
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6.
7. Fallot Colostomy
The most common comorbid cardiac malformation is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). or tetralogy
of Fallot (TOF) and others are isolated defects. In Case of VSD the patency of the ductus arteriosus
can be maintained by the use of prostaglandin while the colostomy is established. Also the patent
foramen ovale may need to be enlarged by the balloon technique in the case of inadequate atrial
mixing. This is the only case where the cardiac lesion will have to be repaired before the ARM.
When EA/TEF is present also then many factors are involved in the treatment. Such as the ligation
or division of the distal TEF along with a colostomy. If the child has TOF the descending aorta may
be on the right side, making the definitive repair of the EA/TEF easier from the left thoracic
approach. A systemic–to–pulmonary shunt may be required Only in the presence of a cyanotic
cardiac lesion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are usually hemivertebrae present that will tilt the pelvis to a varying degree and when severe
then it may result in severe deformity of the lower body. The absence of several pelvic vertebrae is
more often associated with urinary incontinence than with bowel incontinence. At times the spinal
malformation may be very severe with lack of development of the sacrum and sacral nerve plexus, a
condition known as caudal regression or caudal dysgenesis sequence. In these instances, the baby's
buttocks are flat and the gluteal crease is barely discernable. The clinical import of this condition is
that the pelvic musculature and innervation are impossible to utilize. The establishment of an anal
opening on the perineum will result in a perineal colostomy with little or no bowel control and no
possibility of maintaining a colostomy bag seal. In these cases, establishment of a permanent
colostomy is required following separation of the distal bowel from the urogenital
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8.
9. Gas Exchange Or External Respiration
Gas exchange or external respiration is where we get oxygen from the air into the blood and remove
waste carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. Gas exchange happens in the lungs between the
alveoli (air sacs) and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries are located in
the moist thin walls of the alveoli. The alveoli give the lungs a really big surface area for diffusion
to take place. There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. When inhalation occurs oxygen is taken in
through the mouth and nose flowing along the trachea and bronchial tubes to the alveoli of the
lungs. The breathed in air, which is now rich with oxygen comes into contact with the blood in the
capillary network surrounding the alveoli, which
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10.
11. Pulmonary Embolism Research Paper
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is an obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs, usually due to a blood
clot. A saddle pulmonary embolism means that the obstruction or clot is blocking both sides of an
arterial branch of the lungs. We are all subject to developing a pulmonary embolism, but conditions
such as immobility, cancer, heart disease, and surgery can increase our risk. Some common signs
and symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain and cough. A pulmonary embolism can
threaten your life, but immediate treatment can greatly reduce the risk of death. In addition to
prompt treatment, we can all take measures to prevent blood clots by knowing our family history,
remaining mobile, and staying hydrated. PE's can be treated surgically, ... Show more content on
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A V/Q scan uses radioactive material to see how well air and blood are flowing to all areas of the
lung. A pulmonary angiography is an accurate, invasive test that is used to diagnose pulmonary
embolism. A trained specialist threads a catheter through the groin or arm to the blood vessels in the
lung. A dye is then injected so that a picture can be taken of the blood flow through the blood
vessels in the lungs. Not available at all hospitals, this test is administered by a trained specialist. A
spiral CT scan is a special type of x–ray that takes pictures of structures inside the body. A doctor
will inject a dye into a vein, which will allow the blood vessels in the lungs to be seen. This is a very
quick test and results are available shortly after the scan is completed. A MRI is a test utilizing radio
waves that shows pictures of organs and structures inside the body that may not show up on an x–
ray. To check for blood clots inside the heart and to view heart function, an echocardiogram may be
ordered. This test uses sound waves. It can also determine other possible causes for the symptoms
that are being experienced. A D–dimer is a blood test that measures a substance in the blood that is
released when a clot breaks up. High levels may indicate a clot. A
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12.
13. Chronic Bronchitis
The clinical findings that correlate with M.K's Chronic bronchitis are the chronic cough with sputum
and the fact that she has smoked for twenty–two years. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a daily
cough with sputum production for at least three consecutive months for two years in a row. Chronic
bronchitis is also usually associated with long term tobacco use. When you have COPD, the airways
of the lungs become inflamed and thickened which make them narrow. They can become clogged
with mucus and makes it difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. Which leads to persistent
coughing as your body tries to get rid of the extra mucus.
The type of treatment and recommendations that would be appropriate for M.K.'s chronic bronchitis
is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some things that we need and can do to help people reduce the chances of hypertension is make
them aware that eating healthy is a key prevention for hypertension and by having all the fast food
restaurants around is a reason that the US has a high rate of hypertension. A healthy diet consists of
eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish and low–fat dairy foods, and less saturated fat
and trans–fat. Exercising and maintain a healthy weight is another key component. Limiting alcohol
and smoking and controlling stress. High blood pressure can lead to other diseases including heart
failure and kidney disease.
According to the lipid panel, M.K. is also at risk for heart disease or stroke. Her total cholesterol is
242mg/dL which is high and increases her risk for heart disease. A normal range for cholesterol is
below 200mg/dL. A level of 201 to 240 mg/dL is borderline, and a level of more than 240 mg/dL is
high. Her HDL is 32mg/dL which is really bad. You want this to be as high as possible any level that
is 60 mg/dL or higher is good or normal, levels of 40 to 59 mg/dL is borderline and levels of less
than 40 mg/dL is low and bad, it increases your chances of heart disease.
An optimal LDL level for adults is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter, according to MedlinePlus.
An LDL level of 130–159 milligrams per deciliter is considered borderline high, while a level of
160–189 is considered high. An LDL level over 190 milligrams per deciliter is very
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14.
15. The Lymphatic System: A System Of Hubes That Go Across The...
The lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a system of thin tubes that go throughout the body. The tubes are called
lymphatic vessels.
The lymphatic system is similar to the circulation of blood – the tubes branch into every part of the
body like the arteries and veins that carry the blood also do, but the lymphatic tubes are much finer
and thinner and carry lymph which is clear and colourless.
Lymph is a fluid that flows around the body tissue. The lymph contains a high concentration of
lymphocytes (white blood cells).
Plasma leaks out of the capillaries to surround and bathe the body tissues. This then drains into the
lymph vessels. It is now known as tissue fluid.
Not all of the tissue fluid is then re–absorbed into the capillaries, excess tissue fluid is transferred
into the blood through the lymphatic system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Valves in the lymph vessels stop the lymph flowing backwards. Lymph glands make lymphocytes to
prevent infection. Along the lymph vessels are small nodes.
Lymph nodes are small bean like structures that filter out harmful substances. They contain immune
cells that can help stop infections by attacking and destroying germs in the lymph fluid. There are
lymph nodes in many parts of your body. They can be found in the chest, the neck, the pelvis, the
axillary region, the abdomen, the groin and behind the knee.
The lymphatic system participates in many functions. The lymphatic system drains fluid back from
the tissues into the bloodstream, fights infections, and also filters the blood and
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16.
17. Cardiac Overloads
Abstract
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute and depends on heart rate,
contractility, preload, and afterload. Understanding the supply and the practical relevance of each of
these four components is important in interpreting the values of cardiac output.
Afterload is the intraventricular pressure sufficient to open the aortic valve allowing ejection of the
ventricular contents, Or the load against which the ventricle contracts or otherwise stress the wall
during ventricular ejection.
On the right side, it is expressed as Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) and on the left side as
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (SVR). The greater the afterload, the lower the cardiac output, the
greater the pressure of the right atrium.
The higher the aortic pressure, the higher the LV afterload. It is usually measured at the end of
systole. The most common influence on afterload is vascular tone or resistance to blood flow. In
addition, other factors, such as valve stenosis or blood viscosity, can affect the afterload. Vascular
resistance is controlled and manipulated with drugs to increase or decrease afterload.1–2
When considering post–load equivalent to systolic stress, an interrelation and interdependence
between preload and afterload are revealed.
The increase in afterload ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diuretics and digitalis constitute conventional therapy for congestive heart failure, but systemic
vasodilators offer an innovative approach in acute and chronic heart failure by decreasing the
increase in systolic wall ventricular stress by reducing aortic and/or impedance reduces cardiac
venous return. As a result, vasodilators increase cardiac output (CO) by decreasing peripheral
vascular resistance (PVR) and/or decrease left ventricular end–diastolic pressure (LVEDP) by
decreasing venous
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18.
19. First Blue Baby Surgery Analysis
that Thomas trains him throughout the first Blue Baby surgery over the protests of Hopkins
management. The movie is relevant to what we did in Biology 2060 class on the Heart, the center of
the Cardiovascular System. The mainly common reason of blue baby syndrome is congenital heart
defect that is present at birth. The heart is composed of two sides, the right side and the left side.
Each side of the heart has two chambers, a superior chamber for receiving blood also known as the
atrium and inferior chamber for pumping blood away from the heart also known as the ventricle.
This makes up the four chambers of the heart. The left ventricle must produce a force adequate to
push blood through the systemic circulation. Therefore, the
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20.
21. Metacarpal Veins
The systemic circulation consists of the arterial and the venous systems.
Arteries are a high pressure system and a pulse can be palpated. The muscle layer in arteries is
stronger and they will not collapse like veins. Arteries are also deeper than veins and are surrounded
by nerve endings, making arterial puncture painful.
The venous system consists of superficial and deep veins. The superficial or cutaneous veins are
those used for venipuncture. Because thrombosis of the superficial veins of the lower extremities
can easily extend to the deep veins, it is important to avoid the use of these veins. Superficial veins
are bluish in color. The pressure within veins is low and therefore a pulse will not be palpated in a
vein.
Knowledge of vein wall anatomy and physiology is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If large enough they may accommodate a small gauge needle, however they are used as a last resort.
Metacarpal Veins:
The metacarpal veins are formed by the union of the digital veins. They are usually visible, lie flat
on the hand, are easy to feel, and are easily accessible. The hand provides a flat surface for
stabilization and as this vein is in the extremity it allows successive venipunctures to be performed
above the site. These veins may therefore be the first choice for venipuncture.
Cephalic Vein:
The cephalic vein flows upward along the radial aspect of the forearm. Its size readily
accommodates a large needle, while its position provides easy access and natural splinting. This
vein can be accessed from the wrist to the upper arm (using the most distal region of the vein first).
These veins tend to "roll" so "anchoring" the vein during venipuncture essential.
Accessory Cephalic Vein:
The accessory cephalic vein ascends the arm and joins the cephalic vein below the elbow. Its large
size accommodates a large needle.
Basilic
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22.
23. Case Study Of Pvss
DISCUSSION
Since most institutions have limited experience with PVS, the data presented are useful because of
the large cohort of infants with primary PVS amassed for comparison. While the present data
suggest that primary PVS during infancy has a poor prognosis, lack of harmonized collection, entry
criteria, definitions, and surveillance protocols across studies limits interpretation. Given the large
variability and widely ranging heterogeneity of the studies from which the data were drawn, pooled
results should be interpreted with caution. However, the data help to identify sources of variability
in results across studies, represent the best available evidence for clinical care and family–centered
counseling, and can be used to inform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Echocardiography can underestimate the degree of PVS, because blood flow is redistributed toward
the less–obstructed portions of the lung, resulting in decreased flow through the stenotic vein.81
Alternatively, the pulmonary veins may have been normal initially, and the stenosis developed over
time.3,5 While most studies continue to use echocardiography as the primary modality in the
diagnosis of PVS8, potential advantages of cardiac CT or MRI include better delineation of
pulmonary venous anatomy and blood flow distribution.79 To answer questions on the timing and
nature of disease progression, more uniform methods of diagnosis surveillance, with pre–specified
cut–off values for defining PVS, are needed.1,79,82
Evidence on longer–term benefits of treatments for primary PVS is lacking.1,41,64,83–85 Poor
outcomes following intervention have led some health care providers to recommend against
treatment, particularly in the setting of multi–vessel disease.86 While we observed no differences in
outcomes among infants with severe disease provided surgical intervention compared to those
provided non–intervention/medical therapy, baseline heterogeneity among enrolled patients, marked
variation in type of intervention, and inconsistency in the completeness of data reported among
studies, limit data interpretations. Increased awareness and improvements in non–invasive
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24.
25. Anatomics Of The Human Body During The Renaissance Period
More medical discoveries and advances are occurring every day. Medical treatments and
understanding of the human anatomy have come a long way. Though if it weren't for certain
Anatomists, we may have not have had the right comprehension of the human body which could
have led to errors in surgery and more deaths while treating patients. The Renaissance period was a
time where Anatomists searched for clearer understanding of the human body. During the
Renaissance period, Anatomists questioning and experimentation led to great discoveries of the
human body. Wrong theories of the anatomy have been assumed to be correct for thousands of
years. Theories of using a scientific base were not used by the Europeans until the Renaissance
period ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who believed in Galen's theories tried to explain how the pulmonary vein would have air go
down into the heart and also have a by product called 'sooty vapours' brought up into the lungs.
Though there was a massive lack of evidence, the Galen theory still stood as the 'correct theory'
("About William Harvery"). Galen's model was proven wrong by Renaissance anatomists. Despite
Galen's model being used for so many years, Vesalius proved the vena cava could not have come
from the liver. Realdo Columbo's experimentation also gathered information about the heart. It was
revealed that the systole phase of the heart is active as it constricts and pumped blood into the
arteries while the dystole phase is the inactive phase of the heart ("About William Harvery").
Harvey, inspired by Vesalius's discoveries, later discovered the process of blood circulation in 1628
("Renaissance medicine"). Galen's theories were challenged by William Harvey's (About Williams
Harvey). Harvey observed sheep veins and arteries and even his own veins to discover blood
circulation. Harvey concluded that the veins in our bodies allowed the blood to
circulate("Medicine"). Harvey was able to prove Columbo's theory and discovered that the heart
worked as a muscle. The beating heart sent a shockwave to the arteries which causes them to
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26.
27. Ekg Vs Ecg
Your heart does more in one minute than some people do in years. Hundreds of thousands of signals
are sent throughout the heart in the forms of electrical impulses, which tell the heart when to expand
and contract at the correct times. These actions are recorded on an EKG or ECG, which helps
doctors determine whether or not something is wrong with your heart.
There are multiple parts of the heart that plays a role in the electrical conduction of the heart. First
off is the SA node which is commonly known as the pacemaker of the heart – this can be found in
the right atrium inferior to the superior vena cava. This node sends electrical impulses (to both atria)
to tell the heart to expand and contract. On the opposite side of the right atrium is located the AV
node which makes sure all the blood is in the ventricle before they ... Show more content on
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You use it by placing skin electrodes on the body in specific places. There are multiple letters shown
in the animation – P, QRS, T, and U. The letter "P" represents the depolarization of the atria. Next,
the QRS complex shows the depolarization of the ventricles. The QRS complex wave is much
bigger than the "P" wave because the atria is much smaller than the ventricles. After, the "T" shows
the REpolarization of the ventricles. The "U" wave does not appear very much, but shows often
when something is wrong with the heart – some also can believe it is the repolarization of the
purkinje fibers.
Conclusively, the SA node controls heart rate, and also sends signals through the heart, to the AV
node, down to the AV bundle and up on the purkinje fibers which spread the signal through the
ventricles. The EKG scan is used to show the heart rate, and how the heart is functioning at that
moment. There are multiple letters involved in this – P, QRS, T, and sometimes
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28.
29. Hemodynamics
Question 1: Hemodynamic changes resulting from trauma–associated bleeding
Answer: Hemodynamics is an essential part of cardiovascular physiology dealing with the forces
that govern the blood flow in various segments of the cardiovascular system (Wade, 2013). The
pumping action of the heart makes pulsatile blood flow, which flows into the arteries, through the
micro–circulation and finally, returns via the venous system to the heart. In the course of each
heartbeat, systemic arterial blood force varies among a systolic and diastolic pressure. Blood flow
ensures the transportation of nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, O2 and CO2 all over the body
(Wade, 2013). These sustain cell–level metabolic rate, the regulation of the pH, osmotic pressure ...
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Oxygen is one of the substance that the blood carried, and the heart muscle needs it for survival
without it the heart did not function, and it cause ischemia. The discomfort of the woman speaks out
against indigestion is an ischemic myocardium that irritates myocardial nerve fibers. These
sympathetic efferent fibers enter the spinal cord from levels C3 to T4 accounting for the variety of
location of angina pains of the body (McCance, Kathryn, Huether, 2014). Rest and nitrates will stop
the pain. Inability to relief indicates an individual may be developing infraction (McCance, Kathryn,
Huether,
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30.
31. What Is Deoxygenated Blood?
The heart is a muscular organ in charge of pumping blood to all parts of the body. As the heart
contracts, the blood is forced out through blood vessels and begins to follow a specific pathway. The
blood makes it way through pulmonary circulation (to the lungs) and then through systemic
circulation (the rest of the body).
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. It then is
transported to the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). The
ventricles contract and the valve closes so that blood does not flow back into the atrium. As the right
ventricle contracts, it forces the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and
into the pulmonary artery.
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32.
33. Essay about Splenectomy a Surgical Procedure
A splenectomy is a surgical operation involving the removal of the spleen (1). Naturally the anatomy
of the spleen is of great importance for the surgeon to perform the splenectomy successfully. The
spleen is an ovoid, usually purplish, pulpy mass about the size of one's fist (2). It is located in the
superolateral part of the left upper quadrant or hypochondrium of the abdomen where it is protected
by the inferior thoracic cage (2). The spleen also lies in relation to the 9th, 10th and 11th ribs (3).
Figure 1: The anatomical position of the spleen in the human body (4). Patient preparation
All patients undergoing elective splenectomy should be vaccinated at least 1 week preoperatively
with polyvalent pneumococcal, meningococcal, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 2: Splenocolic ligament is divided at the beginning of open splenectomy (5). Laparoscopic
splenectomy
Laparoscopic splenectomy is now preferred by many surgeons (5). An ever–increasing amount of
research confirms the benefit of a laparoscopic splenectomy for a growing number of patient groups:
patients with splenomegaly, those with multiple previous abdominal operations, morbidly obese
patients and those who need concomitant procedures (5). Firstly, the patient is positioned in a right
lateral decubitus position with a reverse Trendelenberg tilt; which facilitates mobilization (6). An
epigastric midline cut down with insertion of a blunt port, is followed by left subcostal dissection
ports triangulating on the splenic hilum (7).
Figure 3: Patient positioning for laparoscopic splenectomy (5). The splenic flexure is mobilized to
expose the inferior pole of the spleen; access to the short gastric vessels can be facilitated by leaving
the diaphragmatic attachments intact (5). The stomach will fall away from the spleen on division of
the short gastric vessels (5). Having exposed the splenic hilum, the splenic vessels are divided using
a vascular cartridge laparoscopic stapling device, while avoiding injuring the tail of the pancreas (6).
The remaining peritoneal attachments will then
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34.
35. Strength And Strength Of Muscular Endurance
Strength Muscular strength is much different from muscular endurance. Strength is the extent to
how much force your muscles can use and apply. Strength concentrates more on quick and short
spurts of energy. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is in
the 'Upper body push and pull strength test'. For this test the equipment used is a Strength Meter
dynamometer. You have three tries when doing this test and the best of three is recorded for each test
(the push and then the pull) and the dynamometer must be set to zero each time. This assessment
works by the person taking the test having the Strength Meter dynamometer placed over their
shoulders where the handles are placed at the front of the body–around ... Show more content on
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The participants must continuously run between two cones or lines which are set up 20 metres apart
between two recorded beeps. The CD had all the instructions on and will tell the participants when
to start; the first level is a slight jog and gradually gets quicker up through the levels. If you reach
one of the lines before the beep has sounded then you must wait for it to sound before you start
running again. Before you drop out you have to miss three consecutive beeps (one after another).
Speed Speed is the skill to move with a quick pace or move parts of the body quickly. When you
think about speed you usually think its how fast someone can run but it's not just that, as it's also to
do with their acceleration, maximal speed of movement and speed maintenance. This is because
speed needs other components to help it move along in a rapid way, which includes: strength and
power. An example of how this component of fitness can be tested in an assessment is the '100m
Swim Time Trial'. This test is used to measure the participant's ability to sprint swim a given
distance, in this case 100m in a timed environment. This is often used for athletes to practise for
when they are doing triathlons. More than one participant can take part at one time and the pool
should ideally be 50 metres but any pool will do as long as the distance that the participant
completes is 100
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36.
37. Heart Structure
This passage is mainly about the structure and function of the heart which is located in the middle
compartment of the chest but also tells about cardiovascular system, pulmonary system and so on.
In the first paragraph, author illustrates about the heart shortly. The heart is a muscular organ in
humans and other animals, which pumps blood through a 60,000 mile of blood vessels of the
circulatory system. Blood moves through many tubes called arteries and veins which together are
called blood vessels. It weighs between about 280 to 340 grams in men and 230 to 280 grams in
women. Size of the heart is about your fist. Pumping of the heart relies on a complicate system of
muscle which is called myocardium, valves, coronary vessels, the conduction ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Like contraction and relaxation of the heart, myocytes and myocardium. Squeezing blood out of its
heart chamber is name as contraction but relaxation is expanding to allow the blood inside the heart
chamber. In last sentence, narrator had added the similar action to explain about contraction and
relaxation. Myocytes works together to contract and relax the heart chamber in right sequence to
pump blood to the lungs and the body. There are various blood cells in our body. Those are red
blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and all that sort of things. Red blood cells transport and carry
oxygen to all body. On the other hand, white blood cells attack bacteria and help to fight disease or
infection. Lastly, platelets help the blood if you get cut.
Narrator informs the heart in the right side, left side, pulmonary circulation and the function of the
blood. The right side of your heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. Though,
the left side of your heart is given the blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. For more
information, heart has four different kinds of chambers. Two upper chambers and two lower ones.
Therefore, formulate of the right atrium and right ventricle, is in control for pulmonary circulation.
Narrator told that the blood must rotate from the right part of the heart and through the lungs before
being moved to the left side and throughout the whole
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38.
39. Major Cardiac Circuits
The two major cardiovascular circuits in the human body is the pulmonary circuit and the systemic
circuit. Both of these circuits work together in order to make the body function properly. The major
difference between these two circuits is where the blood travels and what areas of the body the
blood reaches. The pulmonary circuit carries blood to only the lungs which focuses more on gas
exchange. The systemic circuit carries blood to the tissues in the entire body which focuses more on
supplying the tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Another interesting fact that separates these two
circuits is the blood itself and the process that which it flows. At the beginning of the pulmonary
circuit, the blood is deoxygenated. The oxygen poor blood then
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40.
41. Difference Between Systole And Divert Flow To The Heart
2. The heart rate is controlled by the PNS, SNS, and endocrine glands.
3. The difference between systole and diastole is the pulse pressure. Systole is the contraction phase,
while diastole is the relaxation phase. Systolic blood pressure is the highest pressure on the wall of
the arteries. And the diastolic blood pressure is the lowest pressure, corresponding to when the
ventricles are filled with blood during diastole.
4. For blood to flow, there must be a difference in pressure at both ends. Blood flows from an area of
high to low pressure. The pressure difference is also created by the resistance in the blood vessels
themselves. Blood flow is compared to the pressure difference and resistance. So, pressure drives
the flow. And vasoconstriction and vasodilation divert flow to the regions that need it the most.
5. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The distribution of blood flow in and around the body depends on its immediate need, compared to
that of other areas in the body. At rest, the liver and kidneys receive about 50% of CO, while skeletal
muscle tissues receive 15–20%. During exercise, muscles that are contracting receive 80% of the
cardiac output.
6. During exercise these 3 mechanisms are important for returning blood to the heart. It is important
to have valves in the veins to prevent backflow and leakage. A muscle pump and a respiratory pump.
7. The primary functions of the blood is to transport oxygen, CO2, nutrients and wastes. Blood aids
in the regulation of temperature. And keeps the acid–base (pH)
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42.
43. Importance Of Cerebral Circulation
Cerebral Circulation
A constant flow of blood to the brain is vital to its proper functioning. Blood supplies the brain with
oxygen and to perform maximally the brain requires about 25% of the body's oxygen (Webb, 2016).
Lack of oxygen for a prolonged period results in cell death causing irreversible damage to the brain.
Two paired arteries, four total, supply the vital source of blood to the brain and spinal cord.
Arterial Structures
Blood supply to the brain is divided between the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the vertebral
arteries. As stated in Cippola's text, the right and left ICA from the bifurcations of the common
carotid arteries and the ICA itself also split in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Its primary
function is to supply blood to the cerebrum. The vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian
artery and then "join distally to form the basilar artery", (Cipolla, 2009). The basilar artery later
bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries , these arteries "supply the inferolateral surface of the
temporal lobe and the lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe," (Webb, 2016). While the
ICA mainly provides blood to the cerebrum, the vertebral arteries are the primary supply to brain
stem and cerebellum. The ICA and the vertebral arteries join together to form what is known as the
Circle of Willis.
Circle of Willis
The Circle of Willis is also known as the circulus arteriosus. It is a structure that is formed by the
joining of the two
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44.
45. Sir William Harvey Research Paper
My client sir William Harvey had a new idea that the heart pumps blood!He had discovered that the
heart pumps blood during his vascular system studies.In 1616 he finally announced his discovery of
the circulation of blood within the body.My client should be set free for his fantastic discovery not
punished or kept in bars of a prison.Harvey's towering discovery lead us to new theories and
connections for the future! Sir William Harvey discovered the heart pumps blood.My client studied
and experimented heart pumps blood.He discovered that veins don't carry air they flow blood.He
was able to make these discoveries by giving surgey.This discovery gave us new ways of
thinking.He proved his theory with mathematical data. These discoveries are
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46.
47. Exercise As A Healthy Lifestyle
Dear Karen, I am addressing you about your interest in exercise as a supplemental component in
leading a healthy lifestyle. Based on the results of your medical evaluations, I believe an exercise
prescription is a viable option to help you reach your health and general fitness goals. I am excited
for the opportunity to work with you and think you have made an excellent choice to pursue
exercise as a treatment option. I like to stress with my clients that, although the goal is to get you
exercising on your own, I am here to teach and support you so that you are comfortable and
confident that you are making decisions that will impact your health in a positive way. Although my
services are science based and effective, it is crucial that you do not use them as a replacement for
general medical care from your physician. Exercise is a significant component to health in many
ways. In the United States, the leading causes of premature death are primarily diseases of the heart
and circulatory systems. Diseases of utmost significance are coronary artery disease, stroke, type II
diabetes, and cancer. More and more evidence suggests that the increase in deaths with each of these
conditions is correlated with a decrease in the amount of exercise performed by the general
population. The good news is that you have taken the first step toward reversing this trend and I can
help you achieve success. Vast amounts of research suggest exercise can help mitigate your risk for
cardiovascular
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48.
49. Digital Image Analysis Of Eye Fundus Images
ABSTRACT: Digital image analysis of eye fundus images has several benefits than current observer
based techniques. The characteristic symptoms of different systemic diseases like hypertension,
glaucoma, diabetes and cardiovascular disorder etc. affects retinal vessels. Diseases like diabetes
show abnormalities and diameter changes in retinal blood vessels. In hypertension retinal blood
vessels show dilatation and elongation of main arteries and veins. Arteriolar to venular diameter
ratio (AVR) express high blood pressure levels, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
Among other image processing operations the estimation of AVR requires vessel segmentation,
accurate vessel width measurement and artery or vein classification[1]. Hence the identification of
arteries is essential to detect eye diseases. The work has been done on automated classification of
retinal vessels and hence it is a challenging task. Nowadays for image analysis graph based methods
have been used which are useful for retinal vessel segmentation,retinal image registration and retinal
vessel classification[2]. The segmented vessels are analyzed using type of intersection and then
assigned artery or vein labels to each vessel segment. So the combination of labels and intensity
features decides final artery or vein class.
INTRODUCTION
Most of the methods uses intensity features to differentiate
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50.
51. Blood Is The Essence Of Life
The blood is the essence of life, and is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to various parts
of the body, where they are needed. It also carries toxins away to where it can be broken down.
Therefore, blood circulation is an important functionof the body.
Poor blood flow has been found to be the cause of several ailments, among which is stroke. Severe
headache, dizziness, loss of memory and mental focus have also been attributed to poor blood
circulation.
Poor blood circulation is also associated to the various cardiovascular dieases that are now common
in the society.
This is mostly as a result of a sedentary lifestyle, long working hours sitting in one place, poor diet,
dehydration and bad habits. However, spending a few minutes ... Show more content on
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It pumps out oxygenated blood that are distributed to different parts of the body through the vein.
Also, when de–oxygenated blood arrives back to the heart, it infuses it with oxygen again before
sending it on its way.
When the heart rate is increased as a result of physical activity, the heart is able to pump faster,
ensuring that blood gets to the extremities.
HELPS QUIT BAD HABITS
Yoga also helps when trying to quit bad habit such as smoking. It conditions your body, so that you
become mindful of what goes into it.
Why do you need to quit smoking? Smoking is bad for your health. It is commonly said that
smoking damages the lungs and can cause several respiratory diseases.
Smoking also impedes blood circulation. Smoking has been found to cause increased blood
pressure. This is because it narrows the veins and arteries. It also causes the blood to clot.
You can improve blood circulation by quitting smoking, and yoga can help you.
ELEVATES THE LEGS
52. By raising the lower parts of your body, deoxygenated blood is able to flow back to the heart faster,
where they are oxygenated again.
Yoga helps send blood from the extremities to the heart. It also improves blood flow to the brain.
This is possible because of the inverted poses incorporated in
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53.
54. Hypotensive Effect of Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of...
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 64 No. 6 pp. 547ñ552, 2007
ISSN 0001–6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society
HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF PHYLLANTHUS
AMARUS SCHUM AND THONN (EUPHORBIACEAE).
*FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Abstract: The plant of Phyllanthus amarus is used as diuretic and to lower blood pressure in
traditional medicine practice. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus
on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Intravenously administered aqueous
doses (5 mg to 80 mg/kg) of the extract to anaesthesized normotensive male rabbits produced a ...
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The infusion of the aerial parts has been reported to be used to manage non–insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus, for the relief of stomach ache and to treat dysentery (5). The plant extract has also
been reported to have antitumor and anticarcinogenic activity (6). As a con–
* Corresponding author: amaefabs@yahoo.co.uk; phone: +2341–0802–3303–138.
547
548
FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI
Effect of extract on blood pressure and heart rate Each rabbit was anaesthetized with pentobarbital at
the dose of 40 mg/kg, administered intravenously through the marginal ear vein, previously
canulated with 21–G butterfly canula. The trachea was canulated with a plastic canula to ease
respiration. The vagus nerve was located and separated from the carotid artery, which was cleared of
connective tissues and canulated with a plastic canula connected to a pressure transducer via a
three–way tap. The pressure transducer transmitted the blood pressure to Ugo Basile twin channel
recorder (model 7090), which recorded the blood pressure and heart rate. The channel recorder was
always calibrated before and after each experiment, using a mercury sphygmomanometer. When the
animal had stabilized and the blood pressure and heart rate had remained constant, the extract was
administered in graded doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg. The effects
of the graded doses of the extract on blood pressure
57. Advantages Of Satellite Health Care
The satellite community–based health center was established through the cooperation and
contribution of the area community. The aim of setting up the Health Center was to alleviate the
myriads of health issues concerning the heart diseases and the associated illnesses for the old people.
The health center has since its establishment offered excellent and quality services to curb the
formerly alarming mortality rates for the elderly. The targeted age bracket if the elderly people over
60 years who are majorly affected by the devastating effects of heart diseases and health conditions
that come as a result of the old age.
The major contributing factor is the physical inactivity of the old people and the poor eating
lifestyles. Many families ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like much other health facilities, Satellite health Centre receives the ailing elderly people where
proper diagnosis is done, and appropriate medication is administered to alleviate the problem.
Satellite carries out training sessions meant to equip the staff on how to deal with dementia people.
The Satellite health center also has provision for boarding facilities and hence is a home for the
ailing elderly, where they receive homely care that improves the lifestyle of the people. A public
health service has a responsibility to sensitize on the need of adopting proper eating habits and
involvement in the physical activities. All these activities are mainstreamed in the Satellite health
facility. Satellite, like other health services, has put strategies to come up with more advanced
methods through research in order to deal effectively with the disease (Tang et al. 2014, pp. 748)
Most public health facilities conduct free voluntary guidance and counseling that helps people adopt
new ways of viewing life hence helping solving of psychological problems that may culminate to
dementia and other related mental disorders. I believe such a center for counseling at Satellite health
center will boost their efforts in dealing with most of the
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58.
59. Pulmonary Embolism Research Paper
A pulmonary embolism is a blockage that is located in the lung artery. The cause is more than likely
to come from a blood clot in the leg called a deep vein thrombosis. When that happen it breaks loose
and travels throughout the blood stream and into the lung which cases the pulmonary embolism.
When that happens is causes permanent damage to the lung that was affected, low oxygen levels in
your blood and damage to any other organ in your body that isn't getting the sufficient amount of
oxygen it needs to run properly. In some cases if the clot is large enough the pulmonary embolism
may cause death. Some people who have these embolisms have no symptoms. Those who do have
symptoms would include of having shortness of breath, coughing up blood or chest pain. Symptoms
of the blood clot portion would include warmth, pain, swelling, tenderness and redness of the leg it
is occurring in. the main goal of treatment is to disperse of the blood clot an prevent new ones from
forming. The risk factors for a pulmonary embolism are the same as the risk factors for deep vein
thrombosis. These are referred to as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A pulmonary anagram are very rare while testing these days but it was where dye was injected and a
clot or clots could be identified on imaging studies. This is considered an invasive test. A CT scan of
the chest with angiography can be done. Contrast material (dye) is injected into an intravenous line
in the arm while the CT is being taken, and the pulmonary arteries can be visualized. There are some
limitations of the test, especially if a pulmonary embolism involves the smaller arteries in the lung it
is very important that the contrast material used during the CT angiogram be timed appropriately so
that the bolus of dye is not diluted as it travels through the
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60.
61. Diagnosis Of Disease Of A Patient
The first step in correct diagnosis of disease of a patient is to know his medical history. Physician
should carefully ask patient information about his/her symptoms such as the onset, duration, and
possible relief. The next step is physical examination of the patient. After listening to the patient 's
description of the history of the symptoms, physicians generally conduct a physical examination.
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation are the four components of physical examination.
In general inspection, physician examines general body posture and proportion of the patient and
then site of injury is inspected locally. After inspection, physician uses his/her hands and fingers to
feel the body of the patient to know the body temperature as well as to feel underlying parts of body
of the patient. This procedure is known as palpation. After palpation, physician taps body parts to
get information about density of tissues and this is known as percussion. Finally, Auscultation is
listening to body sounds with the help of stethoscope.
The pressure of blood exerted on the walls of arteries is called arterial blood pressure or simply
blood pressure. It helps to propel blood at a high velocity along the arteries. Blood pressure is taken
with an instrument called sphygmomanometer and the unit of blood pressure is usually millimetres
of mercury (mm Hg). The blood pressure, by this instrument, is measured in terms of air pressure
when the air pressure becomes equal to the
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62.
63. Gut Worms Research Paper
Gut worms are a type of roundworm that infect cattle in their stomach by causing eggs to form in
their feces. Also known as Parasitic Gastroenteritis (PGE), this disease causes the cattle industry to
lose millions of dollars each year. The cycle of gut worms begin within the remains of cattle feces.
Once cattle are infected, the eggs pass through the digestion system and the remains are left in the
pasture. They then eat the larval stages that have migrated to the pasture. There is further
development through several more larval stages in the cows gastrointestinal system before the
worms become sexually mature and can start producing eggs. The development inside the cow
usually takes about 3 weeks to reach the egg producing stage. The whole cycle from egg to a
mature, egg producing worm takes around 5 weeks. In some cases, the development within the cow
can stop and the larvae become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benzimadazoles are known as white drenches. These kill adult worms and the eggs. Levamisoles are
the yellow drenches. These are responsible for killing only adult worms. Macrocyclic Lactones are
the clear drenches. They can have many actions, including killing external parasites. It is important
to never under/overdose animals with a worming product and use them as recommended by the
manufacturer. In order to get the correct dosage, it is helpful to weigh animals in order to know what
amount to correctly administer. Also, remember to calibrate the injectors/dosing guns etc. to ensure
a full dose is given every time. Underdosing has the potential to select for worms with an increased
resistance to that particular wormer. Depending on the damage caused, most animals will recover
from moderate parasite disease. However, parasites can slow growth and development– particularly
of calves– and it has been suggested that burdens in adults, if left untreated, can improve fertility
rates and
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64.
65. Describe The Difference Between Right Atrium And Right...
The heart is made up of four chambers, two atriums and two ventricles. The right side of the heart
receives deoxygenated blood and pumps the blood to the lungs, whereas the left side of the heart
receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
The right side of the heart consists of the right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium receives
the deoxygenated blood via the vena cava (both the inferior and superior) from the rest of the body.
The blood then travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle where it then gets pumped
to the lungs, where gas exchange can occur. The chambers on the left side of the heart are the left
ventricle and atrium. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs via the
pulmonary vein. It is then pumped through the atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle, where it
is pumped through the aorta and to the rest of the body. One adaptation of the heart is the thickness
of the walls. The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria as blood gets pumped out with higher
pressures. The left ventricle is even thicker as it must withstand the ... Show more content on
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The contraction, known as systole, pumps blood out of the heart. The relaxion phase, diastole, is
when the heart muscles relax, and fill will blood. These cause the stereotypical heart sounds, 'lub'
and 'dub'. The 'lub' occurs when the atrioventricular valves close, and the 'dub' when the semilunar
valves close.
An athletes heart has some slight adaptations that make it more efficient. In response to endurance
training, both the right and left ventricles expanded. For strength athletes, the muscle of the heart
thickened, but only for the left ventricle. These adaptations cause the heart to pump blood more
effectively as the myocardial contractions are more forceful, and the filling and ejection of blood
from the heart chambers is
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66.
67. Synthetic Nervous System
There are varies glands, organs, and systems that are affected by the sympathetic nervous system,
and they include the lacrimal gland, the eye, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands,
blood vessels, the heart, the trachea,and the lungs. As well as the liver, gallbladder, stomach,
pancreas, the small and large intestines, and many more internal organs. I chose to write about the
cardiovascular system, and how the organs in this system are affected by the sympathetic nervous
system, as well as how a lie detector test would assess these internal changes in the human body.
First, I will start with the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. When stress is at an all time
high, "the blood vessels that direct blood to the large muscles
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68.
69. Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
Aortic aneurysm (chest)
Overview–
The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is the blood vessel that carries oxygen–rich blood
away from the heart to all parts of the body. It widens and balloons the portion of an artery due to
weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs in the part of the body's
largest artery (the aorta) that passes through the chest. Depending on its location and size, it may
rupture or dissect (tear), causing life–threatening internal bleeding. When detected in time, a
thoracic aortic aneurysm can often be repaired with surgery or other less invasive techniques.
Symptoms–
As a thoracic aortic aneurysm grows, some people may notice:
Tearing pain in the chest, abdomen, and/or middle of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes people who have problems with the valve that blood flows through as it leaves your
heart have an increased risk of thoracic aortic aneurysm.
Some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes develop thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Diagnosis–
The physical exam is often normal unless a rupture or leak has occurred. This includes:
Chest X–ray– Your doctor may first suspect you have a thoracic aortic aneurysm by looking at chest
X–ray images. Your doctor may discover a thoracic aortic aneurysm on X–ray images ordered to
check for another condition.
Echocardiogram–Thoracic aortic aneurysms may be diagnosed by echocardiogram, and this
technique is often used to screen family members of those with thoracic aortic aneurysm.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan–This painless test can provide your doctor with clear images
of your aorta, and it can detect the size and shape of an aneurysm. During a CT scan, you lie on a
table inside a doughnut–shaped machine.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)–An MRA is a painless imaging test that may be used to
diagnose an aneurysm and determine its size and location. In this test, you lie on a movable table
that slides into the tunnel.
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70.
71. Cardiovascular Disease Is The Leading Cause Of Death For...
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women and has an average of
610,000 casualties in the United States every year. This could be contributed to the fact that as
adults, we tend to lead a very demanding lifestyle and constantly struggle through a never–ending to
do list that diminishes the majority of our day. Inside our home, the office, events for the holidays,
and perhaps even school, our responsibility to take care of ourselves doesn't quite make the priority
cutoff. For one thing, it is my understanding I'm supposed to exercise at least three times a week.
About one in every three U.S. adults has reported that no leisure time was spent doing physical
activity to which I can relate. The first hour and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, with a little research it's never too late to change a bad habit and there is a light at
the end of the tunnel. Significant progress has been made over the last 50 years in understanding the
causes of chronic illnesses, as well as development in areas that provide knowledge to detect,
prevent, and maintain comparable diseases. Improvement in public health and health care have
increased life expectancy by approximately 30 years and has led to dramatic changes in the leading
causes of death. With this information we now have a better understanding of the long term effects
our choices will make and those results have already affected the market around us. Fast food chains
now provide menu selections for their health–conscious customers such as nutritional listings,
optional cooking methods, and the use of organic and Non–GMO ingredients. Similarly, patients
that suffer from congestive heart failure and smoke may be drawn to the more recent e–cigarette.
Although e–cigarettes still have years of long term testing in order to determine their overall hazards
and benefits, current research shows that there is potential for smokers to reduce their health related
risks if electronic cigarettes are used in place of tobacco cigarettes when on the road to the ending
tobacco or nicotine use.
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72.
73. Hemoglobin Lab Report
1. Hemoglobin is the molecule that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs throughout the body
through inhalation and deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs through exhalation. When the
hemoglobin is in the oxygenated state, it is in the R state or relaxed state. When it is in the
deoxygenated state, it is in the T state or tense state.
Two major differences between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin are shape
and color. The hemoglobin molecule is made up of a Heme group, a Histidine group, an Iron, and
multiple subunits. When the hemoglobin is in the T state, the iron that is bound to the heme group
creates a peaked shape and the histidine and subunits are not pulled into any particular order.
However, when hemoglobin is in the R state, the heme group pulls in opposite direction which
flattens the iron from its peaked shape which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pH level is what determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It refers to the amount of
Hydrogen ions in the solution. In this case, hemoglobin. The normal pH level in hemoglobin is 7.2 –
7.4. (S. Hudon–Miller, 2012). A low pH level will have a higher number of Hydrogen ions which
will make it acidic, and a high pH level will have a lower number of Hydrogen ions which will
make it alkaline. Carbon dioxide is produced in the Citric Acid Cycle, and when CO2 combines with
H2O it makes carbonic acid. CO2 is the acidic part of our blood. Many of our cells produce CO2,
and as it is toxic to our bodies, we must have a way to get it out of our bodies which is normally
exhaled through the lungs. We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Now, just as the blood is carrying
O2 throughout our bodies, it is also carrying CO2 to our lungs to be expelled. The more CO2 in our
blood, the lower the pH level and the higher the acidity. As this happens, CO2 binds to the blood cell
decreasing the blood cells ability to bind with O2. The CO2 and O2 compete to bind to the blood
cell. This called the Bohr effect. (Wikipedia,
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74.
75. Analysis of Russell Banks' Short Story, Sarah Cole: A...
Stab in the Heart A stab in the heart by one's own hopes is truly the cruelest way to leave this world.
Sadly, that is exactly what happen to Sarah Cole in Russell Banks' short story entitled, "Sarah Cole:
A Type of Love Story." The man who dated Sarah for a short period of time tells the tale. He calls
himself Ron, for Ron could have been him, but he doesn't want to say who he is for fear of looking
cruel. He wants to believe what he did was right when he left her. They both didn't handle their
differences properly. The relationship could have been different if they communicated to each other
what the relationship meant to them, if Sarah wasn't so aggressive, and if Ron could let go of his
vanity. All these aspects together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Sarah, the relationship is about raising her social class. Ron wants to end the relationship.
Unlike Sarah, this relationship is not the future saw in his future. When he finally gave up trying to
make Sarah happy, Ron kills her by killing her hope. She had confused him from the start by not
communicating with him and leading him to believe that they were together just for the novelty of
the situation. Ron tells this story ten years later, while he tries to figure out if what he did to her was
right or wrong. What he did in many ways was the right thing to do. Sarah could only show her
emotions through aggression. Sarah intrigued Ron. Despite her looks and social class, he was
strangely attracted to her. Ron wanted to understand how someone who had so little could live a
happy life. What he learned was that a person will do anything to acquire a better life and will
capitalize on any opportunity to obtain that life. Ron had given her that opportunity and she was
going to do anything she could to make her dreams become reality. "'No' she said firmly. 'You're
ashamed of being seen with me. You'll sleep with me, but you won't go out in public with me'"(14).
Of course, Ron wanted her to stop the crazy accusations, so he does as she wants. She wants to show
him to all her friends and co–workers, so she can prove that she is pretty enough and, in his eyes,
she is a high–quality
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76.
77. Contraction Of Exercise Lab Report
Obervations
– Systolic pressure increases significantly when intensity of exercise increases.
– It refers to the peak blood pressure during the contraction of ventricles.
– It could be used as an indicator of the pumping force of the heart.
– When heart pumps stronger, systolic pressure increases.
– Compared with systolic pressure, diastolic pressure has a rather mild increase when intensity of
exercise increases.
– It refers to the lowest blood pressure when the contraction of ventricles ends.
– It is mainly affected by the dilation of arteries during diastole.
– When arterioles dilate, the peripheral resistence decreases, resulting in a lower diastolic pressure.
– Pulse pressure increases when intensity of exercise increases.
– It is essentially
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78.
79. The Effect Of Temperature On Blood Pressure And Heart Rate
Teacher's Instruction:
Design a lab that will examine a factor that affects blood pressure and heart rate.
Research Question:
What is the effect of temperature on blood pressure and heart rate?
Introduction:
Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat through our
body. The heart is transports blood by pumping it through blood vessels.
Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The pressure of blood in the
circulatory system is a value called blood pressure (mmHg: "millimeters of mercury"), which is
measured by two numbers: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The systolic number is the
pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts), while the diastolic
number is pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between
beats and refilling with blood). The ideal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg.
Heart rate on the other hand is the number of times (in one minute) that the heart beats or contracts.
A heart rate can be anywhere between 60 and 100 beats per minute.
This experiment will involve five individuals putting their left hand in different samples of water of
varying temperatures. Their blood pressure and heart rate will be recorded before the experiment,
and after each water trial, to determine the effect it has on both the blood pressure and heart rate.
Variables:
Independent
1. Temperature of water samples – Subjects will be put in
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