Autocad civil project file

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DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
I, hereby, certify that this work, on “AUTOCAD 2D/3D”, is presented in partial fulfillment for
the award of degree of B.Tech CIVIL at Punjab Institute of Technology, Hoshiarpur. This report
is an authentic record of my own work on AutoCAD 2D/3D at C.I.H.T Jalandhar, carried out
during a period from 15June 2015 to 31July 2015 under the supervision of “HOUSE
PLANNING”. The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me in any other
University / Institute for the award of B.Tech.
Signature of the Student(s)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our
knowledge.
Signature of Guide/ Supervisor
Designation of Guide
INDEX
Punjab Institute of Technology, Hoshiarpur
( A Constituent Institute of I.K.G.P.T.U, Jalandhar)

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INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
S.No. CONTANTS Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION OF AutoCAD 3
2. HISTORY OF AutoCAD 4
3. STARTING OF AutoCAD 5-6
4. DRAWING UNIT SETUP 7-8
5. USER COORDINATE SYSTEM 9-13
6. INTRODUCTION TO AutoCAD COMMANDS 13-15
7. DRAW TOOLBAR 16-26
8. MODIFY TOOLBAR 27-38
9. LAYER TOOLBAR 39-41
10. DIMENSIONING 42-44
11. KEYBOARD FUNCTION KEYS 45
12. 3D COMMANDS 46-61

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The term CAD (Computer Aided Design) applies to a wide range of programs that allow the user
to created drawings, plans, and designs electronically. AutoCAD is one such program and it
main claim to fame is that it is relatively easy to use, it is very comprehensive in its ability to
create 2D and some 3D drawings, and it is very popular. Seventy percent of the CAD users in the
world use AutoCAD.
Learning to use a CAD system is similar to learning a new language. It is necessary to
begin with the basic alphabet and learn how to use it correctly and effectively through practice.
This will require learning some new concepts and skills as well as learning a different
vocabulary. Today, the majority of the Mechanical CAD systems are capable of creating three-
dimensional solid models. Nonetheless, all CAD systems create designs using basic geometric
entities and many of the constructions used in technical designs are based upon two-dimensional
planar geometry. The method and number of operations that are required to accomplish the basic
planar constructions are different from one system to another. In order to become effective and
efficient in using a CAD system, we must learn to create geometric entities quickly and
accurately. In learning to use a CAD system, lines and circles are the first two, and perhaps the
most important two, geometric entities that one should master the skills of creating and
modifying. Straight lines and circles are used in almost all technical designs. In examining the
different types of planar geometric entities, the importance of lines and circles becomes obvious.
Triangles and polygons are planar figures bounded by straight lines. Ellipses and splines can be
constructed by connecting arcs with different radii. As one gains some experience in creating
lines and circles, similar procedures can be applied to create other geometric entities.
HISTORY OF AUTOCAD
AutoCAD was derived from a program called Interact, which was written in a proprietary
language (SPL) by inventor Michael Riddle. This early version run on the Marinchip System
9900 Computer (Marinchip System was owned by Autodesk co-founders John Walker and Dan
Draker). Walker paid Riddle US$10 million for the CAD technology.

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When Marinchip Software Partners (later known as Autodesk) formed, the co-founders decided
to re-code Interact in C and PL/1. They chose C because it seemed to be the biggest upcoming
language. In the end, PL/1 version was unsuccessful. The C version was, at the time, one of the
most complex program in that language. Autodesk had to work with a compiler developer,
Lattice, to update C, enabling AutoCAD to run. Early releases of AutoCAD used primitive
entities – lines, polylines, circles, arcs, and text – to construct more complex objects. Since the
mid-1990s, AutoCAD supported custom objects through its C++ Application Interface (API).
The modern AutoCAD includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools. The release of
AutoCAD 2007 included the improved 3D modeling that provided better navigation when
working in 3D. Moreover, it became easier to edit 3D models. The mental ray engine was
included in rendering and therefore it is possible to do quality renderings. AutoCAD 2010
introduced parametric functionality and mesh modeling.
The latest AutoCAD release are AutoCAD 2014. The release marked the 27th major release for
the AutoCAD for Windows, and the third consecutive year for the AutoCAD.
Starting AutoCAD
You can start AutoCAD by either double clicking on the program Icon on the desktop or by
clicking on the program name in the Start menu. The program will start and after a minute or so
should display a screen similar to the one shown below. The dialog box in the middle will aid
you in getting started at either creating a new drawing or continuing your work on a drawing that
is not finished.

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If you are continuing work on a drawing, click on the “A” icon in the extreme upper left corner
of the window and Open->Drawing. A “Select File” dialog box will open allowing you to select
the drawing file you want to open.
Note that AutoCAD automatically assigns generic names, Drawing X, as new drawings are
created. In the example, AutoCAD opened the graphics window using the default system units
and assigned the drawing name Drawing1
The Initial Screen
AutoCAD has a very versatile user interface that allows you to control the program in several
different ways. At the top of the window is a row of menus. Clicking on the Home, Insert, or
Annotate causes another selection of menus to appear. This new selection of commands is
frequently called a Ribbon or a Dashboard.

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You can operate the program by clicking on the icons in these menus. Another method of using
the program is typing in the command names. This is frequently faster than using drop down
menus for frequently used commands because you do not have to search for the correct menu or
icon. You just type in the command name. The commands that you type will appear at the
bottom of the of the AutoCAD window.
Drawing Units Setup
Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We should determine the
system of units within the CAD system before creating the first geometric entities.
1. In the Menu Bar select: [Format] [Units]
The AutoCAD Menu Bar contains multiple pull-down menus, where all of the AutoCAD
commands can be accessed. Note that many of the menu items listed in the pull-down menus can
also be accessed through the Quick Access toolbar and/or Ribbon panels.

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2. Click on the Length Type option to display the different types of length units available.
Confirm the length Type is set to Architectural.
3. On your own, examine the other settings that are available.
4. In the Drawing Units dialog box, set the Length Type to Architectural. This will set
the measurement to the default English units, inches.

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5. Set the Precision to two digits after the decimal point as shown in the above figure.
6. Pick OK to exit the Drawing Units dialog box.
User Coordinate System
Designs and drawings created in a CAD system are usually defined and stored using sets of
points in what is called world space. In most CAD systems, the world space is defined using a
three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Three mutually perpendicular axes usually
referred to as the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, define this system. The intersection of the three coordinate
axes forms a point called the origin. Any point in world space can then be defined as the
distance from the origin in the X-, Y- and Z directions. In most CAD systems, the directions of
the arrows shown on the axes identify the positive sides of the coordinates.

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A CAD file, which is the electronic version of the design, contains data that describes the entities
created in the CAD system. Information such as the coordinate values in world space for all
endpoints, center points, etc., along with the descriptions of the types of entities are all stored in
the file. Knowing that AutoCAD stores designs by keeping coordinate data helps us understand
the inputs required to create entities.
The icon near the bottom left corner of the default AutoCAD graphics window shows the
positive X-direction and positive Y-direction of the coordinate system that is active.
In AutoCAD, the coordinate system that is used to create entities is called the user coordinate
system(UCS). By default, the user coordinate systemis aligned to the world coordinate
system(WCS). The world coordinate systemis a coordinate system used by AutoCAD as the
basis for defining all objects and other coordinate systems defined by the users. We can think of
the origin of the world coordinate system as a fixed point being used as a reference for all
measurements. The default orientation of the Z-axis can be considered as positive values in front
of the monitor and negative values inside the monitor.
Changing to the 2D UCS Icon Display
AutoCAD, the UCS icon is displayed in various ways to help us visualize the orientation
of the drawing plane.

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1. Click on the View pull-down menu and select.
[Display] [UCS Icon] [Properties…]
.

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2. In the UCS icon style section, switch to the 2D option as shown.
3. Click OK to accept the settings.
The W symbol in the UCS icon indicates that the UCS is aligned to the world coordinate
system.
Cartesianand PolarCoordinate Systems
In a two-dimensional space, a point can be represented using different coordinate systems. The
point can be located, using a Cartesian coordinate system, as X and Y units away from the
origin. The same point can also be located using the polar coordinate system, as r and * units
away from the origin.

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Absolute and Relative Coordinates
AutoCAD also allows us to use absolute and relative coordinates to quickly construct objects.
Absolute coordinate values are measured from the current coordinate system's origin point.
Relative coordinate values are specified in relation to previous coordinates.
 Note that the coordinate display area can also be used as a toggle switch; each left mouse
click will toggle the coordinate display on or off.
In AutoCAD 2015, the absolute coordinates and the relative coordinates can be used in
conjunction with the Cartesian and polar coordinate systems. By default, AutoCAD expects us
to enter values in absolute Cartesian coordinates, distances measured from the current
coordinate system's origin point. We can switch to using the relative coordinates by using the @
symbol. The @ symbol is used as the relative coordinates specifier. which means that we can
specify the position of a point in relation to the previous point.
Introduction to AutoCAD Commands

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DRAW TOOLBAR
Draw Toolbar used to access AutoCAD draw commands you can also use draw pull down menu
or type the command in the Command line. The draw commands create objects such as lines,
circles, and eclipse’s. An object is the smallest component of a drawing. A drawing is made up
of a combination of these objects with draw commands. AutoCAD always prompts ‘’Ask’’ you
to indicate points (such as endpoints, centers, or radius) to describe the size and location of the
object to be drawn. Drawing commands can be entered from the keyboard (command line), the
Draw Toolbar, or Pull-down menu.

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1. Line– Draw lines in AutoCAD
2. Polygon – Draws polygon with three or more sides
3. Rectangle – Used to draw rectangle
4. Circle – Command used to draw circle
5. Ellipse – Use to draw ellipse
6. Hatch – Use to Hatching
7. Region – Use to convert the area into a region object
LINE COMMAND
Line command is used to draw lines in AutoCAD.
1. Press F8 on keyboard to turn on ORTHO.
2. Click on the LINE icon on the draw toolbar.
3. Specify first point : Pick any point on your screenwith the mouse.
4. Move your cursor to the right a little do not click down.
5. Type in ; 100 ( press enter )
6. Move your cursor up a little do not click down.
8. Move your cursor to the left a little do not click down.
10. Move your cursor down a little do not click down.
You shouldhave drawna perfectbox see figure .

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12. Press the ESC key in the upper left corner of your keyboard to cancel the LINE .
. command.
POLYGON COMMAND
Command is use to draw a polygon with three or more sides.
1. Draw two circles of any diameter by using the circle icon.
2. Click on the POLYGON icon in the draw toolbar.
3. Enter numbers of sides ; at this point you can enter s many sides as you wish. ( No. is not
less than three sides ). At this time type in ; 8 ( press enter )
4. Specify center of polygon type in ; CEN ( press enter )
5. Move your cursor around the outer edge of one of the circles
Until you see a small yellow circle at the center of the bigger circle. Hold the cursor
there until the word CENTER appears then click down with mouse.

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6. Enter the option type, type in ; C ( press enter )
7. Specify radius of circle type in ; NEAR ( Press enter )
8. Move the cursor to the outer edge of the circle hold it there until you see a small yellow
hour glass and the word NEARSET appears then click down with the mouse.
You may put a polygon within a circle ( inscribed ) by typing in, in step 6 an ‘’I’’ instead
of ‘’C’’.
RECTANGLE COMMAND
Command is used to draw a rectangle
1. Click on the RECTANGLE icon in the draw toolbar.
2. Specify first corner point ; click anywhere on your screen
3. Specify first corner; move your cursor up and to the right any distance you wish
then click down.
If you wish to Draw a rectangle a specific size do the following :
1. Repeat steps 1 and 2
2. Specify other corner type in : @3,1 ( press enter )
Usingthis optionyouhave specificlengthandheightforyourpolygon.Youmaychange
numberstoanythingyouwishbutleave the @ and the,initsexactlocation.Brokendownthe 3
isthe lengthandthe 1 isthe height.The @ symbol tellsAutoCADyouare usingrelativeco-
ordinate entry.
RECTANGLE COMMAND

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CIRCLE COMMAND
Command is used to draw circle
1. Click on the CIRCLE icon in the draw toolbar
2. Specify center point of circle: click anywhere in the drawing area.
3. Specify radius of circle type in : 50 ( press enter )
To draw a circle by specifying a circle diameter do the following :
1. Repeat steps 1 and 2.
2. Specify radius of circle type in : D ( press enter )
The D stands for diameter.
3. Specify diameter of circle type in : 1 ( press enter )
To Draw a circle at the intersection of two lines:
1. Draw two lines that overlap using the Line command.
2. Click on the CIRCLE in the draw toolbar.

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3. Specify center point of the circle type in : INT ( press enter )
4. Move your cursor to the intersection of the two lines until you see a small yellow X and
the word INTERSECTION appears. Then click down.
5. Now you can either type in a radius or a type in D for diameter and move on the next
prompt to type in the diameter.
CIRCLE COMMAND
ELLIPSE COMMAND
Command used to draw ellipses.
1. Click on ELLIPSE icon on the draw toolbar.
2. Specify axis point: Click anywhere on your screen.
3. Specify other end point: Pick another point a distance you specify to the right of the
first point you picked. This will be the major axis of your ellipse.
4. Move your cursor up to a distance you specify and click. This will be your minor axis.
To draw an ellipse with a center, rotation, and angle do the following steps :-
1. Repeat step 1 above.
2. Specify axis endpoint of ellipse Type in: C (press enter).
3. Specify center of ellipse: Pick anywhere in the drawing area.
4. Specify the end point of axis, move your cursor to the right a little Type in : .50 (press
enter)

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You have entered the radius of circle you are typing to make an ellipse from. The radius
of the circle is all that is needed.
5. Specify distance to other axis Type in: R (Radius).
6. Specify rotation around major axis Type in: 30 (press enter).
You have enter the rotation angle of the line sight of the ellipse. For example if you were
looking at an ellipse at a 30 degree angle, the rotation would be 30 degree.
ELLIPSE COMMAND
ARC COMMAND
Arc command is used to draw arc.
1. Click the down-arrow icon of the Arc command in the Draw toolbar to display the
different Arc construction options.
 AutoCAD provides eleven different ways to create arcs. Note that the different options
are used based on the geometry conditions of the design. The more commonly used
options are the 3-Points option and the Center-Start-End option.
2. Select the Center-Start-End option as shown. This option requires the selection of the
center point, start point and end location, in that order, of the arc.

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3. Move the cursor to the middle of the two horizontal lines and align the cursor to the two
endpoints as shown. Click once with the right-mouse-button to select the location as the
center point of the new arc.
4. Move the cursor downward and select the right endpoint of the bottom horizontal line as
the start point of the arc.
5. Move the cursor to the right endpoint of the top horizontal line as shown. Pick this point
as the endpoint of the new arc
HATCH COMMAND
Access Methods Button
Toolbar: Drafting tool set ➤ Closed Shapes tool group ➤ Hatch
Menu: Draw ➤ Hatch
Hatching is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes within an Autocad drawing.
Hatch patterns can be used to indicate a material to be used, such as a concrete hatch.

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Alternatively it could be used to make an area of a drawing stand out. Fills an enclosed area
or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.
List of Options
The dialog box includes the following:
 Hatch tab
 Gradient tab
 More Options section
 Add: Pick Points
 Add: Select Objects
 Remove Boundaries
 Recreate Boundary
 View Selections
 Display Boundary Objects
 Options
REGION

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Converts an object that encloses an area into a region object.
Toolbar: Drafting tool set ➤ Closed Shapes tool group (expanded) ➤ Region
Menu: Draw ➤ Region
Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or loops.
Closed polylines, lines, and curves are valid selections. Curves include circular, arcs, circles,
elliptical arcs, ellipses, and splines.
You can combine several regions into a single, complex region.
Closed 2D and exploded planar 3D polylines in the selection set are converted
to separate regions and then converts polylines, lines, and curves to form closed planar loops
(outer boundaries and holes of a region). If more than two curves share an endpoint, the
resulting region might be arbitrary.
The boundary of the region consists of end-connected curves where each point shares only
two edges. All intersections and self-intersecting curves are rejected.
MODIFY TOOLBAR
Modify Toolbar used to access AutoCAD draw commands can also use Modify pull down
menu or type the command in at the Command line. After you have created some objects in
AutoCAD, objects that make up a technical drawing, such as lines and circles or a

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combination of both, they are sometimes just not the way you would like them, they may
need to be rotated, moved, copied, scaled larger or smaller, etc. To do these things you need
to have a good basic understanding of some of the AutoCAD editing commands. In this
module are 12 of the most basic AutoCAD commands. With these 12 commands you can do
90 percent of most editing operations. Practice these 12 commands is by using the editing
toolbar at the right of the AutoCAD opening screen.
1. ERASE – Erase object in the drawing area.
2. COPY – Used to copy one or more objects.
3. MIRROR – Command used to mirror an exact duplicate of an object.
4. OFFSET – Used to offset one object from another a distance you specify.
5. EXTEND – Used to extend one line to another.
6. ARRAY – Use to make a rectangle or polar array of an object.
7. MOVE – Used to move object around in the drawing area.
8. ROTATE – Used to rotate an object around a base point.
9. SCALE – Command used to make an object larger or smaller.
10. TRIM – Command used to trim an object from another object.
11. CHAMFER – Used to put a chamfer between two lines.
12. FILLET – Use to put a fillet between two lines a radius you specify.
ERASE COMMAND
Command is used to erase objects in the drawing area.
1. Draw a line and a circle any length any diameter.
2. Click on the ERASE icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select all objects that you would like to erase with the pickbox. When
you are done selecting objects press ENTER on the keyboard. The objects should
disappear.

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COPY COMMAND
Command is used to copy objects in the drawing area.
1. Draw a circle any diameter.
2. Click on the COPY icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select the circle with the pickbox (on the line) when the circle is
highlighted press the ENTER key on the keyboard.
4. Select objects: 1 found
(This line tells that you have selectedonly 1 object).
5. Specify base point of displacement: Pick with the cursor near the center of the circle.
6. Move the object to the location you desire and click down with the mouse.
COPY COMMAND
MIRROR COMMAND
Command used to mirror an object to the side of another object
1. Draw a rectangle any size using the rectangle command.
2. Click on the MIRROR icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select the rectangle with the pickbox (on the line)
4. Select objects: press ENTER on the keyboard.

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5. Specify point on mirror line: Move your cursor to the right and above a short distance
from the rectangle. Click down with the mouse.
6. Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line: move your
cursor down a short distance then click down with the mouse.
7. Delete source objects Type in: N (press enter).
An exact duplicate of the rectangle you created in step 2 will created to the right.
If you create a mirror line above the rectangle an exact duplicate of the rectangle will be
created above. You can mirror any object in the drawing area text, lines, circles, views, etc.
MIRROR COMMAND
OFFSET COMMAND
Command is used to offset one object from another.
1. Draw a circle and a line any diameter any length.
2. Click on the OFFSET icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Specify offset distance Type in: 100 (press enter)
4. Select object to offset: Select the line with the pickbox or mouse.
5. Specify point on side to offset: Pick just above the line you have selectedin step4
with the cursor. An exact duplicate of the first line you selectedin step4 is created
just above 100 distance away. If you would have picked below the line you picked in
step 4 an exact duplicate would be created 100 below.
6. Select object to offset press ENTER on the keyboard.
You can offset almost any object in the drawing area. You can offset a circle or
rectangle inside or outside itself. To offset inside a circle or rectangle click inside
the circle or rectangle. To offset outside the circle click outside the circle.

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OFFSET COMMAND
EXTEND COMMAND
Command is used to extend one line to another. This command is used to join the one non
complete with the other line.
1. Draw two lines one horizontal and one vertical.
Draw a vertical line a short distance away from the horizontal line.(see image)
2. Click on the EXTEND command icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select boundary edges………
Select objects: Select the vertical line (the line you want to extend to).
4. Press ENTER on the keyboard.
5. Select objects to extend: Select the right end point of the horizontal line with the pick
box.
The horizontal will now extend to the vertical line.
6. Press the ESC key on the keyboard to cancel the command.

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EXTEND COMMAND
ARRAY COMMAND
Array command is used to create the multiple copies of an object inside or outside the circle.
Rectangle array and Polar array is used to create the multiple copies of the object.
How to do a rectangle array.
1. Start a new drawing on the screen.
2. Draw a polygon, 6sides, Inscribed, with a radius of 100.
3. Click on the ARRAY icon in the edit toolbar.
The array dialog box opens.

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4. Set ROWS to 6, set COLUMN to 6.
5. Set ROW OFFSET to 150, set COLUMNS OFFSET to 150.
6. Click on SELECT OBJECTS icon.
7. Select the polygon with the cursor (on the line). Then press ENTER on the keyboard.
8. Click on OK.
The row and offset distance is taken from the center of the polygon.

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RECTANGLE AND POLAR ARRAY
How to do a polar array.
1. Draw two circles diameter (see image)
2. Click on the ARRAY icon .
The array dialog box opens.
3. Click on POLAR ARRAY.
4. Click on SELECT OBJECTS icon. Click on the small circle (on the line) then press
ENTER on the keyboard.
5. Click on the PICK CENTER POINT icon Type in: CEN (press enter). Move the cursor
over to the large circle (on the line). When a small yellow circle appears at its center click
down with the mouse.
6. Set TOTAL NUMBER OF ITEMS to 6
Set ANGLE TO FILL to 360
7. Click on OK. 6 small circles should appear around the larger circle.
MOVE COMMAND
Command used to move an object from one location to another in the drawing area

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2. Click on the MOVE icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select the circle (on the line) then press ENTER on the keyboard.
4. Specify base point of displacement: Click near the center of the circle with the cursor.
5. Specify second point of displacement. If you move your cursor around a little in the
drawing area you can see what is called rubberbanding.
6. Click down with the mouse anywhere within the drawing area at the desired location for
the move.
MOVE COMMAND
ROTATE COMMAND
Command is used to rotate an object round a point you pick
1. Draw a rectangle with only two equal sides using the rectangle command.
2. Click an ROTATE icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select the rectangle (on the line) then press ENTER on the keyboard.
4. Specify base point: Select somewhere near the center of the rectangle with the
cursor.
5. Specify rotation angle: At this point you can type in an angle of rotation at the
command line or by moving you mouse around at the command line or dynamically
see the desired rotation angle then click down with the mouse when you like the
rotation angle.

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ROTATE COMMAND
SCALE COMMAND
Command is used to scale an object larger or smaller in size
2. Click on the SCALE icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select objects: Select the circle (on the line) then press ENTER on the keyboard.
4. Specify base point: Click near the center of circle with the cursor.
5. Specify scale factor or reference: Type in 2 press enter on the keyboard. This makes the
circle two times its original size. If you were to type in .50 it would make the circle half
its original size. This can be done with any object created in the AutoCAD drawing area a
percentage less than 1 makes the object smaller. A percentage more than 1 makes the
object larger. A percentage of 1 has know effect on the object.
SCALE COMMAND

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TRIM COMMAND
Command used to trim one line from another back
1. Draw two overlapping line one horizontal and one vertical.
2. Click on the TRIM icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select cutting edges….. Select objects: Select the vertical line with the pick box (this will
be your cutting edge).
4. Press ENTER on the keyboard.
5. Select object to trim: Select the horizontal line the part to the right of the vertical line
(this is your object to trim).
6. Press the ESC key on the keyboard to exit the command
TRIM COMMAND
CHAMFER COMMND
Command use to put a chamfer between two connecting lines
1. Draw a 1 horizontal line and a 1 a vertical line joined at endpoints. (See image)
2. Click on the CHMFER icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select first line Type in: D (press enter)
This is set the distance of the chamfer.
4. Specify first chamfer distance Type in: .25 (press enter)
5. Specify second chamfer distance Type in: .25 (press enter)

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6. Select first line: Select the horizontal line somewhere close to endpoint near the
horizontal line (but do not select the end point itself) with pick box. You should now
a .25 chamfer at 45 degree.
 When both chamfer distance are the same the chamfer angle will always be at 45
degree. If you would like a chamfer at an angle other than 45 degree just make the
two distance settings a different value.
FILLET COMMAND
Command is used to put a fillet between two lines
1. Draw a 1 horizontal line and a 1 a vertical line joined at endpoints. (See image)
2. Click on the FILLET icon in the edit toolbar.
3. Select first object Type in: R (press enter)
This is to set the fillet radius.
4. Specify fillet radius Type in: .25 (press enter)
5. Select first object: Select the horizontal line somewhere near the endpoint close to the
vertical line (do not click on the endpoint itself) with the pick box.
6. Select second object: Select the vertical line somewhere near the end point close to
the horizontal line (do not click on the endpoint itself) with the pick box. There
noshould be a fillet with a radius of .25 between the two lines.

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FILLET COMMAND
LAYER TOOLBAR
LAYER
In a cad drawing, layers are used to group related objects in a drawing for viewing purposes or
editing purposes. For example in a mechanical drawing you could have object lines on a layer
named object or dimension lines on a layer name dimensions and phantom lines on a layer name
phantom. In an architectural drawing you could have the floor plan on floor plan layer and the
electrical on a layer named electrical and so on. Layers can be turning on or off to view only
certain layers, they can be assigned different colors, line types, and line weights. Layers are used
mostly for viewing purposes. Just image you car, each major are of your car is on a different
layer, your car body is on body layer, your chassis is on chassis layer, your engine is on engine
layer. You turn off body layer, you can how see your engine and chassis without the car body
obstructing your view. There can be an unlimited number of layers in an AutoCAD drawing.
Layers Properties Manager
This dialog box is used to control your layers turn on, turn off, make them current when ready to
draw on, etc. To open this dialog box click on the layer icon in the layers toolbar ‘’ upper
left on your screen’’.
Create New Layers
Use this procedure when you want to create new layers
1. Click on the LAYER icon in the upper left of your screen .

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2. Click on the NEW button
3. Type in the LAYER NAME ( Press enter on the keyboard)
Repeat step 2 and 3 if you need to create More than one layer. If you desire to leave the layer
control box after you have created you layers don’t forget to click on OK when you leave this
will save your layers you have just created or else you will lose them.
Layer 0 is the default AutoCAD layer it is always created when starting a new drawing.
SET LAYER COLOR
This procedure is used to assigned a color to a layer. Once you assign a color to a layer
everything created on that layer will take on the color assigned to that layer.
1. Under the color heading who’s layer’s color you wish to change click on the white icon.
2. Select a COLOR from the color plate, you may select any color you wish to assign to
that layer.
3. Click on OK to close and save.

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White is the AutoCAD layer default layer color it is created everytime a new layer is
created.
SET LINEWEIGHT
This procedure is used to assign a line thickness to the line type you assigned to that layer.
1. Under the lineweight heading who’s layer’s lineweight you wish to change, click on the
DEFAULT.
2. Scroll down the list of LINEWEIGHTS and click on the desired lineweight to assign to
the line type assigned to that layer.
3. Click on OK to close and save.
The default line weight is the AutoCAD default it is created everytime a new layer is created.
To have the line weight display on your screen click on the LWT button in the status bar at the
bottom of your screen. When the button is in the in position that option is turned on.
DIMENSIONING
To make dimension setting in preparation for dimensioning a drawing click on the STYLE…
Option in the dimension pulldown menu at the top of the screen. Then click on the MODIFY
button to open the dimension style dialog box.

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Set lines and arrows
Set dimension text style
Set text height
Set dimension units
Using dimensions

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USING DIMENSIONS
After you have made your dimension settings in the dimension style dialog box and you are now
ready to dimension your drawing click on the DIMENSION pulldown menu scroll down the list
of dimension commands and click on the dimension command you wish to use. Click on the
OSNAP button in the status bar at the button of your screen so you can dimension with accuracy.

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Linear – Specify by picking two points on an object then pick a location for dimension.
Aligned - Specify by picking two points on angle line then pick a location for dimension.
Radius – Specify by picking a radius on an object then picking leader location.
Diameter - Specify by picking a circle then picking leader location.
Leader – Specify by picking on the object you want the leader to point at then pick leader
location.
Center Mark – Specify by picking on circle or radius to apply center marks to.
The above are the basic dimension commands there are more but these are the basics. If you
have turned on the OSNAP on the status bar at the bottom of your screen turn it off now, it may
cause some confusion.

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KEYBOARD FUNCTION KEYS
ESC – This is the command cancel key. When ever your in a command and just need to start
over press this key, it cancels the current command you are in.
F1 – Opens the AutoCAD help dialog box.
F2 – Opens the AutoCAD text window. In this window you can scroll through the history of
commands.
F3 – Turns running osnap on or off.
F4 – Turns tablet on or off ( You will probably never use this key )
F5 – Switches between ISOPLANES ( top, front, right )
F6 – Turns coordinate readout at lower left of screen on or off.
F7 – Turns Grid display on or off.
F8 – Turns ORTHO on or off ( ortho is used in conjunction with the line to draw straight
horizontal and vertical lines)
F9 – Turns SNAP on or off.
3D COMMANDS
OVERVIEW OF COMMANDS
You can start a command by using one of the following methods:
■ Click the command name on a menu, status bar, tool set, or shortcut menu.
■ Enter the command name or command alias at the Command prompt and press Enter or
Spacebar.

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The acad.pgp file lists the command aliases.
To access the acad.pgp, on the Tools menu, click Customize ➤ Edit CommandAliases (PGP).
3D Commands
3D
Creates 3D polyface mesh objects in common geometric shapes that can be
hidden, shaded, or rendered.
List of Prompts
The following prompts are displayed.
POLYSOLID
Creates a 3D wall-like polysolid.
Access Methods
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Polysolid
You can create walls with straight and curved segments of constant height and width.
With the POLYSOLID command, you can convert an existing line, 2D polyline, arc, or circle to
a solid with a rectangular profile. A polysolid can have curved segments, but the profile is
always rectangular by default.
Box
Creates a 3D solid box.

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Access Methods
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Create tool group ➤ Solid ➤ Box
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Box
Corner of Box Sets the first corner of the box.
Length of Box Sets the first corner of the box.
Width
Specifies the width of the box. Enter a distance or specify a point relative to the corner point of
the box.
Height of Box Specifies the height of the box. Enter a distance or specify a point relative to the
corner point of the box.
WEDGE
Creates a 3D solid wedge.
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Wedge
The direction of the taper is always in the positive X-axis direction of the UCS.
Center
Creates the wedge by using a specified center point.
Cube Creates a wedge with sides of equal length.
Length Creates a wedge with length, width, and height values you specify.

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The length corresponds to the X axis, the width to the Y axis, and the height to the Z axis. If you
pick a point to specify the length, you also specify the rotation in the XY plane.
Copy Creates a rotated copy of the cube.
CONE
Creates a cone-shaped polygon mesh.
Specify center point for base of cone: Specify a point (1)
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: Specify a distance or enter d
Radius for Base
Defines the base of the cone by its radius.
Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: Specify a distance, enter d, or press ENTER
Radius for Top Defines the top of the cone by its radius. A value of 0 produces a cone. A value
greater than 0 produces a truncated cone.
Specify height of cone: Specify a distance
Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: Enter a value greater than 1 or press Enter
Diameter for Top
Defines the top of the cone by its diameter. A value of 0 produces a cone.
Specify diameter for top of cone <0>: Specify a distance or press Enter
Specify height of cone: Specify a distance
Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: Enter a value greater than
1 or press Enter
SPHERE
Creates a 3D solid sphere.

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Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Sphere
You can create a sphere by specifying a center point and a point on the radius.
You can control the smoothness of curved 3D solids, such as a sphere, in a shaded or hidden
visual style with the FACETRES system variable.
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: Enter a value greater than 1 or
press Enter
Diameter Defines the sphere by its diameter.
Specify diameter of sphere: Specify a distance
Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: Enter a value greater than 1
or press Enter
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: Enter a value greater than 1 or
press Enter
CYLINDER
Creates a 3D solid cylinder.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Create tool group ➤ Cylinder
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Cylinder

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In the illustration, the cylinder was created using a center point, a point on the radius, and a point
for the height . The base of the cylinder is always on a plane parallel with the workplane. You
can control the smoothness of curved 3D solids, such as a cylinder, in a shaded or hidden visual
style with the FACETRES system variable.
TORUS
Creates a donut-shaped 3D solid.
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Torus
You can create a torus by specifying the center, then the radius or diameter of the torus, and then
the radius or diameter of the tube that surrounds the torus. You can control the smoothness of
curved 3D solids, such as a torus, in a shaded or hidden visual style with the FACETRES system
variable.
Specify center point of torus: Specify a point (1)
Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: Specify a distance or enter d
The radius of the torus is measured from its center point to its outside edge, not to the center of
the tube.
Radius of Torus
Radius Defines the torus by its radius.

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Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: Specify a distance or enter d
Diameter of Torus
Defines the torus by its diameter.
Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: Specify a distance or enter d
Radius of Tube
Defines the tube by its radius.
Diameter of Tube
Defines the tube by its diameter.
Specify diameter of tube: Specify a distance
PYRAMID
Creates a 3D solid pyramid.
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Pyramid
By default, a pyramid is defined by the center of the base point, a point on the middle of the
edge, and another point that determines the height.
Initially, the default base radius is not set to any value. During a drawing session, the default
value for the base radius is always the previously entered base radius value for any solid
primitive.
Use the Top Radius option to create a pyramid frustum.
Specify first corner point for base of pyramid: Specify a point (1)
Specify second corner point for base of pyramid: Specify a point (2)
Specify third corner point for base of pyramid: Specify a point (3)
Specify fourth corner point for base of pyramid or [Tetrahedron]: Specify a

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point (4) or enter t
HELIX
Creates a 2D spiral or 3D spring.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Open Shapes tool group (expanded) ➤ Helix
Menu: Draw ➤ Helix
Use a helix as a sweep path for the SWEEP command to create springs, threads, and circular
stairways.
Initially, the default base radius is set to 1. During a drawing session, the default value for the
base radius is always the previously entered base radius value for any solid primitive or helix.
The default value for the top radius is always the value of the base radius. The base radius and
top radius cannot both be set to 0.
PLANER SURFACE
Creates a planar surface.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Surfaces - Create tool group ➤ Planar Surface
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Surfaces ➤ Planar
You can create a planar surface by selecting closed objects or by specifying the opposite corners
of a rectangular surface. Supports pick-first selection and generates a planar surface out of a
closed profile.

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When you specify the corners of the surface through the command, the surface is created parallel
to the work plane.
EXTRUDE
Creates a 3D solid or surface by extending a 2D or 3D curve.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Create tool group ➤ Extrude
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Extrude
Extrusions can extend in the Z direction or be set to taper or follow a path. You can extrude an
open or closed object to create a 3D surface or solid.
The DELOBJECT system variable controls whether the object(s) and path (if selected) are
automatically deleted when the solid or surface is created or whether you are prompted to delete
the object(s) and path.
SWEEP
Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping a 2D or 3D object or sub object along a path.

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Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Create tool group ➤ Solid Creation layout ➤ Sweep
Menu: Draw ➤ 3D Modeling ➤ Sweep
Creates a solid or surface by sweeping an open or closed, planar or non-planar curve (profile)
along an open or closed path.
Open curves create surfaces and closed curves create solids or surfaces, depending on the
specified mode. To automatically delete the original geometry used to create the object, use the
DELOBJECT system variable.
UNION
Combines selected 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions by addition.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Edit tool group ➤ Booleans flyout ➤ Union
You can combine two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions into a single, composite 3D
solid, surface, or region. You must select the same type of objects to combine.
Using the Union Command with Surfaces
Although you can use the UNION command with surfaces, it will cause the surface to lose
associativity. Instead, it is recommended that you use the surface editing commands:

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■ SURFBLEND
■ SURFFILLET
■ SURFPATCH
SUBTRACT
Combines selected 3D solids or 2D regions by subtraction.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Edit tool group ➤ Booleans flyout ➤ Subtract
With SUBTRACT, you can create a 3D solid by subtracting one set of existing 3D solids from
another, overlapping set. You can create a 2D region object by subtracting one set of existing
region objects from another, overlapping set. You can select only regions for use with this
command.
Select the objects that you want to keep, press Enter, then select the objects that you want to
subtract. Objects in the second selection set are subtracted from objects in the first selection set.
A single new 3D solid, surface, or region is created.
INTERSECT
Creates a 3D solid, surface, or 2D region from overlapping solids, surfaces, or regions.

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Menu: Modify ➤ Solid Editing ➤ Intersect
With INTERSECT, you can create a 3D solid from the common volume of two or more existing
3D solids, surfaces, or regions. If you select a mesh, you can convert it to a solid or surface
before completing the operation.
You can extrude 2D profiles and then intersect them to create a complex model efficiently.
The selection set can contain regions, solids, and surfaces that lie in any number of arbitrary
planes. INTERSECT divides the selection set into subsets and tests for intersections within each
subset. The first subset contains all the solids and surfaces in the selection set. The second subset
contains the first selected region and all subsequent coplanar regions. The third subset contains
the next region that is not coplanar with the first region and all subsequent coplanar regions, and
so on until all regions belong to a subset.
IMPRINT
Imprints 2D geometry on a 3D solid or surface, creating additional edges on planar faces.
Access Methods
Menu: Modify ➤ Solid Editing ➤ Imprint Edges
2D geometry located on a face or the intersection of a 3D solid with a face can be combined with
that face to create additional edges. These edges can provide a visual effect, and can be pressed
and pulled to create indentations and extrusions.

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The object to be imprinted must intersect one or more faces on the selected solid in order for
imprinting to be successful. Imprinting is limited to the following objects: arcs, circles, lines, 2D
and 3D polylines, ellipses, splines, regions, bodies, and 3D solids.
ROTATE
Rotates objects around a base point.
Toolbar: Drafting tool set ➤ Move/Rotate/Scale tool group ➤ Rotate
Menu: Modify ➤ Rotate
Shortcut menu: Select the objects to rotate. Right-click in the drawing area and click Rotate.
You can rotate selected objects around a base point to an absolute angle.
SLICE
Creates new 3D solids and surfaces by slicing, or dividing, existing objects.
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Solids - Edit tool group (expanded) ➤ Slice
Menu: Modify ➤ 3D Operations ➤ Slice

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The cutting plane is defined with 2 or 3 points, by specifying a major plane of the UCS, or by
selecting a surface object (but not a mesh). Either one or both sides of the sliced 3D solids can be
retained.
The sliced objects retain the layer and color properties of the original solids.
However, the resulting solid or surface objects do not retain a history of the original objects.
3DALIGN
Aligns objects with other objects in 2D and 3D.
Menu: Modify ➤ 3D Operations ➤ 3D Align
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Copy tool group ➤ 3D Align
You can specify one, two, or three points for the source object. Then, you can specify one, two,
or three points for the destination.
3DARRAY
Maintains legacy behavior for creating non associative, 3D rectangular or polar arrays.
Menu: Modify ➤ 3D Operations ➤ 3D Array
Toolbar: Modeling tool set ➤ Copy tool group ➤ 3D Array

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3DARRAY functionality has been replaced with the enhanced ARRAY command, which allows
you to create associative or non associative, 2D or 3D, rectangular, path, or polar arrays.
3DARRAY maintains legacy behavior.
For 3D rectangular arrays, in addition to columns and rows, you also specify the number of
levels in the Z direction. For 3D polar arrays, you specify the axis of rotation with any two points
in space.
DONUT
Creates a filled circle or a wide ring.
Toolbar: Drafting tool set ➤ Closed Shapes tool group (expanded) ➤ Donut
Menu: Draw ➤ Donut
A donut consists of two arc polylines that are joined end-to-end to create a circular shape. The
width of the polylines is determined by the specified inside and outside diameters. To create
solid-filled circles, specify an inside
diameter of zero.

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