Evaluation Of The Development Of Children

Evaluation Of The Development Of Children
Chapter One: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Attachment is important to the
development of children in order for them to establish bonds and feel security with primary
caregivers. Children who are adopted or placed in substitute care often times experience major
breaks in caregiving. This results in children lacking the ability to feel safe, loved, wanted and apart
of another human being. This break in attachment sometimes leaves the child reeling lost and anger
with those providing for them. The feeling of attachment, or lack of attachment, can determine and
affect the future outcomes of children as they grow in to adults.
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as stated is the American Psychiatric Association: Diagnosis
and Statistical Manual of mental disorders edition 5 states that there are two types: inhibited and
disinhibited type of attachment (Association, 2000). Inhibited type are children who have multiple
experiences with primary caregivers who don't provide emotional support and comfort when
needed. These children are always rejected, in their opinion, and avoid any social contact with
others. These types of children withdrawal form their primary caregivers, avoid being comforted
and self–soothe. Social settings can be awkward for these inhibited type of children and they
respond with aggression and vigilance (Wimmer, 2009). Children who have the disinhibited type
have many experiences with primary caregivers who are not responsive to their
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Strange Situation Theory
This assignment is going to be an evaluation of how the Strange Situations procedure is useful to
our understanding of attachment, specifically focusing on the work of Mary Ainsworth, who is
probably best known for her elaboration on the work of John Bowlby and attachment theory, and
evaluating how her work has proved crucial in developing other research surrounding the subject. It
is easy enough to know when you are attached to someone as you can understand how you feel
when you are away from that person and as adults we can put our feelings into words and describe
these feelings. However most of the research into attachment is carried out on infants and young
children, so psychologists have to devise ways of researching attachment styles, ... Show more
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The experiment is made up of a small room with one way glass, so the behaviour can easily be
observed without being distracting, infants were aged between 12 and 18 months and around 100
middle class American families took part in the procedure. The situation for each subject was
exactly the same, the room was set up the same and toys were scattered on the floor, though not
haphazardly, she set out black tape on the floor so she knew exactly how the room should be laid
out. (Howard Egeth, 2015.) The behaviour of the Infant was observed in a series of eight episodes
that lasted approximately three minutes each. The different stages were: 1) Mother baby and
experimenter. 2) Mother and baby alone. 3) Stranger joins mother and baby. 4) Mother leaves baby
and stranger alone. 5) Mother returns, stranger leaves. 6) Mother leaves; baby left completely alone.
7) Stranger returns. 8) Mother returns and stranger leaves. From this series of observations
Ainsworth defined four different types of attachment. Firstly Secure Attachment which was seen is
60–70% of the infants, the infant was seen to explore the environment in the mother presence, upset
when she left and not well–comforted by the stranger but calms down quickly when the mother
returns. 15–20% of the infants showed Avoidant Attachment, they were not distressed when their
mother left and were equally as comforted by the stranger and their mother and showed little interest
when their mother returned. Resistant Attachment was shown in 10–15% of cases. This means the
infant didn't explore the environment and was very distressed when their mother left, they avoided
the stranger completely and resisted their mother when she returned. They were not easily
comforted. Lastly is Disoriented Attachment which was shown in 5–10% of the infants involved.
These infants had random outburst and

Essay On Attachment Disorder In Children
In the earliest stages of development, emotions are diffuse and infants have little control over their
behavioral expression, relying instead on the dyadic regulation provided by their caregivers'
responses to behavioral signals. Attachment disorders form in infancy and early childhood as a
result of instability in the child–caregiver relationship. Attachment–disordered children typically
have experienced abusive or neglectful care, multiple changes between caregivers and
environments, or the sudden loss of a parent or parents. The representations of attachment disorder
in children include such thoughts as: "I am bad and unlovable," "my caregiver will not protect me
from traumatic experiences," and I am not able to get my caregiver to "respond consistently to my
needs". These children view their caregivers as unreliable, unresponsive, rejecting, and threatening.
They should be responded to with empathy and calm as a means to reduce their arousal, as opposed
to anger and discipline which can heighten the adverse physiological and behavioral outcomes the
child is experiencing. Infants with attachment disorder can be described as being either securely
attached or insecurely attached. Securely attached children rarely reach the anxiety overload
threshold. There are three types of insecure attachment: resistant, avoidant and ... Show more
This Trust vs. Mistrust crisis occurs during the first year and a half of life with hope being the basic
virtue once the stage is successfully completed (McLeod, 2013). When a sense of trust is developed,
the infant will know that if a new crises arises, their needs will be met by the outside world. These
physical and emotional needs include: being fed when hungry, kept warm and dry, allowed
undisturbed sleep, protection from disease and injury, and receive adequate stimulation (Hutchison,

Psychiatric Illness: Reactive Attachment Disorder
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a psychiatric illness that is characterized by problems with
emotional attachments and usually presents itself around the age of five (Reactive attachment
disorder, 2013). Parents or caregivers might notice that the child has emotional attachment issues by
the age of one though (Reactive attachment disorder, 2013). The DSM–IV goes on to describe RAD
as also including the first or second category (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The first
category describes a failure to interact in developmentally appropriate ways while the second
category describes an inability discriminate appropriate attachments to different groups of people
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Boekamp (2008) describes ... Show more content on
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Bartholemew and Horowitz (1991) described a model of attachment in which the child's image of
the self and others are the most important roles. The four categories in this model are secure
attachment in which the child has a sense of worthiness and that others are accepting (Bartholomew
& Horowitz, 1991). Preoccupied attachment describes a feeling of unworthiness but with positive
feelings towards others, fearful attachment combines unworthiness with a negative feeling towards
others (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Dismissing attachment describes a feeling of worthiness
with negative feeling towards others (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Pignotti (2011) explored the
effects that early institutional care has on kids that are later adopted and their risk of RAD. Kemph
& Voeller (2007) describe how RAD is seen to occur because of poor nurturing from the mother as
well as several other prenatal factors. Minnis, Green, O'Conner, Liew, Glaser, Taylor, & Sadiq
(2009) compare RAD with insecure attachment patterns and find that RAD is not the same as
attachment insecurity, especially because it occurs early on. Other studies have tried to go further
and study RAD and possible biological mechanisms that cause it. Kočovská, Wilson, Young,
Wallace, Gorski, Follan, & Minnis (2013) studied the effects of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
and cortisol

Crying And Communication Distress
Psychiatrist John Bowlby (1982) described attachment as a bond that exist at the early estates of an
infant's life and caregiver; mothers are seen as the primary caretakers. According to Palm (2014a),
infants are biologically wired to perform a series of behaviors in order to seek proximity with the
main caregiver in order to get their basic needs met, these behaviors involved crying, babbling,
smiling, gazing (Rieser–Danner and Slaughter, 2014). Crying and communicating distress is a form
use by children to seek proximity also infants used babbling, smiling, and gazing to initiate social
engagement (Palm, 2014b ) In 1978 the Strange Situation Protocol (SSP) was developed as a
research tool for assessing the relationship between infant and

Reactive Attachment Disorder ( Rad ) Treatment
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) Treatment There are many treatments for RAD: inner child
work, cognitive restructuring, insight oriented therapy, holding therapy, re–parenting, cognitive
behavioral therapy, and theraplay to name a few. Nevertheless, some of them have proven to be
more effective than others, while some are highly controversial such as holding therapy which
consist of obligating the disordered child to hugged or force them to receive tokens of affection
against their will. Re–parenting can also be somewhat controversial when parents of children have
been extremely abusive and children are no longer in their care (Day, 2001; Chaffin et al., 2006). A
treatment that has been effective across various cultures is theraplay; ... Show more content on
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Assessments should include information about patterns of behavior over time, and assessors should
be aware that current behaviors may just the likeness of modifications to new or stressful situations.
The cultural background of families should be discussed before entering therapy as interactions
between cultures can differ significantly from one another; what may seem absurd, rough, or
acceptable play in some cultures it may not be for another. Therefore, the therapist must take advice
of what is and is not accepted by the people it serves. In adoption cases, both the culture of the child
and the adoptive parents must be consider separately (Chaffin, 2006). However, the child's cultural
background will be a determining factor in how sessions are carried out (Munns, 2011).
Assessments should include specific examples of the behaviors of the child through across different
circumstances and contexts; and not be limited to behaviors and relationships of children with their
parents or caregivers. These should include relationships and interactions with teachers or daycare
providers, siblings and other relatives, and classmates of the child. The diagnosis of RAD should not
merely be based on the relationship of parent and child. The assessment of RAD should not be
based on parents or caregivers on provided descriptions to a therapist or psychologist; but should
also be centered on observations conducted by these professional. RAD should be only diagnosed
by a

Reactive Attachment Disorder And The Age Of Five And...
Reactive attachment disorder manifests before the age of five and affects how a child is able to
attach to their guardians, teachers, friends, authority figures, and any other person in their lives.
There are two recognized types of reactive attachment disorder. The inhibited type and the
disinhibited type (Rhodes, 2016). The inhibited type is "emotionally withdrawn" (Roberds & Davis,
2011). They do not initiate social relations or respond developmentally appropriately. The
disinhibited type could also be called "indiscriminate" (Roberds & Davis, 2011). They will look for
comfort or interaction from strangers or caregivers indiscriminately. They can also be "described as
shallow and attention seeking" (Roberds & Davis, 2011). Some of the symptoms of reactive
attachment disorder, or RAD, could stem from other disorders such as post–traumatic stress
disorder. "Children with RAD may lack empathy, may intentionally harm themselves or others, and
may be hypervigilant. Children with RAD have also been observed to exhibit impulsive and self–
endangering behaviors. They may generally struggle with emotional and behavioral regulation.
Children diagnosed with RAD may have related issues stemming from abuse and neglect that are
not part of RAD that also need professional attention. These include unattended medical conditions,
as well as trouble with speech or language" (Roberds & Davis, 2011). Some sources also include
trouble understanding cause and effect as well as a problem with

Bsn Registered Nurse Who Currently Works With Her Mom...
Beth Thomas is a BSN Registered Nurse who currently works with her mom Nancy at Family by
Design, a company where Attachment Therapy and teaching parents ways to provide discipline but
also love towards your child is available. Seems like she had a simple normal life, she didn't. She
grew up in a very unstable environment. As a result of her being abused at a very young age, it led
her to have rage towards other people, especially her brother. She suffered from Reactive
Attachment Disorder (RAD). This is a rare condition in which a child doesn't form a healthy
relationship with their caregiver or parent. She was a six and a half–year–old girl who had so much
rage in her, she didn't feel remorse or feeling for anything she did. She was ... Show more content on
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She constantly tried to harm her brother and showed signs of dominance when she would abuse him
and hurt his genitals. Since she was so engrossed on her body and discovering herself, she became
stuck in this stage and as a result of not being able to move on she became aggressive, abusive, and
wanting to harm others. Since she was so fixated on harming others, it led to this sadistic behavior
and she had this conflict between the drives of the Id and the drives of the Ego. She had impulses to
harm others as a result of her being harmed as a child. Being as though she wasn 't cared for and
nurtured, she didn 't have loving relationships. She didn 't have the ability to trust others nor did she
have the ability to be caring, towards anybody. Since she dealt with a lot of traumatic experiences,
she's been having the same recurring nightmares. She said she has this nightmare where "a man is
falling on her and hurting her with a part of himself." This was a familiar story that I 've once done
but on Hysteria with a girl by the name of Bertha Pappenheim. She suffered from hysteria her
symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. I later wrote about her
in Studies in Hysteria" (1895). Bertha's symptoms of this surface manifestation were due to her
being sexually abused.
Harry Harlow Using my Monkey Studies, when I separated infant monkeys from their mothers a
few hours after birth, then

Childhood Attachment Theories
Early attachments of children to their caregivers are a widely studied subject among psychologists.
Childhood attachment theories draw their theses and components from cognitive, behavioral, and
psychoanalytic branches of psychology; in the form that attachments deals with what a child is
thinking, doing, and the analyses of these attachments in later life (Weiten, 2005). "Attachment
refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers."
(Weiten, 2005) The age that attachments start forming is usually between 6 to 9 months, depending
on the child; prior to this, a child can be handed off to babysitters with little protest, but after
attachments begin forming children may develop separation anxiety (Weiten, 2005, Wicks–Nelson
& Israel, 2009). There are three to four different types of attachments. The first is a secure
attachment, or healthy attachment, in which "securely attached infants, when distressed by caregiver
separation, seek contact with her upon her return, react positively, and use the caregiver as a secure
base from which they venture forth to explore the environment." (Wicks–Nelson & Israel, 2009) An
anxious–ambivalent child is anxious when their caregiver leaves, but is not particularly happy when
she returns, and they may or may not use their caregiver as a base to explore their surroundings,
they may just cling to her to entire time (Weiten, 2005). The last attachment for most psychologists
is the avoidant

The Problem Of Client Development
History
Presenting Problem
Client is a five–year–old Caucasian boy. He currently lives with his adoptive parents, biological
brother, and adopted older brother and sister. He attends a private therapeutic early childhood
program five days per week, and also attends developmental pre–k offered through the school
district four half days per week.
This client for the first eight months or so of life had no consistency. He had parents who were both
physically and emotionally unavailable. He was left in his crib for long periods of time with no
interaction and never knew when he would eat next. He was exposed to domestic violence and at
times may have also been a victim of physical abuse. He had no control and chaos was all he knew.
Client was referred to program at the age of two by his adoption worker at the county social services
office. Client had just transitioned to his adoptive home and extra care and supports were needed. As
reported by the social worker and previous foster home the child has been having frequent angry
outbursts, defiance, and mood dysregulation. He is physically aggressive and will punch, kick, hit,
scratch and bite his brother as well as caretakers.
Relationship Status – Length of time together, Role
I have known and worked with this client for about three years. I was the case manager at the
therapeutic early childhood program when he started at the age of two. He struggled with this
transition and the staff in his classroom often needed assistance

Describe And Evaluate Bowlby's Research
Describe and evaluate two approaches/theories in Development Psychology
What is the definition of attachment? If you look it up in a dictionary it explains that it is 'an
emotional bond between an infant or toddler and primary caregiver, a strong bond being vital for the
child's normal behavioural and social development'. That strong bond between infant and caregiver
is believed to happen between the ages of 6–8 months although Bowlby (1958) suggests that the
infants are born into this world pre–programmed to form attachments, they have innate behaviours
in the way of crying, smiling, crawling and cooing which will stimulate attention and comforting
responses from the caregivers. These behaviours are called social releasers. Kagan et al (1978) ...
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If the mother is not available for that special attachment then the infant could attach to a mother–
substitute, this attachment relationship is the prototype for all future relationships. Forming this
special attachment is believed to build up an internal working model or to help them template for
their future relationships. The internal working model can be changed as the infant develops new
types of relationships to others, contact and attachments with a variety of people can lead to a fully
developed internal working model. The internal working model is the vital part of forming

The Therapy, Attachment Theory And Cognitive Theory
This eclectic plan will incorporate three theoretical approaches, which include the solution focused
therapy, attachment theory and cognitive theory. The plan is going to be made up of four therapy
sessions each will be an hour long. The four sessions are designed to help Andrew overcome his
depressive state and to help him develop coping mechanisms for himself. In the first session, the
therapist will be combining both attachment and cognitive theory. The session will begin with an
intake and assessment where the therapist will gain insight on who the client is and what their
situation is through the process of asking questions. From this, the therapist will use the attachment
approach where the therapist will tie in the intake and assessment with the Adult Attachment
Interview. It consists of a semi structured interview, which will consist of asking Andrew to describe
his childhood relationships to his parents with examples of significant events (Textbook). The
questions are geared toward possible experiences of rejection, being hurt, upset or any other
experiences that may had a negative impact on Andrew (Textbook). By doing this, it will help
Andrew understand how his relationship with his parents as a child might help explain his difficulty
with expressing emotions. From gaining this understanding, it can help him move forward and start
thinking about how he start to form more positive attachments. Before the end of the first session,
the therapist will touch

Reactive Attachment Disorder
Reactive Attachment Disorder is a common infancy/early childhood disorder. Reactive attachment
disorder is located under the trauma– and stressors–related disorder section of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM–5), Fifth Edition. It is normally diagnosed when an
infant or child experience expresses a minimal attachment to a figure for nurturance, comfort,
support, and protection. Although children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder have the
ability to select their attachment figure, they fail to show behavioral manifestation because they had
limited access during the early developmental stage. Some disturbed behaviors include diminished
or absence of positive emotions toward caregiver. In addition, ... Show more content on
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Corbin (2007) describes reactive attachment disorder as a biopsychosocial disturbance of
attachment. There is interconnectedness between the brain and body which helps explain the
development of relationships. Reactive attachment disorder has been known to be caused by a
primary caregiver's lack of affection where, in turn, the infant or child experience neglect or abuse,
difficulty coping, inability to function in families, at school or with peers (Taylor, 2002; Wimmer,
Vonk, & Bordnick, 2009; Becker–Weidman, 2006 ). In a recent case study, a child diagnosed with
reactive attachment disorder had a background of their biological parent being a cocaine and an
alcohol addict, therefore, causing the child to exhibit symptoms such as demanding behavior, social
isolation, lying, lack of cause and affect reasoning, and non–engaging and unaffectionate with
adopted parents. Moreover, in the process of diagnosing/assessing a child with RAD, it is important
to note that RAD is a term that has been used interchangeably with attachment disorder by therapist;
they are not intended to be understood as synonyms. While having a history of pathogenic care is
required before diagnosing a child with RAD, it would not be surprising that the child has had a
history of significant injuries and a report of poor mental health (Center for Child & Family Health,
2009). According to the

A Theoretical Perspective Attachment Based Family Therapy
Conceptualization
The family's main problems can be understood from the theoretical perspective Attachment Based
Family Therapy (ABFT). The client that was referred is Mia. She is a 17 year old second generation
Chinese–American girl. She is currently a junior in high school and is preparing to take the SAT's
next year. Mia's teacher referred her due to mild symptoms of depression. This perspective is
important because a child depends on his/her parents being available and protective which causes a
secure attachment. However, if parents are not available and protective it increases the possibility of
their children having an insecure attachment which is associated with depression. It is highly
encouraged that Mia's parents are apart of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be likely that Mia is scared of communicating that she is dating a Mexican–American
because she is not completely sure what the consequences of her actions would be. The second issue
is her relationship with her parents. Her mother is extremely overprotective and uses her as a
confidant. It appears that her mother may be overcompensating and trying to make up for lost time
when she was not at home and at the restaurant for long hours each day. Her mother may think that
by using her as a confidant and openly speak to her about her issues will build trust between them.
However, that may be more of a burden to Mia. Based on what was reported, Mia's relationship with
her family as not been the best. It appears that her father was not around much when she was
growing up and now as an adolescent he is still not there due to being on the road as a salesperson.
Mia and her family has several strengths and weaknesses. Mia's strengths are openly shown while at
school or related to her education. Educationally, Mia is an average student and she is focused on
taking the SAT and getting into a great college. Mia has strengths socially as well. Mia was apart of
several clubs and she seems to have a lot of friends at school. On the other hand, some of the
weaknesses are tied within the family. One of the major weaknesses of Mia's is that she compares
herself academically to her older siblings which makes her stressful when it comes to

Reactive Attachment Disorder Of Children
Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children
Introduction to the Diagnosis
According to Bowlby, the founder of attachment theory, a dependable, safe, and caring relationship
with a primary caregiver is vital to an infant's psychological health (Bowlby, 1951). In particular,
children lacking a secure attachment with their primary caregivers are at risk of developing
emotional and behavioral issues (Blakely & Dziadosz, 2015). Unfortunately, the human bonds
normally formed in infancy are fractured in neglected and abused children suffering from RAD (Shi,
2014). As a result, these children become withdrawn, distrustful, and fearful of the world (Shi,
2014).
RAD is located under Trauma and Stressor–Related Disorders in the Diagnostic and ... Show more
Notably, one quarter of children living in the United States will suffer from neglect and/or abuse
during their lifetime (CDC, 2016). As a consequence, the welfare system places at risk children in
foster homes, group homes, and institutions (Department of Health and Human Services (US
Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015).
According to the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), in 2014,
over 400,000 children were placed into foster care with over 100,000 were waiting to be adopted
(US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families,
2015). The majority of children in foster care are White (42%), the second highest are Blacks (24%)
and third are Hispanics (22%) (US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for
Children Youth and Families, 2015). Also, 52% are male and 48% are female (US Department of
Health and Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). Most children,
46%, were placed in a non–relative home and 29% with a relative (US Department of Health and
Human Services Administration for Children Youth and Families, 2015). Additionally, 6% were
sheltered in a group home and 8% in an institution (US Department of Health and Human

An Overview Of Reactive Attachment Disorder
An Extensive Overview of Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive attachment disorder, also known
as RAD, is characteristic of children who have developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors.
As mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2013),
"The essential feature (of reactive attachment disorder) is absent or grossly underdeveloped
attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults" (p. 266). This underdeveloped
attachment is in response to a child being neglected or deprived of emotional and social comfort
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In the following section, the diagnostic criteria for
reactive attachment disorder will be discussed.
Reactive Attachment Disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A history of neglect must also be present, which may include any of the following: lack of basic
emotional needs for comfort, stimulation and affection on behalf of the caregiver(s), repeated
changes of primary caregivers, and/or rearing in unusual settings. An extremely important factor
when diagnosing RAD is that all disruptions explained in diagnostic criteria A and B must be a
result of this pattern of neglect and deprivation of comfort and care. Additional diagnostic criteria
include that the disturbances in the child/caregiver relationship much be noticeable before 5 years of
age, the child must be a developmental age of at least 9 months, and the criteria for autism spectrum
disorder are not met. It is important that the clinician specify whether the disorder is persistent,
lasting more than 12 months, and whether it is severe, which is when the child exhibits all the
symptoms of the disorder and the symptoms are displayed at relatively high levels (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013). Understanding the etiology and the basics of attachment theory are
essential to understanding the disruptive relationships seen in reactive attachment disorder.
The Etiology of Reactive Attachment Disorder Attachment theory was developed by John Bowlby
in the 1960s and suggests that infants are primed to form a close, dependant bond with a primary
caregiver beginning in the first moments of life. Hardy (2007) writes,

Attachment Theory And Its Effect On An Individual
Question One Attachment theory is one way of understanding relationships, and the effect it has on
an individual (Bowlby, 2005). Bowlby theorized that the relationship established from birth by the
primary caregiver is the foundation for the development of relationship building throughout the life
cycle. This relationship instructs the infant how the environment will respond to crying, hunger, and
emotional stimuli (2005). When the infant obtains a nurturing response to these stimuli the infant
will have secure attachments, and provide a blueprint how the world will respond to their needs
(Pearson, 2010). An unhealthy response (ignoring, yelling, etc.) perpetuates a negative development
or insecure attachment giving the child an inconsistent understanding of what to expect from their
environment (Pearson, 2010). Insecure attachments, in infants, can perpetuate health problems such
as anxiety, depression, and failure to thrive (Bowlby, 2005). Failure to thrive is observed as a child's
lack of meeting developmental milestones (not eating, sleeping, standing, sitting, smiling, etc.)
(Shah, 2015) As the child develops, the insecure attachment may present itself as maladaptive
behaviors. Maladaptive behaviors are described as a way a person adjusts to their environment in an
attempt to escape an uncomfortable situation (NAMI, 2015). They are often referred to as coping
strategies; they can be negative or positive (NAMI, 2015). In a child experiencing attachment
deficiencies,

Fraley's Two Models Of Discontinuity In Attachment Theory
Although the social and cognitive mechanisms invoked by attachment theorists imply that stability
in attachment style may be the rule rather than the exception, these basic mechanisms can predict
either long–run continuity or discontinuity, depending on the precise ways in which they are
conceptualized (Fraley, 2002). Fraley (2002) discussed two models of continuity derived from
attachment theory that make different predictions about long–term continuity even though they were
derived from the same basic theoretical principles. Each model assumes that individual differences
in attachment representations are shaped by variation in experiences with caregivers in early
childhood, and that, in turn, these early representations shape the quality

Family Eco-Systems Theory Paper
At the Macro level, the family would be provided with Medicare through the publicly funded
universal health care service. The family could also be receiving some support from Centrelink. The
policies regarding abuse with the department of human services will play an important role in
regards to the interventions that could be used. It is evident that there are many environmental
stressors that result in a lack of fit for the family. It is clear that Cheryl is doing the best she can with
the current situation, the eco–systems theory allows us to promote the quality of the clients
relationships. Another theory that can be used to understand the internal processes of the family is
Psychodynamic theory. It allows social workers to determine the

Developing A Healthy Attachment For Children
Steven was born in Russia from an alcoholic mother and father. His parents left him at an orphanage
located in Moscow, Russia. The orphanage was not equipped with enough staff and were unable to
meet the needs of all the children. He spent most of his time restrained inside of a crib, along with
other children. Even though children were around him, they were restricted of any interaction. He
did not learn how to speak until he was illegally trafficked into the United States at the age of seven,
and that was very limited. The purpose of this case study is to determine the factors during infancy
and early childhood that prevented him in developing a healthy attachment. According to Joan &
Greg Cook (2007), attachment can be defined by, "An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without an animate or inanimate attachment figure or object, he believed when a monkey tried to
seek closeness and showed distress without comfort, the monkey would develop poor attachment.
This research relates to human infants, such as Steven because he rejected any comfort due to never
having a secure base of emotional comfort. Instead, he displayed severe signs of aggression and
distrust. According to Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment, Steven may fall into the insecure–
disorganized attachment. According to Joan & Greg Cook, this category of attachment is defined by,
"Unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show
contradictory behaviors" (p. 184). This attachment style has recently been added by more current
researchers, expanding Mary Ainsworth's findings. Steven displayed this attachment style by
maintaining a dissociative state when around others, or acting violent out of nowhere. As a toddler,
he would respond negatively to any staff that would occasionally bring him food by throwing the
food back at the staff and on the floor, and even overindulging to the extent of regurgitating. It is
important to note, Steven was restrained in his crib before acts of violence were displayed, therefore
this constant restriction was a factor as he became older in forming a healthy attachment. Steven's
caregivers did

Bowlby Attachment Theory Essay
ATTACHMENT THEORY– PSYCHOLOGY. 'Mother's love in infancy and childhood is as
important to mental health as vitamins and proteins are to physical health'. Bowlby (1969) defined
attachment as a two–way deep emotional bond which connects a person to another, where they
depend on each other for sense of security across time and space. Kagan et al. (1978) also defined
attachment as an 'intense emotional relationship which is specific to two people, that endures over
time and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow'.
According to Bowlby (1969), infants are genetically programmed to form attachment towards their
mothers in a way that helps in ensuring their survival such as crying, sucking, cuddling and ... Show
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Which are proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base and distress at separation. The first stage
is proximity maintenance, where infants desire to be close to their caregiver with whom they share
an attachment. Because of this, infants endeavour to be near their caregiver as possible since they
enjoy their company. Also, attachments create a safe haven, where infants depend on their
attachment figures for care and comfort when feeling threaten or in distress. They cry when they
don't like something and stops crying when they have what they want. However, attachment figures
also provide a secure base for discovery. This is very necessary during childhood. This stage
provides infants with the avenue to explore and learn by themselves whiles knowing they can return
to attachment figures for safety. Lastly, infants experience separation distress when separated from
their attachment figure. For example, infants (kids) become upset and cry when their mothers leave
to work. Bowlby proposed four sequence of phases over which attachment in infants occurs. The
first phase is the pre–attachment phase (birth to 6 weeks).Infants displays a built in signals like
crying, bring infants into close proximity with their caregivers. Infants identify their mother's or
caregiver's voice or smell and they are calmed. Attachments starts to formed when babies are smiled

The Provision Of Equality, Diversity And Inclusive Practice
The provision of equality, diversity and inclusive practice can be ensured in relation to change and
transition in many ways. During the process of a transition, if the child has additional needs, such as
behavioural problems, then the practitioner is going to need to create an individual plan for the child
and their family. This plan could ensure that the parents stay longer on the child first visit. Home
visits can be helpful too. This individual plan will benefit the child, their parents and also the
practitioners. If the family didn't speak English then this might cause concerns for the child and also
the setting. The setting could overcome this by supporting the child by bringing an interpreter into
the school. The parents can have support from the setting by the school providing leaflets about the
school with lots of pictures, some videos, or a translated letter. The birth order of the individual
child needs to be considered because that can have an effect on them. I have noticed in my setting
that the younger child of the family is the most excited to start school because they want to be like
their big brothers or sisters. Other studies show that birth order can also have an effect on the child's
grades and personalities. "Birth order within families has long sparked sibling rivalry, but it might
also impact the child 's personality and intelligence, a new study suggests. First–borns are typically
smarter, while younger siblings get better grades and are more

Children and Young People’s Development.
John Bowlby's attachment theory has had a huge influence on practice. "His work on maternal
separation, attachment, and loss...has profoundly influenced practice", Pedder, (2010:p130).
Bowlby's attachment theory talks about how important it is for a child to have a primary caregiver
and how a child need's to have a strong bond with their main carer. From Bowlby's research and
theory there has been a great influence on policies and practice as, has been stressed how important
it is to provide children with the best possible care whilst in the child care setting and a key worker
system has been brought into practice. At my placement, for every child there is a key worker, who
as well as working with individual children also, work alongside ... Show more content on
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The child may not want to as he/she may think what's the point the key persons going to change
again. "Over 70% of children's lives are spent, not in a setting, but with their family and the wider
community. Therefore home and community must be recognised as significant learning
environments in the lives of children", EYFS, (2007:P1). So it is important for the key person to try
and maintain a suitable bond and to help produce and maintain the strong bond the child has at
home with the primary caregiver. Since attachment is innate, there is likely to be a limited window
for its development, and so if a child does not form an attachment then it could result in long term
cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for that infant. The child may have; reduced
intelligence, lack of trust and feel let down and neglected and because of this they will find it hard to
form relationships or attachment to anyone in the future. If a child has a strong attachment with their
key worker, the child will regard this relationship as positive and this will allow the child to develop
positively. The child will feel content and use this relationship as an example or template for the
future and as a prototype for future relationships. This mental representation is known as the internal
working

Anti-Social Experiments
This study is design to evaluate if young infants prefer prosocial beings compared to antisocial with
in their environment. The study was conducted by J.Kiley Hamlin and Karen Wynn from the
University of British Columbia and Yale University. This study was conducted in order to
understand infant thoughts on third party social activities and how they perceive others when they
have to choose between a potential helper in the environment. For instance, the broader purpose of
this was to if an infant will go seek help from a prosocial person or an antisocial person based on the
visual cue of their action from a third parties point of view? The study had two main experiment
with four subdivisions, and each sub division either being the control or ... Show more content on
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How did the abstained infant affect the result in data collected? And was there any difference in data
compared to the studies reported prior to this? Future research that might be needed to complete to
answer these question is the need to use living persons rather than puppets. Or the use of cartoon
shows and video games to see how infant choices are affected. The finding of this topic is
fundamental to understanding how parent babies are influenced in the environment. Just like the
Bobo Doll experiment, it is important that parents know that children are born to choose positive
behavior over negative ones and that the environment is what influences future behavior. Education
can further tech children to imitate good behavior via third party action while reinforcing the good
behavior and punishing the unwanted

`` A Rose For Emily `` By William Faulkner
There are many tales about crime and horror, things that have happened in the past. Some stories
involve horrible people who are psychotic murders and others may be more simple people who are
mentally ill and are in need of some good care. Such is the story of "A Rose for Emily," by William
Faulkner, the main character, Emily, is plagued with mental instability and is sheltered from society;
but today such a woman would receive treatment options to help her cope and overcome her
apparent attachment disorder.
Throughout the story hints of Emily's instability are presented. Attachment disorders cover a wide
range of personalities, some people are avoidant while others are anxious, the difference between
the two types is the amount of anxiety and avoidance they exhibit. "Mikulincer et al. (2003)
suggested that each adult attachment style is associated with a specific pattern of interpersonal
behavior and emotion regulation when a person perceives a threat," saying so explains why Emily
was withdrawn and unable to handle the grief of her father's passing (Marganska, Gallagher, and
Miranda. 132). Almost automatically Emily withdrawals from the outside world, just like her father
had showed her to shut out society, except this time she refuses to admit that she has any needs and
that she is lost.
A father that was once so dominating and constantly controlling every action no matter the affects it
had on is daughter is now gone. He left her alone with a single servant, she long

What Is John Bowlby's Theory Of Attachment
Attachment theory is the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth joined together. "Ainsworth
worked with Bowlby, extending his ideas by looking at different types of atatchments as well as
considering issues such as sensitive parenting". Bowlby proposed the theory of attachment in a
series of publications from the 1940 to the 1980s. "Attachment theory is rooted in the ethological
notion that a newborn child is biologically programmed to seek proximity with caregivers, and this
proximity–seeking behavior is naturally–selected"
Bowlby believed that attachment was innate and that it had evolved in order to protect the babies
from any danger, as a type of adaptive behavior therefore it helps survival. He said that attachment
was a two way action,

Reactive Attachment Disorder ( Ptsd )
Reactive Attachment Disorder 1. Introduction Reactive Attachment Disorder is classified under
Trauma– and Stressor– Related Disorders under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The following
mental disorders are also classified under Trauma– and Stressor–Related Disorders: Disinhibited
Social Engagement Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment
Disorders, Other Specified Trauma– and Stressor–Related Disorder, and Unspecified Trauma– and
Stressor–Related Disorder (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Reactive Attachment
Disorder is a fairly uncommon mental disorder where the child (onset is usually before age five) has
severe disturbances in social relatedness with others (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014). This results
in the child not turning to a primary caregiver (e.g. mother) for comfort, protection, or support. This
behavior of not seeking support from a primary caregiver is related to the main diagnostic feature of
the disorder, which is underdeveloped attachment (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association,
2013). As a result of underdeveloped attachments with the primary caregiver, the child will display
aggressive and hostile towards the mother an may even seek attachment with strangers (Seligman &
Reichenberg, 2014; Speltz, McClellan, DeKlyen, & Jones, 1999). Altogether, there are six main
diagnostic criteria for Reactive Attachment

The Attachment Theory Family Therapy Approach
therapy model that would be used just for Sarah and Robert would be the attachment theory family
therapy approach. This model would be used because they both detached themselves from each
other, they didn't use their sibling relationship as a support instead the avoid each other. When
working with them outside of residential home it would be important to create a schedule that has
flexibility, because it will give them some control and may help to make them more open to the
process. An example of this that was effective can be found in Foroughe and Muller's article about
attachment–based intervention strategies.
The article by Foroughe and Muller is a case study on a family that has intra–familial trauma and
they note that when working ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This intervention focuses on helping to provide the client who has suffered a complex trauma with
an attachment style intervention that focuses on the various subsystems in the client's life (Foroughe
& Muller, 2014). TBRI can be applied not just in a clinical setting but in any environment. This
intervention would help Sarah to continue to make bonds with people and be aware of how these
systems affect her. Also Sarah would receive support for her separation anxiety disorder as well. The
individual sessions would also allow for interventions that assess how Sarah is adjusting to her new
life, and the outlook of her new family. Robert would receive individual counseling as well to help
him cope with the idea of being in a new environment that is not the residential facility. This will be
more of an adjustment for him but it important that he is still receiving the services needed to keep
him at the high functioning that he is currently at. He would also experience TBRI because it will be
beneficial for him to have a constant support in all his environment and it important that he is able
to adjust without regressing back to pass behaviors.
The practitioner might experience the ethical dilemma of confidentiality when it comes to Robert
and Sarah. With the age bracket that they tend to share but not want their information returned to
their parents. It may prove difficult for the practitioner because they are working to gain the trust

The Support Influence On Development Of Insufficient...
History and Development It was in 1951 that John Bowlby began to write about the opposing
influence on development of insufficient parental care and called attention to the acute distress of
young children separated from their primary caregivers. (Barth, 2005) The quality of early
attachment relationships is correlated with future personality and brain development. "The
Attachment Theory is a foundation theory, developed by Bowlby. It focusses on the form, quality,
and strengths of human attachments made in early life and their effects on development in pro social
behaviors" (Tuner, 2011, p.30). Practitioners have found that the importance of forming a bond with
a child from birth has the possibility to shape the life of a person. ... Show more content on
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The secure style happens most often when infant is separated for the caregiver and is trying to
regain the closeness, by coming back together with the caregiver. The avoidant style is represented
by the infant ignoring the caregiver when the when they leave the presents of the infant. Then once
the caregiver returns there is no response from the infant. In this stage the infant has become
accustom to being ignored. The resistant–ambivalent style is characterized by a preoccupation or
fixation on the caregiver in which the caregiver is alternately sought for comfort and rejected. This
shows that the needs of the infant are not being meet. Lastly in the disorganized style it is often seen
when the infant has been mistreated by the caregiver. In this case infants my have experienced
trauma early on. (Hardy, 2007) The Attachment Theory helps practitioners understand how to best
provide help to children and adults. In the Strengths approach, rating for child and mother are
provided by the Strange Situation Procedure, parent attachment was assessed with the Marvin's
Caregiver Scales. (Tuner, 2011) Here it is shown how the severity of attachment is measured.
Assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach for applications to social work clients
and settings, with differential applications The Attachment Theory is the one of the leading theories
explaining the how attachment is

Holden Caulfield Mental Illness
In the 1950's, mental illness was still largely misunderstood by the public. Most had misconceptions
that people with a mental illness were violent and scary as many equated mental illness with
psychosis . Today, mental health has become less taboo, and science has worked to deepen our
understanding of it (Phelan 189). Using this research, it is now possible to diagnose people more
accurately than sixty years ago. While it has long been debated how to diagnose the main character,
Holden Caulfield, from J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, modern science may help. In this
novel, Holden tells the story of how he ended up in a mental institution. Taking place over three
days, he tells of his battle with isolation from peers, family, and strangers. Evidence from this novel
suggests that Holden has reactive attachment disorder, or RAD. RAD is caused by a traumatic
experience in childhood (Institute) which in Holden's case was neglect. Holden says that his
"parents were occupied and all before the had [him]" (Salinger 3), and they sent him to many
boarding schools. His parents ignore the roles normally fulfilled by parents. When Holden mentions
family outings, his parents aren't involved. For example, his older brother took him and his sister to
see Hamlet (Salinger 130). In addition, they have a woman, Charlene, cook for the kids while his
parents go out and have fun (Salinger 196). When his parents are home, Holden still does not have a
stable home life. Like many children

Child Neglect and Its Consequences Essay
This paper explores the numerous effects neglect has on a child's development. If a child lacks the
necessary attachment and stimulation during the critical first years, they will have profound
developmental issues throughout life. Possibly the most important aspects that are affected by
neglect are the brain and a child's social development. Looking into the case of the Romanian
orphans, readers will be able to see the harsh consequences. Severe neglect is child abuse that often
goes unnoticed and is hard to reverse. By understanding the implications of neglect, we can
intervene earlier in order to prevent severe cases from becoming irrevocable.
Keywords: neglect, attachment, development
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although severe neglect isn't highly prevalent in today's society, it is still an important issue to be
discussed. Without knowledge of the outcomes, there will be no motivation to intervene on the
child's behalf.
Review of Literature
Impact of Neglect on the Brain In many cases of neglect, there has been an association with the
brain failing to form appropriately. This causes impaired physical, mental, and emotional
development (DePanfilis, 2006). A child's brain learns to adapt to a less than positive environment
and this stunts the process of normal development. The brains of neglected children are not
integrated and this causes difficulties in emotional, social, and cognitive development. The sensitive
period, during the first two years of life, is a critical time in which brain activity faces severe
psychosocial deprivation if faced with neglect and is unlikely to be recovered (Vanderwert,
Marshall, Nelson III, Zeanah & Fox, 2010). Children who have experienced neglect in multiple
areas, global neglect, may have significantly smaller brains than the norm. This indicates they have
fewer neurological connections, leading to lifelong intellectual disadvantages (DePanfilis, 2006).
Neglected children often have lower IQ's and extreme difficulties in learning new things. Lack of
intellectual stimulation causes deficits in language development. Ultimately, neglect causes damages
to the brain

The Purpose Of Behavior Management Policies Within...
This essay will explore and evaluate the purpose of behaviour management policies within
educational settings. It will analyse developmental differences and environmental influences, which
may affect both the cause and management of children's behaviour in real life settings, linking to
theories of leadership and behaviour management. Finally, this essay will conclude by reflecting
upon the most effective methods and theories of behaviour management, in relation to children and
adults within educational environments. Human behaviour is a complex issue concerned with
observable traits such as observable physical actions and social interactions, but also internal
processes. Such as, the mental cognitions and emotions one may experience as a result of a
particular condition. Behaviour is usually associated with 'the way in which one acts or conducts
oneself, in response to a particular situation or stimulus', (Oxford English Dictionary, 2016).
Behaviourism therefore, is 'the theory that behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, and
that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns', (Oxford English
Dictionary, 2016). An example of attempting to alter a behaviour pattern could be Ellis' ABC theory.
This was instigated as a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (McLeod, 2008). Whereby, the
'Activating Event', which was thought to trigger an irrational behaviour, was identified. The patients
'Beliefs' were then noted, and finally the

What Causes Rad And Other Attachment Disorders?
with their primary caregiver, which consequently impairs their future social adaptation in the areas
of affect regulation, stress modulation and behavioural organization." (Weinberg, 2010)
Smith, Saisan, and Segal all did research together regarding RAD. "Attachment is the deep
connection established between a child and caregiver that profoundly affects your child's
development and ability to express emotions and develop relationships.." (Smith, Saisan, Segal,
2015) A child with Reactive Attachment Disorder is inadequate in the skills used for constructing
important relationships and controlling their own emotions. The outcome is a shortage of trust and
self–worth. The child is scared to get close to anyone, and has building anger, and a ... Show more
In addition, it can be a result of an occurrence with the child's caregivers. For example if the baby is
hospitalized, or separated from its parents, or if the baby is moved from one caregiver to the next. It
can also be a consequence of the parent's emotional unavailability. Sometimes the situation is
inevitable, but the kid will feel like no one concerns themselves about him and the child's certainty
will be misplaced resulting in a world of doubt. There are two types of Reactive Attachment
Disorder's. The first one is known as inhibited RAD. The child is exceedingly introverted,
emotionally reserved, and refuses solace. The kid is receptive of his surroundings but is impassive.
The child will try to drive others away, avoid them, or respond with violence if someone oversteps
his comfort zone. The second type is disinhibited RAD. The child looks equally at his parents and
strangers. The child looks for affection from anyone. In addition, the kid is extremely reliant. He
also appears younger than his actual age and may seem chronically restless.
Early warning signs are helpful to recognize the disorder in order to fix the problem before it gets
more serious. This disorder can be a minor attachment problem or can be as serious as RAD. Parents
should be aware of these signs for insecure attachment in their infants: averts eye contact, does not
smile, does not ask to be picked up, does not

Transitions Of The Early Years
This essay will cover transitions in the early years. It will discuss a diverse range of transitions,
which each child may encounter during their early years of life. It will discuss different types of
transitions such as horizontal and vertical transitions, with reference to appropriate theorists such as
Bowlby and Ainsworth's and their research on the attachment theory. The last section of the essay
will show a high quality policy and procedure, going into detail on how it will support a child in the
transition from pre–school in a nursery setting, to reception in a primary school.
Transitions are commonly described as different phases of concentrated learning and enhanced
development in a social context. (Dunlop et al, 2007). There are three types of transitions, each have
a different meaning. Vertical transitions describe a major change in a child's life, for example,
moving from pre–school, to the reception class in a school. Internal transitions occur when a child
moves to a different room in a setting, for example, from a toddler room to a pre–school room, or
reception to year 1. Horizontal transitions is a much broader term, they occur on a day–to–day basis,
for example from their house to nursery, having multiple carers in one day, encountering unfamiliar
people and many more. (O'Connor, 2013). "Development is all about transitions: conception to
birth, birth to toddlerhood, to pre–schooler, school–age child, to adolescent, adolescent to adult,
adult to the final

Parent-Child Attachment Issues: Contributing Factors and...
Parent–Child Attachment Issues: A parent–child attachment can be described as the social and
emotional relationship or connection between adults and children. Generally, an attachment is the
emotional and social link that both children and adults develop with important people in their lives.
As children head to school for the first time in their lives, they usually experience anxiety regarding
the new environment without someone they have an attachment with. A health parent–child
attachment is one in which there is a balance between connection and exploration, especially among
children. In this case, a child can go out and explore the new environment and then come back and
seek the comfort of their parents. The lack of a healthy parent–child attachment contributes to
several parent–child attachment issues and difficulties. These difficulties are usually reflected in
either part of the balance as certain children have challenges in going out and exploring new
environments whereas others have numerous challenges in coming back to seek the comfort of their
parents ("Child–parent Attachment", 2008). Factors Contributing to Parent–Child Attachment
Issues: There are various factors that contribute to huge challenges or issues in the attachment
relationship or connection between parents and their children. Throughout the past few years,
several attachment researches have been conducted to examine a wide range of various factors that
contribute to these issues. The factors

The Theory Of Continuous Bonds From The Model Of Loss & Grief
Continuous Bonds
This paper discusses the theory of continuous bonds from the model of loss & grief. It begins by
offering a definition of attachment theory which will further explain continuous bonds. It offers a
critical examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the continuous bonds theory. Personal
experiences will also be present throughout this essay in order to give the reader background
information on how continuous bonds was explored by the author. Continuous bonds will be
examined in order to understand how this can be incorporated into future social care practice. In
order for a continuous bond to arise there must be an existing attachment prior to the individual's
death. John Bowlby (1969, cited in Field, et al., 2005) created the attachment theory which was able
to demonstrate that a child develops an attachment with their primary caregiver i.e. mother. Bowlby
(1969) founded that children experienced distress when they were separated from their primary
caregiver which showed that physical proximity was a prominent factor in the child's sense of
security. According to Field, et al., (2005) attachment bonds between adults are seen to be different
from child–parent bonds, in that physical proximity was less of importance. However the ability to
respond to emotional needs was a higher factor in adult bonds because both individuals could act as
an attachment figure to each other. Drawing upon this theory, if an individual died within a
relationship, the

Facilitating Developmental Attachment By Daniel A. Hughes
Facilitating Developmental Attachment – The road to emotional recovery and behavioural change in
foster and adopted children
Daniel A. Hughes, A Jason Aronson Book copyright 1997, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com, 2004
ISBN 0–7657–0270–0
Facilitating Developmental Attachment is a book about the theory behind and a treatment for
attachment disorder, focusing on children who have been fostered or adopted due to abuse or
neglect. Daniel Hughes gives a detailed therapy plan of how to help these particular children begin
to form the secure attachment that is crucial to living a fulfilling life.
"All children, at the core of their beings, need to be attached to someone who considers them to be
very special and who is committed to providing for their ongoing care." In this very first sentence
Daniel Hughes expresses the importance of attachment in children in order for them to live rich and
fulfilling lives. He outlines the issues surrounding the poorly attached child (particularly foster and
adopted children) and shows how it is possible, using specific therapeutic interventions, to help
them to "heal and grow".
He begins by giving a detailed explanation of how foster and adopted children's unique problems
make it difficult for them to create new significant relationships. As a consequence of abuse or
neglect they have not been given the opportunity to form a meaningful and secure attachment

Analysis of Timothy's Case Study Essay
Analysis of Timothy's Case Study
PSYC 2700
Child Development Case Study Analysis
Capella University
March, 2014
Analysis of Timothy's Case Study
Timothy's story is about a sequence, or timeline of events showing how being in a certain
environment can help shape a child's development. Timothy's behavior from the beginning was a
perfect example of how children model after their parents or caregiver. He was exposed to violence
at a very young age from his parents, and therefore that was how he learned how to express himself.
With his parents out of work and in low paying jobs, the whole family was under a lot of stress.
Timothy was spanked as a result of them not dealing with their stress in a ... Show more content on
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They are also more likely to have inadequate social skills, more hostile behavior, and trouble
following the rules. Research suggests this occurs because children are stressed from the long hours,
and because of the low quality of the daycare. (Berk, 2012) An important factor in preventing
insecure attachment is attending a high quality daycare and good communication between the
family and the daycare. Family circumstances play a huge role in attachment security. Parents must
find a good balance between children, work, and stress to ensure their child has a healthy
attachment. Families with excessive stress are more prone to attachment insecurity. Exposure to an
insensitive or uncaring environment at home and in a daycare setting magnifies the chances of
having an insecure attachment. (Berk, 2012) Children may have emotional issues when there is no
attachment to one or more adults. Neglect and child abuse both contribute to insecure attachment.
(Berk, 2012)
In Timothy's case, he did not have a secure attachment to his parents or the caregiver at his daycare.
His parents' violent behavior toward each other, and the spanking done to him, caused him to
internalize his feelings. His basic needs were not met at the daycare he attended 10 hours a day. The
caregiver had too many young children to care for so he got little affection or attention, poor

John Bowlby 's Influence On Children 's Development
John Bowlby's work in attachment has been the foundation when determining the attcahments and
bonds that a child and parent may experience (Webb, 2011). According to Bowlby, "attachment" is
referring to a lasting, mutual bond of affection that is dependent on an individual or more than one
person (Webb, 2011). Establishing a secure attachment during infancy and early childhood is an
important task of a parent or a caregiver. Not all parents or caregivers can provide their child with a
secure attachment at this important in life due to various reasons. Since parents are the main
providers in their child's development of attachment, their lives and history has a great influence on
their children's lives. One psychosocial factor is the family's socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic
statuses has been researched to be on of the most influential factors in rather or not a family will
succeed or face challenges, it can be a determinant in the development of mental health, physical
health, and emotional health. A parent's educational level, their occupation, and income could place
the family in either a beneficial or hindering situation, in return, affecting the way a parent could
establish attachment with their child. For example, a single parent raising their child and having to
manage two jobs, could result in limited attachment to their parent or primary caregiver. Parental
stress and their adverse childhood experiences is another psychosocial factor which can determine a
child's

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