1. ndocrine system is the group of glands that secrete hormones. It
regulates tissue function, bodymetabolism, growth and development,
sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
Major Endocrine Glands are,
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pineal gland
3. Pituitary gland
4. Thyroid gland
5. Para thyroid gland
6. Adrenal gland
7. Pancreas
8. Ovaries/ Testes
Endocrine glands secrets their hormones directly into bloodstream,
whereas Exocrine glands produceand secrets substances onto an
epithelial surface by way of a duct (Sweat glands, salivary glands,
mammary & lacrimal gland)
Hypothalamus is a small portion of the Brain just below the thalamus. It
is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. Hormones are,
1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2. Dopamine
3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone
4. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
6. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
7. Vasopressin
PinealGland (pineal body)is a small gland located center of the brain.
ProduceMelatonin (Regulates sleep) it is also an antioxidant.
Pituitary Gland is a small gland located at the base of the
brain. Hormones released by pituitary gland are,
2. 1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3. Gonadotropin(follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing
hormone)
4. Growth hormone
5. Prolactin (Stimulate milk synthesis)
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (Stimulate melanin
synthesis)
7. Oxytocin (Uterine contraction during delivery)
8. Vasopressin
Thyroid Gland is located in neck just below the Adam’s apple. It
secretes thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Parathyroid Glands are totally four small glands located in neck just
behind the thyroid gland, it secrets parathyroid hormone that maintain the
calcium and phosphate level.
Pancreas is a part of digestive organ. it is located in abdomen cavity
behind the stomach. It secrets the most important hormone called Insulin
and also the Pancreatic juice that assist digestion and absorptionof
nutrients in the small intestine.
Adrenal Glands are located just above the kidneys. It secrets Adrenaline,
steroid hormone (aldosterone) and Cortisol
Testes are the male gonads. Primary function is production of sperm and
to producetestosterone.
Ovaries are the female gland, primary function is production of egg cells
(Ovum), It secrets progesterone & estrogen hormone important for the
regulation of ovulation and menstruation.
Common DiseaseofEndocrine System:
1. Diabetes mellitus – High blood sugar level over a prolonged
period.
A. Type 1 DM – Pancreas fail to produceenough insulin
B. Type II DM – Cells fails to respond to insulin
3. C. GestationalDM – Pregnant women develops high blood
sugar level
2. Hypoglycemia-Low sugar level
3. Goiter- Swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of
thyroid gland
4. Hyperthyroidism – Excessive production of thyroid hormone
5. Hypothyroidism - Low thyroid hormone
6. Osteoporosis-Decreased bone density, increase the risk of
fracture.
7. Osteomalacia-Softening of the bones caused by impaired bone
metabolism
8. Gigantism - Excessive growth
9. Precocious puberty- Puberty occurring at an unusually early age
10. Cushing syndrome - A condition that occurs from exposure to
high Cortisol levels for a long time.
11. Addison’s disease -occurs when the adrenal cortex is damaged and
the adrenal glands do not produceenough of the steroid hormones
Cortisol and aldosterone.
12. Epididymitis - Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle
that stores and carries sperm.
13. Hydrocele - is a collection of fluid in the scrotum.
14. Polycystic ovary syndrome - A hormonal disorder causing
enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
4. 15. Hyperparathyroidism - is an increased parathyroid hormone
(PTH) levels in the blood.
16. Hypoparathyroidism - is decreased function of the parathyroid
glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone.
MEDICALABBREVIATIONS:
1. BMI - Body mass index
2. DM - Diabetes mellitus
3. DKA - Diabetic ketoacidosis
4. FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone
5. TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone
