Synapse Specificity Analysis

Synapse Specificity Analysis
Memory formation occurs through LTP. This is due to the fact that LTP is synapse–specific. Synapse
specificity is the process of when a synapse is stimulated, only that synapse is affected; neighboring
synapses that lie close by remain unaffected.1 Extending into this topic, CaMKII, an enzyme, was
found to play a major role in synapse specificity. The increase of intracellular calcium from the
unblocking of the NMDA–type glutamate receptors resulting in the activation of CaMKII triggers
LTP. The broad question that is then addressed in Lee et al's article, "Activation of CaMKII in Single
Dendritic Spines during Long–Term Potentiation" is what makes up the foundation of synapse
specificity of LTP and how does CaMKII affect synapse specificity? To answer the questions
previously asked, Lee et al conducted an experiment using several methods, which include
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), two–photon microscopy, photostimulation, and ...
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The effect of CaMKII on synapse specificity is controlled by two factors: the rate of CaMKII's
inactivation and its mobility. Starting with the rate of inactivation of CaMKII, the fluorescence
lifetime of the GFP, in other words, the activation of CaMKII, lasted only two minutes. This went
along with the observation calcium levels fall back to initial concentrations within milliseconds.
This does not allow calcium to diffuse into neighboring spines and activate CaMKII due to the short
time limit. Because of the fast rate of inactivation of CaMKII, CaMKII is forced to stick to one
dendritic spine. Hence why, the activation of CaMKII follows synaptic specificity. The second
factor is mobility of the activation of CaMKII. Using fluorescence decay, it was concluded that
CaMKII had really slow mobility of diffusion out of a dendritic spine. Because CaMKII can't
diffuse out of the spine fast enough, this also confines the activation of CaMKII to one
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Methods Of Investigation For The University Of Alabama
Methods of investigation *Names of institutions, protocol and training providers, and collaborators
external to The University of Alabama have been censored – and will remain censored – until
consent for attribution has been established. This is no longer the case; it was likely unnecessary.
*This draft contains procedures that are not attributed to their original creators. This will be resolved
in a final draft of this section. List of nematode strains. Strain N2 Bristol was used as wildtype for
all experiments (originally developed by Brenner, S., 1974; provided for present use by the
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC). The following strains were also provided by CGC:
CX51[dyn–1(ky51)], AM141[rmIs133[Punc–54::Q40::yfp]], and SJ4005[zcIs4[hsp–4::gfp]]. The
following strains were generated in the Caldwell Laboratory at The University of Alabama:
AM141[rmIs133[Punc–54::Q40::yfp]];CX51[dyn–1(ky51)] and SJ4005[zcIs4[hsp–4::gfp]];
CX51[dyn–1(ky51)]. The methods used to generate novel strains are detailed in below sections of
this report. Nematode growth and primary culture maintenance. Animals were maintained under
standard conditions (Brenner, S., 1974), with some modifications: nematodes were cultured on a
surface of nematode growth media (NGM) that was colonized by Escherichia coli strain OP50–1
with the modification that all strains were cultured at 16°C rather than 20°C to ensure age
synchronization was maintained between temperature–sensitive mutants and other

Gel Electrophoresis Lab
Title:
Principle and Practice of Gel Electrophoresis.
Aim:
To determine the unknown dyes in Unknown Mix 1 and Unknown Mix 2 from the four known dye
samples using gel electrophoresis.
To determine which dye had the most net charge and its macromolecule size.
Introduction:
Gel Electrophoresis is a technique used in Molecular Biology to separate macromolecules based on
their size and their charge (negative/positive). For this experiment DNA was analysed, DNA has a
negative charge.
There are two unknown mixes of dyes. To determine what dyes they are, 4 known samples were
used in this experiment to identify the unknown mixes using agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel
electrophoresis will allow you to identify which dye has the most net charge ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This was not noticed until after the wells were filled. This caused the dyes (Mix 1 & 2) to leak into
the agarose gel. This makes it very hard to identify mix 1 & 2 as they have leaked into each other
but on close inspection when compared to samples, unknown mix 1 can be identified as Xylene
Lyanol and unknown mix 2 cannot be identified.
To deal with this problem, masking tape should be used to lower the risk of tears in future
experiments. To identify which dye had a large size and weak charge and which had a small size and
strong charge was simple, the smallest and strongest charged dyes move down through the gel faster
then that of a large and weak charge. In figure 1 it can be seen that the dye in well 6 had the
strongest

Understanding the Greatness of the Microscope
Diseases and plagues have claimed millions of lives over the course of human history. Many of the
illnesses that plagued the human race could be found at the microscopic level. The microscope, one
of the greatest human inventions, has helped find treatments for many of these illnesses, solve
crimes, and see into the cells that make humans what they are.
To understand the greatness of the microscope, the history of the microscope should be made
known. The origins of the microscope can be traced back to the Roman invention of glass in the first
century A.D. When the Romans experimented with different shapes of glass, they discovered that
when the middle of the glass was thicker than the edges, things that were seen through the glass
appeared larger. This discovery evolved into the first eye glass, which was made in the thirteenth
century. The first true microscope was first invented in 1590 by the Dutch glasses makers Zacharias
Janssen and his father, Hans. The first person to build and actually use the microscope scientifically
was Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century. He achieved much greater magnification
than other scientists had, and because of this, he was able to be the first to see miniscule creatures
such as bacteria and microorganisms living in a drop of water.
One of the reasons the microscope is a great invention is the help it has provided in the field of
medicine. The microscope has helped to diagnose and find treatments for diseases.

The Importance Of Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is a chemical reaction giving off light that emits from a living thing. Unlike other
light, this form of light is not hot to the touch. Biofluorescence is a different way of giving off light
from other animals. Fluorescence is not a chemical reaction, and happens when exposed to another
source of light. Both of these natural ways of emitting light are found in many animals, but need
specific components to work.
Eighty percent of all living things known to produce light Iive in the ocean. This is because the need
for light is greater in the ocean than on land. In the ocean, it is darker. Animals use bioluminescence
for many things, like finding food, letting out an alert symbol, talking to other animals, luring in
food, finding mates, and even cloaking themselves. The most infamous ocean animal with
bioluminescence is the anglerfish. The anglerfish uses a bioluminescent sack on its head, named the
esca, that's full of bioluminescent bacteria to lure in unsuspecting prey. In the opposite role of using
bioluminescence, is the deep sea shrimp, also known as "Acanthephyra Purpurea". This creature
spews a bioluminescent goop from its mouth when in danger. The goop sticks to the predator, which
then attracts the predator's predators, while the shrimp swims away. A different technique of
escaping predators is of the brittle sea star. The brittle sea star can glow all over, and when
threatened can detach a glowing limb to distract a predator. The brittle sea star, like all starfish, can
regrow limbs.
Other animals use their bioluminescence in a little bit more complicated way. For example, when
the water is disturbed that's surrounding dinoflagellates, they glow. Dinoflagellates are a type of
plankton that usually travel in large groups, and are fairly common. They can even be seen on the
surface of beaches, and bought online. Another more complicated way of using living light is to
squirt out dots of glowing liquid in the ocean the attract others. The ostracods uses this technique to
find other ostracods. Higher up on the scale of impressive use of living light is the lantern fish. The
lantern fish uses the organs of bioluminescence that point downward on its body to "disappear" to
predators

How Safe Is Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting?
Fluorescence–activated cell sorting (FACS) arose from the need to separate and purify specific cells
of different organisms or parts of organisms (5). The FACS was created in the late 1960s by Bonner,
Sweet, Hulett, Herzenburg, and others and is a special type of flow cytometry(5). The commercial
use of the machines did not happen until the early 1970s. The use today mostly involves staining,
analyzing and sorting individual cells from small human samples (5). These methods are mainly
applied to infants and stem cell transplant patients. Coming into the future, the speed of the machine
has now been increased to measure 12 colors and two scatter parameters (5). The FACS is one of the
leading and fastest applications in cell analyzing and sorting by DNA differences. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cells are placed into a flask and are forced through a nozzle so small that they must pass
through one by one. In the nozzle, the cells are vibrated at different frequencies to produce drops
(3). The drops of cells are then scanned by a laser that is used to count and measure each cell.
Separating populations of cells involves attaching antibody linked fluorescent dye to certain cells of
interest (3). The information that is gathered from the sorting and measuring of the cells is evaluated
by a computer. The final steps for the FACS include applying an electrical charge to the drops of
cells (3). Before the drop of cell forms at the end of the nozzle, a charge is applied to the stream that
will determine where the drop will go (3). Based on the charge, the drip is either moved left or right
with electrodes or placed in to designated final tubes. Quantifying the FACS information involves
displaying the information so we know how many cells of each color and charge were

BSBSUS301a Implement and monitor environmentally...
Part B – Short answer questions
Answer the following questions in your assessment document.
1. What is the name of the most recent Act that legislates on 'Littering and illegal dumping' in
Queensland? Provide an example of a littering fine in Queensland.
2. Describe three water use efficiency strategies for an office or home environment.
3. Imagine you work in a business office. You are assigned a task to reduce the printer paper use in
the office. Describe how you would seek input from your work colleagues to implement a paper
reduction initiative.
4. Briefly, what is Quality Assurance? Name the current International (ISO) Quality Assurance
standard which applies to all organisations regardless of size, industry product and ... Show more
The Company Director only has a laptop. A fax machine, laser printer and a photocopier are all
located in the front office area. There is also a laser printer and a photocopier in the back office.
Apart from the Director's office and the front and back administration offices there is also a
conference room and a staff kitchen. In the kitchen, there is an urn, a large fridge/freezer, toaster and
microwave oven. There is an old TV and a data projector in the conference room.
TRAL consulting operates from 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday. All staff members have a lunch
break between 12 noon and 1pm except one who is on duty on a rostered basis so that front office
remains open during this time.
Lighting includes 10 standard fluorescent lights in the front office, 20 standard fluorescent lights in
the back office, 1 standard fluorescent light in the conference room, 1 standard fluorescent light in
the Directors office, 1 standard fluorescent light in the staff kitchen and 8 standard fluorescent lights
in the staff toilets. All fluorescent lights have a single tube.
The building is air–conditioned with 2 ducted air–conditioners in the front office, 5 ducted air–
conditioners in the back office, 1 in the conference room, 1 in the Directors office, 1 in the staff
kitchen and 1 in each of the male and female toilets.
When you do an initial inspection of energy usage you note that:
The air conditioning is

The Identification of Green Fluorescence Protein Tagged...
Introduction:
Information is passed between neurons and muscles through the release of neurotransmitters. These
neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles in synapses. But before they can dock at a synapse,
a motor transport known as kinesin moves the synaptic vesicles along microtubules to their final
destination in the cell. This process is known as vesicle transport.
The purpose of these experiments were to gain a better understanding of the movement of vesicles
along microtubules and the importance of this in proper nerve transmission. This was accomplished
by analyzing the phenotypes of three different strains of Caenorhabditis elegans using microscopy
and a fluorescence microscope. The organisms contained fluorescence tags on the membranes of
their synaptic vesicles to make it easier to see how the mutations affected the vesicles locations.
Wild type C. elegans should be actively moving in an s–shape pattern under a microscope. Under a
fluorescence microscope, the tags should appear at the nerve ring and along the nerve cords. In the
C. elegans with a fusion defect, its movement would appear impaired and the fluorescence tags
would be more concentrated at the nerve ring. Lastly, a C. elegans with a transport defect would also
have impaired movement, but the fluorescence tag would be dispersed in patches along the length of
the entire worm.
Results:
Observation of phenotypic appearance was taken using a dissecting microscope at 50x
magnification and a

The Confocal Microscopy And Microscopy
Abstract: 5–7 sentences
First; a brief introduction about the confocal microscopy, critical aspects of confocal Microscopy,
and the basic parts of the confocal microscope. It will follow by more information about
fluorescence microscopy which is used for study fixed and living cells because of its versatility,
specificity, and high sensitivity.
Introduction:
The Confocal Microscope is a type of microscope that is being developed for obtaining high–
resolution images and 3D reconstruction. The images from the confocal are far better then other
microscopes; however, not quite as good as fluorescent microscopes. The confocal shows the most
fine details as possible in 3D; the confocal microscopy offers several advantages over conventional
wide–field optical microscopy, including the ability to control depth of field, elimination or
reduction of background information away from the focal plane (that leads to image degradation),
and the capacity to collect serial optical sections from thick specimens [1]. The most significant
value about the confocal microscope is the spatial filtering techniques that terminate the glare and
focus the substance into the view. As it has been stated, there has been a tremendous explosion in the
popularity of confocal microscopy in recent years, due in part to the relative the ease with which
extremely high–quality images can be obtained from specimens prepared for conventional
fluorescence microscopy, and the growing number of applications in

Language Quests-Personal Narrative
After I logged in I noticed Matt was already setting up, thinking nothing out of the ordinary I went
back to finding a long, but not tedious quest that hopefully would take us most of the night. I
thought a language quest might be the key, one with lots of puzzles and wordplay for Matt and then
some foreign language and classic English for me. What struck me most looking back now is that
something was not right as Matt set up. ~–~ "Crap," Matt whispered under his breath. "Everything
all right Matt?" I asked, leaning out of the rig to look at him. "Yeah, just a small malfunction with
the little suckers on my glove. I think I fixed it," he replied. "Alright, that's good," I said. I went
back to looking for quests to do together as I noticed Matthew had finally joined. "What do you
want to do?" He asked. "I was thinking a language quest or something you and I might enjoy," I
replied, hoping he'd go for the language choice. "The language thing sounds fine, I think there's a
quest we outsourced out in Yert that dealt with languages. Do you maybe want ... Show more
He wore a black suit that accented the broadness of his shoulders and appealed to his diminutive
stature. It had silver buttons decorated with a pistol and sword, crossing at their handles. He wore
three handkerchiefs in his breast pocket, a single silver, black and blue one. Wrapping around his
shoulder was a black contraption, and as he stepped closer to me I saw that it was a gun holder. It
must have been for decoration, he had no use for guns when he was that powerful. Over the top of
his suit and gun holder was a high collar woolen coat that fell just below his knee. He also wore
black gloves. Standing with his arms crossed I noticed the skinny, black walking stick he allowed to
lean against his leg. Later I would realize that the topping of the cane resembled an old Atari

Fluorescence Lab
8)
As we know in UV spectroscopy the sample is between the source and the detector. So the light
starts from the source and goes through the sample and ends in the detector. On the other hand in
fluorescence spectroscopy the light is imparted at all angle as a result the detector misses a lot of
light. This is a reason that fluorescence spectroscopy is more sensitive that UV spectroscopy.
9)
As previously mentioned after absorbing energy an electron can jump from the ground state (lowest
energy) to many excited states (higher energy). The UV spectroscopy uses the transitions from the
ground state to the excited states, and gives results about the molecules. In this case we have a huge
number of transitions, and we notice several absorption ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But on the other hand the opposite process, the emission occurs over a long period of time. Thus
fluorescence quenching is used to extend the lifetime of the excited level. Consequently we achieve
to investigate molecular interactions and detect dynamic processes in biochemical and biophysical
related problems, with the fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover quenching leads to intermolecular
deactivation. So the decrease of intensity is illustrated by Stern–Volmer equation:
Iof / I f = 1+kq * το * Q
14)
Sometimes when we have a molecule it is necessary to identify the specific chemical groups and
elements in this molecule. In a fluorescence excitation spectrum we usually notice one single
fluorescence band. As we know specific elements, and chemical groups such as amino acids,
absorbs in specific wavelengths. For instance the tryptophan absorbs maximum at 280nm. So if we
notice this peak in a fluorescence spectrum immediately we know that our molecule contains that
amino acid. Knowing where most elements and chemical groups absorb, we are able to identify our
molecule.

Chemiluminescence Lab
In this experiment, luminol, a compound that produces chemiluminescence when oxidized in the
presence of a base by an oxidizing agent like hydrogen peroxide, was synthesized, and its presence
was confirmed by observing chemiluminescence. Cheminluminescence is the process by which a
photon is released when a reaction occurs, producing light. A similar process, bioluminescence is
observed in nature when fireflies and jellyfish produce light. Chemiluminescence is identical to
bioluminescence, except for the fact that bioluminescence involves an enzyme, whereas
chemiluminescence uses a chemical catalyst.
Two types of light emission are fluorescence and phosphorescence. In its stable condition, an
electron exists in a ground singlet state. During a reaction, it may absorb energy and become
elevated to an excited state. In most situations, the electron returns to the ground singlet state by
passing through a number of vibrational states and releasing energy, which is not perceived by the
human eye. However, sometimes an electron may release energy all at once in one packet to go from
its excited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nitro group was then reduced using sodium hydroulfite dihydrate, a reducing agent, to form an
amino group. This reaction was easily reversible. The product formed was luminol, and in the
presence of potassium ferrocyanide, an oxidizing agent, and hydroxide groups from KOH to
deprotonate the product, its two amide groups formed two carboxylate groups, releasing NH2 in the
process. The energy from this reaction also excited an electron in the HOMO (highest occupied
molecular orbital) to the triplet state LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). This electron
then relaxed into a singlet excited state, before relaxing down to the ground state, releasing a photon
in a fluorescence–like chemiluminescence

Obtaining High Resolution Images And 3d Reconstruction
Introduction:
resolution images and 3D reconstruction. The images from the confocal are far better than other
microscopes; however, not quite as good as fluorescent microscopes. Confocal microscopy has good
impact values in visualizing the objects in life science; one of the top values is to show the fine
image possible in 3D. Confocal microscopy has few advantages in different ways compare to Wide–
field optical microscopy. One of these advantages is to show the depth of the field elimination or
reduction of background information away from the focal plane, and the capacity to collect serial
optical sections from thick specimens [1]. The most significant value about the confocal microscope
is the spatial filtering techniques that terminate the glare and focus the substance into the view. One
of the other advantages of Confocal microscopy and Wide–field microscopy; the confocal type of
microscopy has the easiest way to rich the extremely high–quality images. This is base on the recent
year 's popularity of using the microscopes in the science field for growing cells in biology hat rely
on imaging both fixed and living cells and tissues. However, each type of the microscopes is
valuable to be used in different types of research experiments. The high and most significant value
about Confocal is the 3D imaging in fluorescence microscopy. Due to experimental errors; it is often
very

Riboflavin Vs Acetic Acid
Abstract
In this experiment, a spectrophotofluorometer Shimadzu RF–5301 was used to determine the
concentration of unknown riboflavin with 5% v/v acetic acid of 10 ppm standard riboflavin solution.
An external calibration was performed in using 5 standard known concentrations of riboflavin and
plotting a calibration curve. The LOD and LOQ were 0.0622 mg/L and 21.3 mg/L respectively. The
calibration curve enabled for the determination of the unknown (3013) concentration of riboflavin at
0.37416 mg/L in which linear regression was used to determine the slope and intercept of the curve.
Introduction
In this experiment, the techniques utilized for the determination of the unknown concentration of
riboflavin was standard addition and obtaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, the use of a glass cuvette was used in order to avoid any chemical or
environmental interference from the surroundings. Furthermore such glass cuvettes can support
large wavelengths during transmission of light beyond 320 nm since this is the excitation
wavelength region. Riboflavin is excited at around 370 nm, therefore the wavelength range must be
large in order to detect a proper response. Plastic cuvettes are however inadequate as the range of
wavelengths supported for transmission of light is very limited (5, Upstone). The geometry of the
instrument of the spectrophotofluorometer has a specific angle and position for the excitation source
and the detector. The excitation polychromator emits ultra–violet radiation and light to the interested
sample and the shape of the polychromator resembles a triangular prism in which the
monochromator has been angled at a 90∘ position. The transducer would detect the irradiation
excitation beam and transfers it through the emission polychromator. The emitted beam would then
travel to the detector to allow for the response signal to appear for the sample on the computer
system (416, Skoog). The position of the cuvette is essential as it enables for the consistent readings
of the response signals, as any shift in the cuvette position can create variation in results due to the
position of lighting and detection of molecular samples hitting at different angles. The process of
fluorescence is quite sensitive than absorption due to having lower detection limits because of the
fact that it can detect lone molecules in excited states that are irradiated by UV–light unless they
come into contact with other molecules within

Essay about X-ray Absorption and X-ray Fluorescence...
X–ray probe production by a synchrotron light source.
To optimize the properties of nano–material and atomic level needs an elemental probe with
resolution of <1nm. The nano scale probe helpful to provide the reproducible control over defects.
The production of x–rays by relativistic electrons in accelerators is about 60 years old. The
accelerator facilities used as synchrotron radiation sources have advanced significantly over the
years, growing in utility to become a premier research tool for the study of materials. The evolution
of these facilities is typically described as a sequence of generations of synchrotron radiation
sources.
Fourth generation sources are currently being designed and demonstrated. Two approaches have
been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Hard X–ray Nano–probe Beam line is a precision platform for scanning probe and full–field
microscopy with 3–30 keV X–rays. The combination of high–stability X–ray optics and precision
motion sensing and control enables detailed studies of the internal features of samples with a
resolution approaching 30 nm. The Hard X–ray Nano–probe is a combination scanning probe and
full–field imaging microscope for fluorescence mapping, nano–diffraction and transmission
imaging. Future improvements in X–ray optics fabrication and precision sensing and motion control
will be incorporated into the beam line to enable imaging at a resolution approaching 10 nm [1].
X–Ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM):
The basic principle behind the X–ray Fluorescence microscopy (XFM) is the exposure of X–ray
beam on the sample. The technique is employed to establish the elemental concentrations for wide
range of samples in multiple locations of cells and tissue samples. It has excellent sensitivity for the
detection of trace elements. This technique is enabling to image the whole cell along with the
quantification of elements on the per cell basis. This is because of the large penetration depth of the
hard X–rays used. Cryogenic approach is used to investigate the samples in their natural or hydrated
state. Due to the third generation synchrotron drastic development was

Chemiluminescence Lab
Effect of Concentration on the Intensity of Fluorescence in Turmeric Powder
Research Question: What is the effect of concentration on the intensity of fluorescence in turmeric
powder?
Hypothesis: As the concentration of the turmeric solution increases, the intensity of the fluorescence
increases as well.
Background Information
Luminescence1 can be referred to as a term that encompasses the idea that temperatures involving
high levels of heat do not always directly result in light emission. Likewise, luminescence can be
referred to as "cold body radiation ," a type of emission that is not affected by heat. Luminescence is
characterized by the processes that occur in order for it to be generated. For instance,
chemiluminescence, electroluminescence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My original topic involving the Biological Oxygen Demand of water appeared too basic for me and
it did not provoke a positive response in terms of my engagement to the topic. It did not peak my
interest and thus, I ended up changing my topic to something that appeared more unique, and
thought provoking. Turmeric powder is a substance that is an integral component of my heritage that
also plays a huge role in my culture. The South Asian community uses turmeric powder in just about
everything including foods, dyes, skin care products, hair removal treatments. From previous
experiences, I knew about the properties of turmeric that allowed it dye clothes and stain glass while
emitting a bright fluorescent light. Turmeric powder is also not a compound that is commonly used
in Chemistry experiments and I felt that I were to use it, I would receive unique results during my
investigation.
Turmeric Powder–– Chemical Composition
Molar Mass of Turmeric Powder : 368.39 grams per mol
Melting Point6: 183 °C
Designs
Purpose: Using a spectrophotometer to measure and evaluate the effect that changing the
concentration has on the intensity of fluorescence in turmeric powder.

Independent Variable: Concentration of turmeric solution
Dependant Variable: Intensity of fluorescence of turmeric powder
Controlled

Reaction Paper On Rutin
Abstract: Rutin (R) is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants having biological and
pharmacological effects such as anti–oxidative, anti–inflammatory, anti–carcinogenic, and
antimicrobial, etc. In this work we have analysed the interactions of rutin with normal human
hemoglobin (HbA) using UV–Visible spectroscopy, steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, time–
resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular
modeling studies. Specific interactions of the flavonoid, Rutin, with human hemoglobin has been
confirmed from flavonoid–induced static quenching which is evident from steady–state fluorescence
as well as lifetime data. Molecular docking study reveals that apart from hydrogen bonding and ...
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Docking simulation techniques were performed using Glide module (Schrödinger software suite)
with HbA (PDB ID: 2D60) obtained from Protein Data Bank and a plant flavonoid rutin 3,3',4',5,7–
pentahydroxyflavone–3–rutinoside). For validating the software the protein was redocked with a
already bound ligand. The docking score ( or G score) of rutin was found to be –6.251, as the best
G–score is obtained as the most negative value, thus we can say –6.251 is a a very good docking

Importance Of Chemical Analysis Of Anthropology Is Not A...
Iman Christin Wirawan
Professor Stephen Acabado
Anthropology 8
24 October 2015
The Importance of Chemical Analysis in Archaeology
Anthropology is not a word that crosses people's minds very often, and when it does, it is most often
associated with treasure–hunting and dinosaurs. Those who have a vague idea of what anthropology
– that is, the study of human past and all that entails – and its subfield, archaeology is, often think of
both as one–dimensional fields, when in reality, they are so much more. Anthropology is a multi–
disciplinary field of study combining various sciences, social and otherwise, to work together to
paint a complete picture of humankind, one of the most complex species to ever walk on the planet,
while archaeology is the study of human past through material remains. It is, therefore, ridiculous to
assume that such a tall order can be accomplished by any single discipline. One of the most
significant methods of verifying information in anthropology is chemical analysis, which can be
used in a variety of ways. This essay will compare and contrast the use of analytical methods to
investigate the bronze artifacts associated with the Xiongnu and pre–Xiongnu period with those
used to analyze the chemical compositions of volcanic rocks for adze production in late precontact
Hawaiian archaic states and what the findings imply. Both analyses use energy dispersive x–ray
spectroscopy to determine the chemical contents of the artifacts to understand their

Lab And Using The Result Of The Chemiluminescence Reaction
In this experiment, luminol was synthesized in the lab and used to demonstrate the result of the
chemiluminescence reaction.
Introduction:
In criminal shows shown on television, almost common in every show are investigators inspecting
crime scenes. Often when we see investigators looking for some form of a bodily fluid at a crime
scene, they spray some liquid and then use a black light over the area. If bodily fluids are present,
then the area appears to glow. The substance that they are spraying from the bottle is in fact luminol,
and the glow that is observed is from a chemiluminescent reaction. The blood illuminates because of
iron in the hemoglobin. Iron serves as the catalyst for the chemiluminescent reaction and causes it to
glow . Chemiluminescence is the release of light without heat due to a chemical reaction. The
release of light is from bonds that are broken, formed, or restructured2. A similar process, known as
fluorescence, also produces an illumination. This chemical process on the other hand, gets its energy
for light from the absorbance and release of light at different frequencies. . Experimental Procedure:
To a 5 mL conical vial with a spin vane, 5–nitro–2, 3–dihydrophthalazine–1, 4–dione (.151 grams)
was added. Next, sodium hydroxide (2 mL, 3M) was added to the conical vial and stirred until a
reddish brown color was obtained. The addition of sodium hydrosulfite (.254 grams) followed, and
the sides of the conical vial were

Spectroscopic Studies Of A Ruthenium
Spectroscopic Studies of a Ruthenium (II) Tris–diimine Complex with a Cationic Ligand
By: Akiva Raskind
Mentor: Dr. Thomas Strekas
ABSTRACT
We report the effect of variation in concentration of calf thymus DNA on the fluorescence emission
of OM–73 and OM–120 in different media. Both intercalative and charge dependent binding may
occur between the OM–73 compound and DNA. Through fluorescence titrations the binding
constant of OM–73 in a salt solution was estimated. Binding of OM–73 to ds–DNA is not
temperature dependent.
After one week of exposure to room temperature, both OM–73 and OM–120 solutions exhibit
changes in uv–visible absorption spectra and fluoresce spectra. Additions of DNA to OM–73 yielded
atypical reductions in fluorescence intensity with low ds–DNA BP additions [0–50 micromolar] to
OM–73, and significant typical increases in fluorescence signal with high ds–DNA BP additions to
OM–73 [above 100 micromolar].
OM–73 was titrated with low BP ds–DNA additions at different NaCl concentrations in order to
investigate the presence of charge dependent binding. When titrating OM–73 at low BP
concentrations of ds–DNA, the fluorescence decreases in the low BP concentration range was
measured. Smaller reductions in the fluorescence intensity were observed at larger concentrations of
NaCl, indicative of less binding, when comparable amounts of ds–DNA were added. This indicates
that the binding of OM–73 at the low BP range to ds–DNA BP is almost entirely due to

Analyzing The Code Of Protein Self Organization Process
1 Introduction:
Protein aggregation, the self–assembly process by which native proteins convert into insoluble
fibrillar structures, has varied implications in human health, biotechnology and material science like
influencing the yield of protein expression or to be involved with a class of late–onset and slow–
progressing diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson 's. Deciphering the code of protein self–
organization process resulting into aggregation has been an intellectual challenge for scientists over
the past few decades. Active research in this field and many recent advances in physical techniques
along with molecular dynamics simulation over the past few years have significantly increased our
understanding of the initial driving forces ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stirring as an agitation method is therefore quite useful in kinetic studies as process of aggregation
without agitation can sometime take several days to months for completion. Table 1.2 describe this
effect of agitation on aggregation process of various proteins, clearly showing the drastic change in
kinetic parameters like lag time in absence and presence of agitation condition like stirring. Such
agitation could possibly induce cavitation, local thermal effects and/or interfacial effects involving
rapid transportation of either aggregated or adsorbed species from the interface into solution. Bolder
et al. in their study on whey protein have speculated that stirring may also be breaking the immature
fibrils leading to production of more active fibrils. But the mechanism of how aggregation process
gets speed up on stirring is hitherto unclear.
In this study, we have tried to unravel the effects of stirring on protein aggregation process,
especially on the early events during the lag phase of the kinetic profile which governs the rate and
morphological developments of final aggregates. Over the past decades, most of the biophysical
research has been directed towards later phase of aggregation especially about the structure of
mature fibril and on possible oligomeric toxic

Investigating The Detection Limit And The Concentration Of...
In the following experiment, fluorescence methods and techniques will be used to determine the
detection limit and the concentration of quinine in tonic water. As shown in the graph of the quinine
standard samples, the concentration was on average was 350 ppm. This concentration is incorrect,
since it did not factor in the max emission and the emission at smaller concentrations. Despite the
error in the calibration data, the pH data was able to be observed and assesse the relationship of pH
to emission. As the pH increase the emission decreased, which showed that there was minimal
concentration quenching. The detection limit of the fluorimeter was calculated using the data from
the calibration. Meaning that there will be slight error within the calculations. It was determined to
by approximately 3 ppm. Introduction: Fluorescence spectroscopy, like all spectroscopic methods
and instruments, involves the excitation of a sample and the measure of the sample's response to
such excitation. However, the response measured varies from what is needed to be analysis and the
instrument used. For fluorescence, the sample is excited at a certain wavelength. This excitation
causes the molecule to jump energy levels, from the ground to the excited state as shown in the
figure below:
Figure 11. As shown, fluorescence is characterized by the path the molecule takes returning to the
ground state. As the molecule loses energy from the excited state; it falls back to the ground in steps.

Biannual Lens Lenses Case Study
Time for a Checkup! – Required Biannual Lens Inspection
What to know about the FAA required biannual lens inspection.
1) Category: Lens inspection
2) Tags: Required examination, biannual lens inspection
3) Time for a Checkup! – Required Biannual Lens Inspection
4) What to Know About the FAA Required Biannual Lens Inspection.
The meta title for the image should be as follows: "LumenServe FAA Biannual Lens Inspection
Damaged Lens". As for keywords: we would like the following:
Tower
Light
Lighting
LumenServe℠
Tower Lighting as a Service℠
FAA
Monitoring
Compliance
LED
Replacement
Repair
Troubleshooting
Maintenance
Beacon
Lens
Lens Inspection
Lens Repair
Regulation
Many tower owners with obstruction lighting systems may be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What to Look For

The system should be visually inspected which means a tower climb or a high–resolution drone
video to each of the lighting fixtures – all beacons and sidelights. The inspection should look for
"ultraviolet (UV) damage, cracks, crazing, dirt buildup, etc." The "etc." in this instance could
include unwanted deposits on the outside of the lens (think bird poop as an example), or unwanted
deposits on the inside of the lens. LumenServe℠ has seen instances where material inside a legacy
lighting system, such as certain types of tape, are vaporized and then deposited on the inside of the
lens. This is a result of a poor installation and must be addressed. Certain older models of lighting
lenses are made of older plastics that are effected by UV rays resulting in crazing. Old glass lenses
can chip. The bottom line is the inspection relies on the reasonable judgement of the inspector to
determine if the lens performance is degraded in some manner and decreasing the system's certified
output. No light meter or measurement is required, just a thorough inspection and reasonable
determination of the status of each lens.
How Often to Inspect
The requirement states that "light fixture lenses should be visually inspected every 24 months, or
when the light fixture fails." Failure of the fixture indicates that the fixture must be repaired and thus
makes

The Importance Of Animal Protocol
2. Experimental Section
The experimental protocol was approved by the animal ethics committee of Guangxi Medical
University (China, Nanning) and conformed to NIH guidelines. Animal preparation
Seventy five adult Sprague–Dawley male rats (300–400g) were obtained from the Experimental
Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University. The animals were equally randomized into 5 group:
sham, CA, PD, SP, and SKF. The rats except sham group were assigned to 5 minutes CA and
divided two experiments, the first experiment included 45 rats for examination the survival rates and
NDS, and the second one included 30 rats for harvesting brain. The rat CA model was established by
Chen et al [11]. In brief, all rats were fasted 12h before doing experiment. ... Show more content on
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According to the report by Jia et al. We prespecified the NDS cut–off for good (NDS≥60) and poor
(NDS<60) outcome which represents a level of neurologic function required for independent
function [12].
Tissue preparation
Thirty rats (n=6 for sham, CA, PD, SP and SKF groups respectively) were used for harvesting
tissues preparation. The animals were sacrificed at 72 h after CA/CPR. A left brain was used for
ROS detection, TdT–mediated dUTP–biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and
immunostaining. The right hippocampal brains used for Western blot.
ROS detection
Harvested brains were embedded and frozen in CM1950 Cryostat Microtome (made in German
Leica), ROS production in neurons was assessed with dihydroethidium (DHE) as an indicator.Serial,
coronal frozen–sections (5µm thick) were incubated with DHE (10 μmol/l) in PBS in a dark
humidified chamber (37°C, 30 min). Five fields from each coronal section were randomly selected
by Nikon A1 laser confocal microscope. Images were set by 20× objective lens at 1024×1024 pixels.
ROS levels were detected by the fluorescence density.
Western blot
The hippocampi were isolated from right brain for Western blot. Western blotting was performed
using the standard method [13]. The primary antibodies and dilutions were as follows: Primary
antibodies against phospho–SAPK/JNK (No 4668, 1:1000), SAPK/JNK (No 9252, 1:1000)；
phospho–ERK1/2（No 9101，1:1000）；ERK1/2 (No 4695，1:100)；phospho–p38 (No 9215，
1:1000）；p38

Fluorescence Lab
The total spin of the exciton can either be S=0 or S=1. The associated spin multiplicity (using 2S+1)
of S=0 is 1 and of S=1 is 3 hence these states are called singlets and triplets. With a total of 4 states
and an equal chance of forming each state the probability of forming a singlet or triplet exciton is
25% and 75%, respectively. The singlet to triplet ratio has been measured experimentally and found
to be within experimental limits of the expected 25:75. Though more recent work suggests that in
some polymeric materials a higher ratio of singlets can be generated. Electrons can quickly and
easily decay from singlet excitons to the ground state (HOMO) which ... Show more content on
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When the absorption spectrum of the guest overlaps with the emission spectrum of the host efficient
transfer of excitons between the two can occur. An efficient transfer of singlet and triplet excitons
should occur between host and guest as it is the latter that should exclusively emit within the device.
Forster transfer (also called induced dipole transfer) can be used to explain the transfer of singlet
excitons between the host and guest. However, if Forster transfer occurs alongwith the electron
exchange between the host and guest (Marcus/Dexter transfer, Figure 5) then triplet excitons can
also be transferred as the total spin of the system is conserved. Forster transfer occurs over relatively
large distances of ~100 A, whereas Marcus transfer occurs over

Innate Essay
Innate or learned behavioural responses can be observed in a neural representation of the sensory
world. Naïve animals, which are without prior learning or experience, show an innate response to a
sensory stimulus suggesting that they are mediated by genetically determined neural circuits. Most
sensory stimuli, however, show an experience–dependent response, allowing an organism to respond
appropriately in a variable and uncertain world. Thus, behav–ioural relevance to sensory cues is
mostly acquired through learning. In Drosophila melanogaster, different forms of learning have been
observed in response to a number of sensory stimuli. The mushroom body (MB), in insects, is
responsible for memory formation and retrieval.
When an olfactory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) extend their dendrites to a single glo¬merulus while
their axons bifurcate to innervate the lateral horn and the MB of the brain. The lateral horn is
thought to mediate innate behaviours, whereas the MB translates olfactory sensory information into
learned behavioural responses. On the activation from an odorant, PN axons synapse onto the
den¬drites of the Kenyon cells (KCs) in the MB calyx. According to anatomical and physiological
studies, each KC is said to receive, on an average, 6.4 inputs from a random combination of
glo¬meruli which indicates that knowledge of a single input to the KC cannot provide information
about all the additional inputs and these connections differ in different flies.
The γ, α′/β′, and α/β lobes of the MB are formed from three classes of KCs that extend their parallel
fibers to these lobes and form synapses with a relatively small number of MB output neurons
(MBONs). The MBONs extend their dendrites into the MB lobes, while their axons are projected to
the neuropils which lie outside the MB. Modulatory input neurons which include the dopaminergic
neurons (DANs) and octo¬paminergic neurons, also innervate the MB lobes. The MBONs and
DANs extend their processes to locations such that they define spatially restricted 'subdomains' in
each lobe.
DANs are modulatory neurons of the MB that are most prevalent.

Riboflavin Fluorescence Spectra Essay
Experiment Three Report
Riboflavin Fluorescence Spectra
Name: Holly
Experimental Section: Include all details on preparation of standard solutions. Also include the
vitamin tablet brand name; the listed mass of vitamin B2 per tablet; procedure used for extraction of
the tablet and dilutions performed.
The experiment began by determining the best wavelength at which to excite the riboflavin
molecule, by examining the graph given in the laboratory manual[1]. Because plastic cells that
absorb UV light were being used to hold the solutions, the wavelength had to be >320nm. To ensure
that we could clearly see the peak of the riboflavin fluorescence in the stock solution, the peak we
chose to measure was the one approximated at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results Section:
Section 1. Examine the nature of absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra. Include values for
absorption, excitation and fluorescence spectra maxima. Upload your spectra in this section. Figure
1. Fluorescence vs Wavelength graph of Riboflavin 50ppb Stock Solution
The first part of the experiment involved graphing the fluorescence intensity of a 50ppb
Riboflavin stock solution. The wavelength to begin measuring from was based on two factors, the
fact that the plastic UV cells that were being used absorbed light up to 320nm, and that the molecule
needed to absorb light very strongly, and needed to be seen clearly on the graph. Thus, reading the
graph provided in the lab manual[1], it could be seen that there was a peak at around ~450nm which
would easily be able to be seen without interference from the plastic cells. In the sample measured
from the stock solution, the peak occurred at a
wavelength of 523.52nm and reached a peak of 115.52.
The excitation spectrum was then measured on the same graph. The wavelength at which the peak
occurred on the fluorescence spectrum was entered into the program, and a scan range from 350nm
to 800nm was used. The excitation spectrum had two peaks, the first occurring at a wavelength of
366.15nm

Dual And Integrated Responsive Rhodamine Derivative And...
Dual –color multi–responsive rhodamine derivative and its photochromic enhancement behavior in
polyurethane coating Abstract In this study, a rhodamine derivative with dual color change (blue
green to orange) and multi–response (light, acid gas and force) was synthesized. In addition, the
photochromic enhancement behavior of rhodamine derivative Rh–PY in polyurethane (PU ) coating
matrix was explored. By complexing PU coating with Rh–PY, the open–form lifetime of RH–PY
extended from 3 days to more than 1 month. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest open–
form lifetime of rhodamine derivatives reported so far. Rhodamine with long open–form lifetime has
great potential in developing outstanding photochromic materials. This method is simple and
inexpensive , and non–covalent preparation suits with more rhodamine derivatives. This study opens
an avenue to promote the practical applications of photochromic rhodamine derivatives. 1.
Introduction Environment–sensitive materials are becoming increasing attracting owing to their
potential applications in molecular switches, logic gates, optical data storage, optoelectronic
devices, controllable drug delivery, etc. Compared to the monotone sensitive type, the environment–
sensitive materials have been developed to various sensitive types including light, electricity, force,
gas, magnetism, and chemical compounds. One approach for obtaining this type of material is by
introducing some certain intelligent organic molecules.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy And The Emission Wavelength Of...
Abstract Fluorescent properties are used to study protein and small molecule interactions.
Fluorescent spectrophotometry determined the excitation wavelength of eosin isothiocyanate to be
525 nm and its emission wavelength was 545 nm. Glycogen phosphorylase was similarly studied.
The excitation wavelength was 330 nm and the emission wavelength was 360 nm. The emission
wavelength could be indicative of the presence of the fluorophore, tryptophan. The potential
interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1–anilino–8–naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS)
was studied through fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). BSA had an
emission wavelength of 358 nm which could also be indicative of a tryptophan. When BSA and
ANS were mixed together, the emission wavelength was longer suggesting that the molecules
interact with each other and follow FRET.
Introduction
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful technique to determine the proteins and nucleic acids of a
macromolecule. Some molecules, fluorophores, can absorb light at certain wavelengths and then
emit it at another wavelength. When the molecule absorbs light it is excitation and the light released
is emission. The light particles, photons, hit a fluorophore to excite the molecule (Voet et. al 2013).
Excitation occurs by the valence electrons of the molecule receiving energy and moving to a higher
energy state from the ground state. The excited electrons will later return to the ground state because
they

The Importance Of The Conversion Of Lower Energy Light
Upconversion is a term that characterizes the conversion of lower–energy light, particularly in the
near–infrared region, into higher–energy light within the visible spectrum. This occurs through a
process in which the sequential absorption of multi–photon near–infrared light yields the emission
of light that is of shorter wavelength[1]. This process is represented in Figure 1, which shows the
emissions of light within the visible spectrum after excitation of various dopant ions by near–
infrared light[1]. The upconversion effect has been observed primarily in the rare–earth metals of
the lanthanides as well as yttrium, and scandium; however, some transition metals and actinides can
also display this effect[2]. Lanthanide ions display special inner–shell arrangements of 4fn 5d0–1,
which allow for unique energy levels and provide shielding from the outer shells[2]. Due to their
various f–orbital configurations, lanthanide ions are able to display very sharp luminescence
emissions via intra–4f or 4f–4d transitions[2,3]. The importance of the lanthanide ions is evident in
several applications including applications in lasers, bioprobe applications, optical imaging, and
photodynamic therapy [2,3]. This is due to their fluorescent properties, which include: resistance to
photobleaching, monochromaticity, large Stokes shifts, narrow bandwidth, and long emission
lifetime[2,3]. The direct excitation of the lanthanide ions is not very effective because they are
limited by low

Matt Murdock : An Ordinary Citizen
Matt Murdock was just an ordinary citizen in the city of Hells Kitchen, New York (Marvel, 2015).
One day, Murdock saved a man from being hit by an oncoming truck transporting radioactive
substances. Unfortunately, the dramatic swerve of the truck resulted in the spilling of this toxic
chemical rendering Murdock sightless. However, the loss of his vision was supplemented by the
heightening of his remaining sensory systems to an extraordinary level and he was henceforth
known as Dare Devil. He was able to read words by feeling the height of the ink on a page or the
impressions left on a notepad. He could detect slight changes in temperature allowing him to sense
emotional expression, presence and proximity of objects and people. A heightened sense of smell
enables him to identify and remember particular scents of individuals, enabling him to recognise and
track villains from as far as 50 feet away. The ability to discriminate individual ingredients, as long
as there is 20 mg of substance, allows him to analyse the components of every food or beverage he
encounters. As this does not give him the ability to detect poison until after he has consumed it, he is
still trying to discover a use for this seemingly meaningless superpower. More impressively, and
most importantly, is his increased sense of hearing. In comparison to the normal detection threshold
of sound (20 dB) at a pressure level of 7, Dare Devil is able to detect shifts in acoustic pressure of 1
dB. Not only is he able

Reflection And Discussion On Absorption Spectra
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Absorption spectra study of 5–aminopyridine Schiff base (L1 and L2):
The absorption spectrum of probes L1 and L2 (40 μM) were investigated in the presence of metals
ions in DMSO solvent. As shown in Fig. 1, Schiff base L1 exhibited absorption band at 269 nm, 310
nm, 323 nm and 347 nm; and L2 at 264 nm, 319 nm, 341 nm, 439 nm and 462 nm, that may be
attributed to π–π* charge transfer transition. However, no remarkable changes were observed in
absorption spectra after the addition of 1 equivalent various metal ions such as Ag(I), K(I), Li(I)
Na(I), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Mg(II), Hg(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Cr(III), Gd(III) and Nd(III) ions.
Interestingly upon the addition of zinc and nickel ions to the probe L1 absorbance peak shifted to
higher wavelength (red shift) from 347 nm to 413 nm and 410 nm, respectively. Thus, L1–Zn(II)
and L1+Ni(II) complexes exhibited color change from colorless to intense yellow color. Similarly,
the addition of Fe(III) and UO2(II) to the probe L2, absorbance peak lead to decrease at 439/462 nm
while new peak appear at 355 nm and 366/ 515 nm, respectively. Consequently, the absorbance
peaks of L2–Fe(III) complexes shifted to UV–region, thus light yellow color turned to colorless, and
in case of L2–UO2(II) complex absorbance peak showed red shift effect, that resulted in dark
yellow color (Fig. 2a and b). Thus, absorption spectral changes were enabled to detect Ni(II), Zn(II),
Fe(III) and UO2(II) as a naked eye

The Confocal Microscopy And Microscopy
Abstract:
First; a brief introduction about the confocal microscopy, critical aspects of confocal Microscopy,
and the basic parts of the confocal microscope. It will follow by more information about
fluorescence microscopy which is used for study fixed and living cells because of its versatility,
specificity, and high sensitivity.
Introduction:
resolution images and 3D reconstruction. The images from the confocal are far better then other
microscopes; however, not quite as good as fluorescent microscopes. The confocal shows the most
fine details as possible in 3D; the confocal microscopy offers several advantages over conventional
wide–field optical microscopy, including the ability to control depth of field, elimination or
reduction of background information away from the focal plane (that leads to image degradation),
and the capacity to collect serial optical sections from thick specimens [1]. The most significant
value about the confocal microscope is the spatial filtering techniques that terminate the glare and
focus the substance into the view. As it has been stated, there has been a tremendous explosion in the
popularity of confocal microscopy in recent years, due in part to the relative the ease with which
extremely high–quality images can be obtained from specimens prepared for conventional
fluorescence microscopy, and the growing number of applications in cell biology that

Calorimetry Lab
Objective In this experiment, the pKa*, dissociation constant, of 2–naphthol in an excited state was
determined by measuring its fluorescence spectrum.
Procedure In this experiment, a solution of 2–naphthol in HCl and a solution of 2–naphthol in
NaOH are analyzed by measuring their UV–visible (obtained from the Cary 50 spectrophotometer)
and fluorescence spectrum (obtained from the PTI fluorometer).
For detailed procedure, refer to the lab manual (J. F. Wójcik and T. S. Ahmadi, Experimental
Physical Chemistry, 2015; p.3–5.). Some modifications of the procedure are the concentration of 2–
naphthol in both solutions is changed from 0.0001 M to 0.00005 M, and the acid/base concentration
is changed from 0.100 M to 0.0100 M.
Data 2–naphthol has a molecular weight of 144.17 g/mol, with a density of 1.22 g/cm3. The melting
point of 2–naphthol is in the range of 121 to 123 °C. The stock solution of 2–naphthol has a
concentration of 1.9844E–3 M. The 2–naphthol solution in HCl and NaOH was both prepared in
100–mL volumetric flasks using a 10–mL transfer pipette for 2–naphthol and another 10–mL
transfer pipette for either the acid or the base. Then the solutions were diluted ten–fold in new 100–
mL volumetric flask by taking 10 mL of the original solution. The excitation wavelengths of the 2–
naphthol solution in HCl and in NaOH are 316 nm and 345 nm, respectively.
Results Before any calculations, the absorbance spectra of the HCl and NaOH solutions are
baseline–corrected. To

Advantages Of Electric Fly Killers
How effective are electric fly killers in killing flying insects?
Nowadays, there are always flying insects that are wandering around in a certain place and people
seem to be having a very hard time catching them and killing them at the same time. These flies are
a nuisance to every person because nobody would want to have flies in the house. People would find
these flying insects flying around mostly in their homes, however, they cannot seem to find the
source of this problem. This has occurred every year and yet, people could not find the source of
these problems. Some factors that could be affecting this problem is the change in weather of every
month or season, things that are dirty that may attract flies, etc. The magnitude of this problem may
increase if a solution is not implemented to solve this problem as soon as possible.
Application/Solution
There are different kinds of applications or solutions to this issue, ... Show more content on
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The first one is that obviously, electric fly killers eliminate lots of flying insects right away, and it
greatly reduces the insect population around the area. There might be piles and piles of insects
within a few days, and while eventually there will be lesser insects, there is no denying that electric
fly killers play a huge impact on solving this issue. The second benefit is that similarly, electric fly
killers allow people to eliminate flying insects with few chemicals and not much personal
involvement. There is no health risk when it does not come to handling the electric fly killers, nor
there any risk of disturbing or a nest or facing an insect that people fear. Electric fly killers are out of
the way and it has limited personal involvement, so people would not need to involve in anything
when it comes to using electric fly killers. For many people, this is enough to make these devices a
popular choice for people that think of flies as a nuisance to

Physics Of X Ray Fluorescence
X–Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry
The JSX–3222 analyzer is an energy–dispersive fluorescent X–ray spectrometer developed to
analyze cadmium (Cd) included in plastic and the electric wire film material, etc. promptly. The
range of elements that can be measured is from sodium (Na) to uranium (U).Liquid–nitrogen
cooling for the high performance detector is required only during the analyzing time. The vacuum
and atmosphere are switched to the measurement atmosphere by the operation of one button. When
X–rays (primary X–rays) are illuminated from the X–ray tube to the specimen, fluorescence X–rays
having wavelengths (energies) peculiar to the constituent elements of the specimen are generated
from the elements.
Qualitative analysis can be made by investigating the wavelengths of the fluorescence X–rays and
quantitative analysis by investigating the X–ray dose. The energies are investigated by two methods.
One is to optically separate them and the other is to use the energy separation characteristic of the
X–ray detector. The former is called the wavelength dispersive method an: the latter the energy
dispersive method. The element analyzer employs the latter method. As seen from the figure, since
the energy dispersive X–ray spectrometer has no moving parts employs a simple optical system, its
structure is simple and compact. And since the detector can be installed the specimen, the X–ray
solid angle of collection can be made large, thus offering many features such as

Essay On Biofilm Formation
Biofilms are communities of bacterial cells. Bacterial cells become much more antibiotic tolerant by
forming biofilms. Antibiotic resistance causes more than two million infections and 23,000 deaths in
the United States every year. It is really urgent that we need to understand the biofilm formation so
that we can develop novel antibiotics. People have found out that there are some signaling
molecules, which are critical for biofilm formation. However, we do not know how the distributions
of signaling molecules determine individual cell fate during tolerance and persistence development.
Studying the spatial and temporal distributions of signaling molecules in single cell level will help
us understanding the mechanism of biofilm formation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spinach was discovered using the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment
(SELEX) technique against DFHBI immobilized on agarose resin. People have developed Spinach–
based sensors against adenosine, ADP, S–adenosyl–methionine (SAM), guanine, cyclic–di–GMP (c–
di–GMP) and GTP using existing aptamer sequences. A key challenge for RNA–based sensors is
that they normally function poorly in cells. This is because RNA is easily degraded by nuclease and
also has poor folding in intracellular. Poor folding RNA can be contributed by many elements, such
as the difference folding structures and thermal instability, or rely on ion concentration. Later people
developed 49–nt–long aptamer–Broccoli, which has brighter green fluorescence upon binding
DFHBI. Folding of Broccoli only needs low concentration of magnesium and the Mg2+ presents
low amount in body so Broccoli can fold better than Spinach. Broccoli also has a higher
thermostability than Spinach. Additionally, Broccoli does not require a tRNA scaffold to promote its
folding in vivo. However, under cellular imaging conditions, Spinach and Broccoli show greatly
reduced fluorescence compared with nominal brightness. It has been known that the fluorescence
decrease of Spinach−DFHBI is not due to irreversible photobleaching like GFP. It is caused by
reversible conversion to a non– fluorescent state and the signal can be recovered

Detection Of Picric Acid By Pin / Cds
4.1. Detection of Picric acid by PIN/CdS nanocomposite: The picric acid detection performance of
PIN/CdS nanocomposite was studied by measuring the fluorescence intensity on an addition to PA
using Shimadzu spectro–flouorophotometer. The PIN/CdS nanocomposite are high soluble in tetra
hydro furan (THF) and all the sensing studied were carried out in THF. When picric acid (1x 10–3
M) was added to PIN/CdS nanocomposite (0.2 mg/mL), the initial fluorescence intensity was
quenched dramatically which are inspired us to considerable recognized the applicability of these
PIN/CdS nanocomposite materials for the detection of picric acid. The changes inflorescence
intensity of PIN/CdS nanocomposite on addition of different concentration of picric acid solution at
pH 7 as a function of intensity is depicted in Fig. 6a.
In order to analysis of the selectivity of the PIN/CdS nanocomposites various aromatic compound
such as nitro methane, aniline, benzoic acid have been used and compared with the PA. Quenching
is observed even at very low concentration of PA (10 mM).
The rate of quenching, which is essentially related to the Stern–Volmer constant (KSV), revealed
that Picric acid have faster fluorescence quenching over the organic compounds. To understand this
fact, we need to calculate the Stern–Volmer constants of the quenching process. Here, we have
chosen picric acid as a representative analyte to estimate the Stern– Volmer constant. The
fluorescence quenching results can be treated

Bioluminescence Vs Fluorescence
1) Bioluminescence/ fluorescence: Bioluminescence can be used to describe an organism that glows
or releases a flash of light, particularly when disturbed. Fluorescence on the other hand can be
defined as a process where light energy excites electrons to a higher energy state and that emits a
photon when returning to ground state excitation. A major difference between the two is that
bioluminescence is chemical process that involves enzymes and the breakdown of substrates that
result results in light as a product; whereas fluorescence is physical process that relies on changes in
electron excitation. Organisms such as certain algae, bacteria, fungi, squid, insects and fish use
bioluminescence for several different purposes, such as to scare off predators or to lure prey
(anglerfish), to attract mates (lanterneyes fish), and communication. Fluorescence serves several
purposes as well, such as in chromosomal fluorescent staining techniques or gemology.
2) Endoplasmic reticulum/ Golgi complex: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the
modifaction of fats and lips, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Daily fluctuations in the amount and availability of light make circadian rhythms necessary in such
a way that, for example, in humans we sleep during the night so that we can utilize the availability
of light energy, photons, during the day. This fluctuation in availability of photons has a pronounced
effect on biological processes such as DNA replication and photosynthesis; UV light that comes
company with visible light from the greater electromagnetic radiation spectrum, produces an effect
that typically only allows for DNA replication to occur at night for most organism, the proteins used
during photosynthesis to be produced before dawn, and allows for photosynthesis to fully utilize the
day portion of the light cycle to generate usable

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