Most dietary carbohydrates are polymers of hexoses,primarily glucose, galactose and fructose. Glucose is stored in its phosphorylated form glucose-6-phosphate; the formation of which in muscles is catalyzed by hexokinase, and in the liver by glucokinase. Glucokinase is important because its activity is stimulated by insulin and its activity reduced in starvation, and glucokinase has no stronger affinity for glucose than hexokinase.

1. INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM OF
CARBOHYDRATES,
PROTEIN
&
FATS

2. METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
 Most dietary carbohydrates are polymers of
hexoses,primarily glucose, galactose and fructose.
 Glucose is stored in its phosphorylated form
glucose-6-phosphate; the formation of which in
muscles is catalyzed by hexokinase, and in the liver
by glucokinase.
 Glucokinase is important because its activity is
stimulated by insulin and its activity reduced in
starvation, and glucokinase has no stronger affinity
for glucose than hexokinase.

3.  Only hepatic glycogen is accessible to the body as a
glucose source,Glucose-6-phophatase in only found in
the liver,converting Glc-6-P to glucose.
 Both adrenaline and glucogen stimulate hepatic
phosphate and increases blood glucose levels by
stimulating release of hepatic glucose.
 THREE MAIN HEXOSES
 GLUCOSE- enters glycolysis
 GALACTOSE- from the dissacchrides lactose
 FRUCTOSE- metabolism by the liver and intestine,
readily converted into palmitic acid

4. METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
 Triglycerides are the largest diatery fat source,
comprising three fatty acids joined to a glycerol
backbone.
 Hydrolysis of triglycerides in the small intestine result in
free fatty acids and glycerols.
 Glycerols is converted to glycerol-3phosphate which
enters the glycolytic pathway and then converted to
glucose.
 Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces Acetyl-coA.
 Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle combining with OA to
form citrate and subsquently released CO2 and H ion.
 In liver only some the acetyl CoA is used in krebs with a
large proportion.

5.  2 Acetyl CoA molecule condense to form
acetoacetate.
 The ketone bodies are transported in the blood to
tissues, where the reverse reaction occurs,
releasing Acetyl CoA.
Ketosis occurs in three conditions.
 Fasting or Starvation.
 Diabetes mellitus.
 High-fat/protein low carbohydrate diets.

6. METABOLISM OF PROTEIN
 Protein are chain of amino acids linked by
peptide bonds between and carboxyl groups.
 Most protein are digested in the gastrointestinal
tract and absorbed as amino acids.
 Inter conversion between amino acids and
products of fat and carbohydrate metabolism at
the level of the common metabolic pool revolve
around amino group transfer (transamination),
removal (deamination) Or formation.