7. Biochemistry
Atom: single unit,
found on periodic table
Molecule: combination
of multiple atoms via
bonds
Element (atoms) vs.
Compound (molecules)
8. Bonding
Ionic Bond – atoms
gain/lose electrons
and take on pos./neg.
charge
Covalent Bond –
atoms share electrons
(stronger; larger
molecules)
9. Hydrogen Bonds
Occur between
hydrogen (+) and
unbonded electrons (-)
Weak interactions
among polar molecules
Ex: cohesion and
adhesion
12. Types of Solute
(Solute = dissolved
particles)
HYDROPHILIC
(usually have pos. or
neg. charge)
HYDROPHOBIC
(usually uncharged)
13. 4 Essential Macromolecules
All carbon-based, called
“organic”
Smaller molecules
LINKED to form chains
Important in nutrition
14.
15. Formation of Macromolecules
Small compounds
(monomers) combine to
make larger
“polymers”
Combination is called a
“condensation
reaction”
Opposite is called
“hydrolysis”
16. 1.) CARBOHYDRATES
Structure: single sugars (carbon rings)
which can be joined
Monosaccharides (1), Disaccharides (2),
Polysaccharides (many)
“-ose”
17. 1.) CARBOHYDRATES
Primary energy source
(utilized first)
Examples in foods:
starches, sugars, bread,
and fruit
Other examples?
Cellulose and chitin
18. 2.) PROTEINS
Structure: small AMINO
ACIDS linked into long
chains
20 different amino acids,
which differ only in “R”
group
Function of a protein
related to order
19. 2.) PROTEINS
Peptide bond
Proteins are also
called “polypeptides”
Enzymes: important
proteins that carry
out chemical
reactions in cells
20. 2.) PROTEINS
Structural building blocks of cells (tissue, bones,
skin, muscles)
Extremely
complicated
structures
21. 3.) LIPIDS
Structure: long carbon/hydrogen chains
C-H bonds store most energy
Fats, waxes, oils
Use: long-term energy storage
22. 3.) LIPIDS
Often insoluble (barrier to water) due to
hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
Can be saturated/unsaturated
Other type of lipids:
Phospholipids
Steroids
23. 4.) NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA carries genetic information
Structure: small “nucleotides”
linked together
Order of four nucleotides creates
the “code” found in DNA
ATP: energy currency in cells
26. “Cell” Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function within organisms.
3. All cells are derived from other cells.
27.
28. Cell Size/Shape
Varies based on type of
cell
Ex. Neurons are thin,
but can be nearly a
meter
Size scale: micrometers
(μm)
29. Why are cells so small?
A small volume (size)
requires fewer
nutrients
A larger surface area
allows a cell to
transport more across
the cell membrane
30. Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio
Most efficient cells
have small volumes
and large surface
areas
A large surface
area-to-volume
ratio is best
32. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Part of multi-celled
organisms
More specialized
Nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles
33.
34. What Cells Do…
All the functions that
allow an organism to
survive
Including:
respiration, growth,
reproduction, energy
utilization, etc.
35. Cell Membrane
Outer covering of all
cells
Gives cell its shape
Controls what enters
and exits the cell
Made up of
phospholipids
(hydrophobic)
36.
37. Nucleus
“Brain” of the cell
Controls all functions
Contains DNA
(chromosomes)
Surrounded by a
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE that is
similar to the cell
membrane
38.
39. Cytoplasm (or Cytosol)
Jelly-like material that fills cell
Located in-between cell
membrane and nucleus
Mostly water
Surrounds most other cell
parts
40.
41. Ribosomes
Made of protein and RNA
Structures in which
proteins are made
Some proteins kept, others
exported
*Endoplasmic Reticulum
*Golgi Apparatus
48. Only In Plant Cells:
Chloroplasts (and chlorophyll)
Cell Wall
49. Cell Wall
Surrounds and
supports plant cells
(and some fungi,
bacteria, and algae)
Made of cellulose
(most abundant
biological molecule in
nature)
50.
51. Chloroplast
Structure in which plant
cells create sugars
Contain chlorophyll (green)
which captures sunlight
Sugars made in chloroplasts
are used in mitochondria as
energy