Security Stability In Somalia

Security Stability in Somalia
Security Stability in Somalia
Since their indirect elections on September 12, 2012, and despite the fragile regional security situation of the Horn of Africa, Somalia has continued to
experience significant and sustained progress towards security stability in their country. In order for Somalia to succeed as viable and trusted state, the
United States (US) as well as the International Community should not allow another security stability failure in Somalia. The US and the International
Community must focus on helping to sustain Somalia's efforts against the fight of the Al–Shabaab terrorist organization, help to counter piracy, and to
help build capacity and capability in the Somali government and its institutions. While at the same time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This recognition is important because allow the FGS to participate in certain assistance programs, to include military training and financing (Watkins,
2013).
President Mohamud acknowledges that there is still external dependence on foreign aid and assistance. Therefore, the President wants to articulate the
international efforts within the framework of his "six pillars" strategy. This strategy will try to establish the mechanisms for success in the following
order: achieve the stability of the country; accelerate the economic recovery; construct the peace and exile the main causes of conflict; improve the
capacity of the government to answer the needs of its people and provide the required services; strengthen the bonds of friendship with international
associates, nearby countries and friends of Somalia; and finally, achieve the unity of Somalia (Mohamud H. S., 2012).
The security to stabilize the country is clearly the pillar priority, and the essential requirement to develop the rest of the pillars. Now, this does not mean
that the different players in the International Community extend their presence in Somalia indefinitely to consolidate the achievements made so far in
the field of security; but that the Somali security sector must be fully develop as soon as possible to extend the authority of the state through the whole
territory effectively and self–sufficiently. President Mohamud emphasized the
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Somali Civil War Research Paper
Somalia's pirates did not start off as desperate bandits. Instead, they were once as Somalia's fishermen. So what happened? Due to the second phase
of the Somali Civil War, the government of Somalia stopped functioning in 1991, the Somali coastline and waters "have become the site of an
international 'free for all,'" which many fishing fleets from around the world were stealing Somali goods and stocks, as well as dumping toxic waste
materials. Somali fishermen were forced over the years to defend their fishing expeditions, many of them were forced to become pirates to use extreme
measures to take back what it is theirs. Such extreme measures include hijacking ships and unlicensed fishermen who crosses their path, and hold them
for ransom.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
had challenges and difficult decisions when Somali pirates seized a U.S. flagged cargo ship and held 20 American sailors and their captain hostage for
ransom in 2009, which made huge headlines. The third factor of "western way of war," the continuity on the western's military theory, is using
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder's theory of war – "the first clash with the enemy's main forces creates a new situation, [...], the only thing the army
command can do is correctly appreciate the changed circumstances, and then to give instructions to do what is appropriate for the foreseeable next
phase." This theory had helped the U.S. When the ship was hijacked, the fast thinking of crew by disabling the ship, had forced the Somali pirates to
come up with a new strategy. That where the U.S. IOPs kicks in, used the diplomatic element to negotiate the exchange of the hostages (such as the
negotiation of the crew and the

A Brief Note On Deforestation And Charcoal Production
Mahdi 8 Deforestation and Charcoal Production in Somalia Mahdi Haile DPP 911.01: Environ Factors in Development Practice Kalle Matso July 30,
2015 INTRODUCTION According to the information thrown from the course reveals that over the past 30 years, assessments of the woodfuel situation
in developing countries, have changed substantially. In the mid–1970s, recognition that huge and growing numbers of people depended on fuelwood as
their principal domestic fuel led to predictions of potentially devastating depletion of forest resources, with serious negative livelihood consequences
for the rural poor, unless action was taken to address this ??fuelwood crisis? (Arnold,J.E, and Gunnar Hlin 2006). Charcoal consumption is often
growing faster than fuelwood consumption. Though still less relative to fuelwood in most of Asia, charcoal use is becoming a much larger part of the
woodfuels total in Africa and South America. In Africa, the aggregate of consumption of fuelwood and wood for charcoal is growing at a rate close to
that of population growth. The overall quantities involved, and the numbers still relying on woodfuels continue to be very large. The International
Energy Agency recently estimated that, although shifts to other sources of energy could be expected to substantially reduce the share of these fuels by
2030, biomass energy will still account for an mated three quarters of total residential energy in Africa in that year, and that the

Narcissism Of Minor Differences Analysis
AHMED A. MOHDHAR STUDENT NUMBER: 213237417 POLS 3200: GLOBAL CONFLICT AND SECURITY (I) FINAL ESSAY:
IDENTITY AS A CAUSE FOR THE SOMALI CONFLICTS Identity continues to be a major cause for many wars, both within and without a
country. History has proven that conflicts within the borders mostly involve people with very little difference between them. Most of civil wars in
nations often start as ethnicity feuds and end up to full scale wars. In the chapter, The Narcissism of Minor Differences, Blok argues that it is often
the small differences that lead up to prolonged struggles (p115, 2000). Somalia is an example of a nation where majority of its people share the same
cultural and religious background but for a third decade now, members... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been several Islamic militant groups in Somalia with the aim of controlling the country. Al–Shabaab is the current of those groups with a
claim to make Somali an Islamic state, while at the same time getting rid of the inter–clan wrangles. However, the group's actions were more of
polarizing the communities along religious lines. The Narcissism of minor difference applies here as well; Somalia's population is overwhelmingly
Muslim. However, Al–shabaab has an extremist view of Islam and intends to make everyone follow the same ideas, those who do not, they believe
deserve to die. Solomon argues that Al–Shabaab's form of Islam contradicts with most of Somali's cultural beliefs, hence creating a major rift between
the militants and the population (p352, 2014). The group use the worst kind of violence against people they believe do not follow the 'right' Islam;
from beheading and lynching alleged offenders to bombing local mosques, restaurants, and learning institutions (various). Again, all of their victims
inside Somalia are Muslim Somalis who worship the same God as them, but according to them, they worship Him the wrong way. Blok in trying to
justify his claim cited a Balkan expert, Hammel on the conflict in the former Yugoslav republics (p126, 2000). He argues that the Serb and Croat
peasants do not claim the same

Maine Is in Troubled Times Essay
The most important insight that James Tierney shared with the class is that Maine is in "big trouble". In the first two minutes of Tierney's speech he
reiterated that point multiple times. I would agree with Tierney, Maine is in troubled times. The states average age keeps getting higher and higher.
Maine is also one of the whitest states in the country. Tierney's insight on how to fix this problem was something that I agree with. To fix the
demographic issue, we need to have an open sign, but as Tierney said, Mainer's hate change. The big issue I see is that diversity is not taught in
schools. I came from Lee Academy so I had a different experience than most high school students in Maine. Lee Academy is private school that boards
students... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Tierney said, he went on to teach at Harvard and Yale, so you know that he has to be truly gifted at what he does. The University of Maine law
school missed a great professor and possibly one that could have changed the schools low ranking. The final thing that I found interesting in Tierney's
presentation was his fact on Minneapolis. Minneapolis has the largest Somali population in the United States. I associate Somalia with being warm, so
it is interesting that Minneapolis is where the greatest population of Somalis is. As Tierney said though, Minneapolis had a come on in sign and let the
Somali people come in with no hassle. It is to bad that Maine did not try to push harder to get more Somali immigrants, it certainly could have done
good. Maine people just do not seem welcoming though. I can remember from my high school basketball days, we would always have a couple
players from around the world and that created great tension. Many of the opposing teams fans would begin chanting U.S.A. and bring in
American flags to wave. There also were a lot of racial slurs that were just utterly disgraceful. It is a shame that many of the people in Maine hate
change. I consider myself a conservative and personally I say come on in, we could use the help. So as long as you work or at least try to find a job
then there should be a place in this state for you. I believe that Tierney's

Somali Ethnic Groups
The History, Religion, and Traditions of Somalia's Ethnic Groups Somali ethnic groups do not only live in Somalia, they live in northern Kenya, the
Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia, and Djibouti. Even though Somali ethnic groups live in different places around Somalia, they still consider
themselves as one. The country of Somalia is best understood by learning about the "Horn of Africa," defining its common religion, and examining its
rich traditions. Comprehending the history of the "Horn of Africa" is important in order to understand its effect on Somali ethnic groups. Unlike most of
African nations, Somalia is made up of single, homogeneous ethnic groups (Lewis). Somalia shares a uniform language, religion, and culture that leads
to a common ancestor. In the mid 1800s, Somalia was broken down into several territories by Colonies. The French controlled the northern region (the
area that is now Djibouti), the British colonized northern Somalia (creating a country called British Somaliland), Italians governed southern Somalia
(creating Italian Somaliland), Ethiopia controlled the region of Ogaden, and Kenya controlled the northern border that contains Somalis (Lewis). In
1900, "British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland peacefully obtained independence and were united to form the current borders of Somalia" (Lewis).
After World War II, British gain control of Ogaden which was designated as part of Ethiopia. Military conflict arose between Ethiopia and

Somalia Culture Essays
Somalia Culture
Somalia is a country situated in the Г’hornГ“ of East Africa. It is bordered by the Gulf of Aden in the north, the Indian Ocean on the east and southeast,
Kenya in the southwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Djibouti in the northwest. Somalia is about four times the size of the State of Minnesota, or slightly
smaller than Texas. The capital is Mogadishu.
Somalia's population is mostly rural. Nearly 80% of the people are pastoralists, agriculturalists, or agropastoralists. Except for a small number of
Somalis who rely on fishing, the rest of the population are urban dwellers. Somalia's chief cities and towns are Mogadishu (the capital), Hargeisa,
Burao, Berbera, Bossaso, Marka, Brava, Baidoa, and Kismaayo. In the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a belief system, a culture, a structure of government, and a way of life. Thus, in Somalia, attitudes, social customs, and gender roles are primarily
based on Islamic tradition. Important Muslim holidays include Ramadan, Id al–Fitr, Id al–Adha, and Moulid. Ramadan is in the ninth month of the
lunar calendar. During the 30 days of the holiday, people pray, and they refrain from eating and drinking during the day. Children (usually defined as
under 14 years old) are exempted from the fast. Some religious observance of Ramadan extends the fast for an additional 7 days. Immediately
following Ramadan is the holiday of Id al–Fitr, which marks the end of the fast. This celebration involves big family gatherings and gifts for children.
Id al–Adha is the most important holiday of the calendar year, commemorating the sacrifice of Abraham. This is the time for making pilgrimages to
Saudi Arabia. Moulid (or Mouloud, or Mawlid an Nabi) is another important holiday, commemorating the birth and death of the prophet
Mohammed. Many religious holidays in Somalia would involve the ritual killing of a lamb or goat. On a side note, Somalis celebrate their
Independence from colonial power and unification of the Northern and Southern colonies on July first. Islam requires followers to adhere to its five
pillars: 1) Belief in Allah, one God; 2) Regular prayer (five times a day, facing Mecca); 3) Fasting from food and water

Djibouti Essay
Derek Proto
Nationalism: Issues and Achievements
Djibouti
To embark on Djiboutian nationalism, we must start with that of the nationalism of Somalia and Ethiopia, since Djibouti is now an enclave within
these two large countries. Somali political consciousness and aspirations for a national united front began when Italy invaded Ethiopia in October of
1935, but internal conflicts are creating turmoil, which encompass contemporary politics in Djibouti. As with any post–colonial African country,
nationalism may be difficult to garner since there often lacks a coherent idea of the particular political framework and cultural consciousness. A
concrete idea of what nationalism is then, degrades to an "us versus them" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once Independence was won for the Somali state, they sought to include all territories with Somali speaking peoples. Thus, revanchist proponents of
the Issa held a formidable opposition in government in the following years when representation was crucial to oppose, or strengthen, French
involvement in the region. To lessen the representation, the French in 1963 reorganized districts in what some may term "gerrymandering", with the
Issa feeling like the carpet was pulled from under their feet. But the French saw the Pan– Somali sentiment of the Parti du Mouvement Populaire was
disenfranchising Afar influence. Thus, Issa majority dropped from eighteen to fourteen in the assembly, while Afar increased from five to eleven. This
encouraged the participation of the previously neglected rural population in the life of the colony. The Parti du Mouvement Populaire led a movement
in 1966 when Charles du Gaulle supported the Issa demands upon his arrival, which led to the direct involvement of Ethiopia. Halie Salassie then
claimed that Djibouti was an integral part of the Ethiopian Empire. This was merely a strategy toward geopolitical interests.
Before French withdrawal, suffrage rights were amended to include only individuals over the age of 21. This automatically gave the Afars the political
leverage they needed. The vote of 1960 called for continued French presence,

Ap Human Geography Of Somalia
I.Environment and Natural History
Located on the east coast of Africa, in an area known as the Horn of Africa, Somalia is approximately 637,657 square miles (close to the size of
Texas) and has just over 1,800 miles of coastline. It is bordered on the west by Ethiopia, on the right by the Indian Ocean; to the north, the boarder is
the Shabelle River, and the Juba River to the south. The capital city is Mogadishu and as of 2011, the population is just under 10 million. Somalia is
of mixed terrain, where the northern part is hilly, the central and southern parts are flat. The climate in Somalia is hot and dry year–round, with
seasonal monsoon winds, and irregular rains. Based on its geographic location, extending into the Indian Ocean, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Somalia has been torn by conflict for most of its 48 years of independence. The collapse of the state itself came in 1991 when President Mohammed
Siad Barre was overthrown. "Following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, various groupings of Somali factions sought to control the
national territory and fought small wars with each other." (Business World Complete p.5) My analysis is that without any formal, structured
government, the Somalia people went to what they value, clans and kinship. Unfortunately, they were all vying to be the clan in control. The inter–clan
fighting prevented people from planting and harvesting crops and caused the death of several hundred thousand Somali. Ultimately this constant
fighting led to a total breakdown of public services. Remember that Somalia culture is based on traditions and their ideology of kinship. Coalitions
among clan warlords led the central government to crumble and it's these same clan rivalries that prohibit

Somalia Vs America Essay
Somalia is known for being one of the largest African ethnic groups in the world. To the ancient Egyptians, Somalia was known as the "Land of Punt",
because of it production of frankincense and myrrh. The symbol that best represents Somalia is the white star on the flag which was adopted on
October 12, 1954. "Each point of the star represents a land that is home to Somali people: the portion within the national boundaries, once divided into
two territories, Italian and British; the Ogaden region of Ethiopia; the Northern Frontier District of Kenya; and Djibouti. Somalis hope that one day all
these territories can become a unified Somali nation." (Shurgin)
Somalia is located on the eastern seaboard surrounded by three bodies of water, the Red ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The population of the United States of America is three hundred and eighteen million eight hundred and ninety two thousand one hundred and three
individuals. The birth rate is approximately thirteen babies are born out of a thousand babies, infant mortality rate however is about six babies will die
out of a thousand before they are one years old. The death rate is roughly eight individuals die out of a thousand per year. Life expectancy at birth is
estimated to about eighty years. The United States of American has many different ethnic groups consisting of Caucasians, African Americans, Alaskan
Native, and Pacific Islander. There are many religion found in the United States of America, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Mormon, Christian, Jewish,
Buddhist, and Muslim. There are three common languages spoken in the United States, English, Spanish, and Asian. American literacy from age
fifteen and older is at ninety nine percent in the entire country. Some may say that the United States of America is a better place to live in comparison
to Somalia, and they may be true because of the War Crimes that have been occurring since the late

Imperialism In Somalia Essay
Somalia has had a long and variegated history, marked by the rise and fall of Empire. Beginning in the late 19th century, the major Western imperial
powers began to occupy and divide Somali territory, which is located in the Horn of Africa. The independent Republic of Somalia was formed in 1960
when the British and the Italians withdrew. But though the foreign powers had left, there remained an important reminder of the oppression of
imperialism: the state. Beginning in the 7th century, the Somali tribes in the Horn of Africa had developed a complex oral legal system, which operated
in a polycentric way: that is, it guaranteed the autonomy of the different Somali clans without any unifying state actor. Yet at the same time, this
system, the Xeer, allowed room for conflict resolution and restitution. As a result, the culture of independence among the Somalis meant that one tribe
would never be content to be ruled by another–the transitional government created strife as each tribe sought to use it as a means to control the others.
In 1991, the Somalis took apart their government and began their modern period of semi–anarchy (with the remnants of the government being propped
up by an international coalition desperate to impose their imperialistic mindset on the indigenous culture)–which was also marked with a resurgence of
extra–governmental conflict resolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oldest mosque in Somalia dates to the 7th century (Briggs 7), which puts the genesis of the Xeer legal system sometime around or before then.
Spencer Heath MacCallum, an American anthropologist who has done extensive work on the topic writes that, "[t]he Somali nation did not start with
the tribes having a common language but by their common observance of the Xeer. Hence the law is called both father and child of the Somali

Failed States and Civil Wars: Somalia Essay
Failed States and Civil Wars: Somalia
The history of Somalia is a bloody one, filled with failed occupation, anarchy and civil war. Early Somalia established itself as a merchant state. Its
key geographical location by the natural strait between the Horn of Africa and Yemen made it a focal point for trade.This essay will explore the
history of internal struggles of the Somalilands and its many wars. It will investigate the colonial influences and conflicts between Somalia and its
imperial occupiers and how these influences set the stage for future conflicts between the clans. Also, it will attempt to define the reasons why Somalia
has become a failed state. The importance of United States foreign policies will be discussed as they have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is likely that these merchants brought the religion of Islam into the region. However, the lucrative trade and extended contact, brought with it the
threat of colonization. In the late nineteenth century, native societies in Africa were unable to fend off European forces with advanced weaponry, and
like many lesser developed territories, Somalia was colonized and divided among the imperial powers. At one point, the Somalilands (which included
Puntland, Mogadishu, southern Somalia and portions of Djibouti and Eritrea) were compartmentalized under the rule of French, British, Italian and
Ethiopian colonies.
Anti–Colonial Somalia
It is worth noting that Somalis are a mostly homogenous population. Specifically, they share a common language, religion (mostly Sunni Muslim,
minority Shi'i) and a common historical identity. The main source of internal contention has always been disputes between the four main clan–families;
the Dir, Darod, Isaaq, and Hawiye clans.(Jennifer De MaioTITLE:Managing Civil Wars: An Evaluation of Conflict
–prevention Strategies in Africa )
However at this point in history, the Somali people, longing to break out from imperial rule, unified briefly under the Salihiyah tariqa, an orthodox
muslim brotherhood led by Mahammad Abdille Hasan. The so–called, Dervish rebellion targeted the British and Egyptian

Exam 2 Essay
Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia
Exam Question #3:
What are the ends and associated ways and means of the Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia?
Ends:
The International community such as the International Contact Group, the African Union and the United Nations to assist with U.S. foreign policies
in achieving a peaceful, stable and comprehensive Somalia by eliminating terrorist threats, promote political stability and by supporting the organization
of a central government and provide humanitarian assistance to the Somali people.
Ways:
Somalia must develop a Political Dialogue between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG's) which are known as the Transitional Federal
Institutions (TFI's) for reconciliation to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TFG to reconsider key groups inside Somalia not previously included in the political process, such as, clan leaders, civil society women groups,
business, religious leaders, to include, the Mogadishu by doing so it promotes a more inclusive society. Uganda to deploy 1500 troops to Somalia as
well as the African Union Peace and Security Council to deploy stabilization mission is one of the key element to bring the Somali people stability and
an assurance of peace. The United States will assist with training and equipping African contingents deploying to Somalia through the African
Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (ACOT A). Also, the U.S. will outreach to Somali Diaspora communities in the United
States to urge additional financial and political support for the TFI's. The State Department Bureau of African Affairs Public Diplomacy office and the
U.S. Ambassadors in Kenya and Ethiopia will communicate with domestic and international audience by conducting a variety of press speeches and
media interviews, publishing information in newspapers and magazines about the integrated approach on Somalia The Somali people must take
responsibility for maintaining a security force at the local level by implementing a civilian police force and a unified military presents of all Somalia's
clan which provides a secure and

Essay on Somali People and Djibouti
Djibouti, a small 9000 square miles Horn of Africa (HOA) enclave located at the convergence of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, is strategically
important to the U. S. Foreign policy. All instruments of U.S National Power– diplomacy, information, military and economic – are exercised as part
of a deliberate and sustained 'whole of government' approach. The U. S. Ambassador to Djibouti, the Honorable Geeta Pasi, leads a State Department
and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Team in enabling U. S. Strategic policy vision in HOA, while enabling and collaborating
with Djibouti in strengthening government, social, economic and international capabilities.
Djibouti affects U.S Foreign policy in three major areas: Djibouti's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
S Foreign policy within HOA. Djibouti supports African Union and U.S. Foreign Policy efforts to eradicate the spread of Islamic extremists groups
such as Al–Qaida affiliated al–Shabaab – this commitment includes providing military forces to the African Union Mission in Somalia, supporting the
Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu, Somalia. Additionally, the Djiboutian government supports USAID efforts throughoutAfrica by
providing warehousing for the only stockpile of humanitarian aid on the African continent. (Diplomatic, Information IOP)
Djibouti supports the only U.S Military base on the continent of Africa– it also supports French and Japanese military forces. The U. S Military
installation, Camp Lemonnier, houses over 4000 Army, Navy, Marine and Air Force personnel, which includes a robust contingency of Special
Operations personnel. Djibouti's support for a U.S Military presence enables the sustained training of East African militaries, a key objective in the
State Departments vision to enhance the effectiveness, capability, credibility and status of East African militaries towards civilian populations they
serve. Additionally, having a U.S military presence supports and develops a wide range of military options available to the Commander in Chief during
emergent/contingent operations. Finally, the Djiboutian government support of multi–national military forces

The Root Causes Of The Somali Conflict
Somalia is a located in eastern Africa, and forms the cap of the Horn of Africa, bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the west Kenya to
the south, the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest shoreline in African, connecting to both the Red Sea
and the Indian Ocean with a length of 3300 KM, which has been essential to its trade with the Middle East and the rest of East Africa. Having the
longest coastline in Africa, Somalia was an important center for commerce with the rest of the ancient world, and The opening of the Suez Canal in
1869 stimulated European expansion into the region. Prior to European colonial arrival, Somalis did not have a central state in the sense of a Weberian
bureaucratic state. However, they used home–grown conflict resolution mechanisms of Heer (traditional law and Islam for resolving disputes among
individuals and groups). The Somali conflict is characterised by a multifaceted array of causes and drivers that including political, economic, cultural
and psychological. Various marginal and internal factors have played different roles during the numerous stages of the conflict. The anarchy in Somalia
not only affects the people within Somalia but it also has a number of negative effects on the neighbouring countries. This essay examines the root
causes of the Somali conflict and investigates some of the obstacles that have plagued peace efforts for the last fourteen years. Competition for

Analysis Of Al Shabaab 's Origins
3. (U) History. Al–Shabaab's origins are linked back to the 1990s when a militant Salafist group called al–Itihad al–Islami (AIAI) was the opposition
against Somali troops during the country's civil war. Several of the younger members eventually left AIAI to join another organization called the
Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU started as an unsecured array of Sharia courts. By late–2006, the ICU had developed toward an influential
Islamic militia that held control over the large majority of Southern Somalia. Al–Shabaab was the extremist wing within the ICU (Royce, 2013).
3a. (U) 2006–2009. The 2006 Battle of Mogadishu defined the significance of the ICU, defeating the US–backed coalition for command over Somalia's
war–torn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Al–Shabaab claimed the attack was retribution for Uganda supplying soldiers to AMISOM. Around the time of the Kampala attack, the Kenyan
government was growing increasingly concerned with the refugee situation at the border. Kenya proposed to create a buffer–zone to prevent the
conflict from pouring over the border (Bass, 2017). In October 2011, Kenya proceeded by initiating Operation Linda Nichi which joined TFG and
AMISOM Soldiers in attacking al–Shabaab. This coalition contested al–Shabaab's position in the south and pushed the group out of key strongholds
like Mogadishu and Shebelle. Some of these strongholds included sea ports that were used to procure funding for food, salaries, and weapons. An
estimated 500 al–Shabaab casualties resulted from coalition force operations in 2011 (Hansen, 2013). Some members then left to join other extremist
organizations while others gave up the fight entirely. The following year, al–Qaeda's Amir, Ayman al
–Zawahiri, formally declared al–Shabaab as their
affiliate (NCTC, 2017). Al–Shabaab's recruitment message began influencing people from the U.S. and Europe. As many as 25 U.S. and 60 British
citizens committed themselves to al–Shabaab's cause by 2012 (Hansen, 2013).
3c. (U) 2013–Present. Al–Shabaab felt rejuvenated and wanted to show that they were still capable of carrying out grand attacks that would capture the
attention of the international community. In September 2013, a small group of gunmen

Somali Women And Preventative Care
Somali Women come from a country in East Africa. According to a study conducted by Carol P, Sahra N, and Joan B to view health care beliefs with
Somali women, Somalia is a land that is still recovering from a civil war that ensued in 1978 and dragged out until the late 1990's (2011, pg. 1). The
country has had a difficult time trying to rebuild the infrastructure and government, leading to little to no progress. The United States provided
opportunities for Somali people to come to America as refugees of war. The largest area containing refugee Somali women is the Minnesota area.
Officially, there are around 25,000 Somali Immigrants in Minnesota. Unofficially around 75,000 Somali people are said to live in Minnesota, which
shows the Somali ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It takes physicians years of intense studying and observation to understand what happens in the human body, and even then there is still significant
confusion over some areas. If this is true, then its especially difficult to expect an immigrant newly introduced to a culture and language, to fully
understand the implications of their health. This falls under the scientific health literacy, where there is an attempt to try to educate patients on the
different procedures and processes that are happening in their body. In the study where Somali women's opinions on healthcare were given, Somali
women were exposed to lab results about their blood pressure, cholesterol, and other results. Once seeing these lab results, they were confused. They
had not had much preventative care before, and now suddenly they were exposed to conditions and issues they were not educated on (2010, pg. 355).
This new information was shocking and makes some Somali women believe that going to the doctor causes all of these issues. Due to that, some state
they don't plan future visits with the physician (2010, pg. 355). In order to combat this confusion and hesitation to participate in health management,
the bioethical principle that should be followed is non–maleficence. Non–maleficence is to do no harm. So for managing health with exercise,
providers shouldn't preform any

History Of Somalia Research Paper
Per Joint Publication 3–24, the operational environment is the composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect how the joint force
commander uses available capabilities and makes decisions. It requires a holistic view of insurgent, neutral, and friendly political, military, economic,
social, information, and infrastructure systems. Culture can be defined as a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one
group or category of people from another. This essay will focus on the rich culture of Somalia and how the country has evolved from its humble
beginnings. Moreover, the culture and history presented in Somalia, as well as the geography and military history, and understanding how the people
of Somalia operate. First... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The countries primary religion is Muslim, with slightly less than ninety percent of its population, so as you can imagine there is an abundance of
mosques throughout the country. These mosques are key cultural structures for individuals of Muslim faith, and provide a common meeting place for
many people. Other than the mosques, the country has very little in the way of major structures due to the civil war. The quality of life within Somalia
is very low since the capabilities of healthcare, running water and emergency services are near non–existent. Equipment used in health care is limited
and outdated, it is also very costly to the people of Somalia to receive treatments of any kind. Somalia's emergency services are extremely under
funded and often the police forces are filled with corruption and do not care for the general public's safety. The education system of Somalia was
often regarded as being greater than that of the United States before the civil war; afterwards only a few private schools remained and higher
education was only available to those who could afford, when before it was free to all.

Social Justice And Social Injustice
What is social justice? From my perspective, social justice is the enlightened human concern for people of all backgrounds. It is the respect and
endearment for people no matter their race, gender, sexuality, religion, or socioeconomic class. Social justice has, in a way, affected my life experience.
Social justice hasn't directly impacted my life experience, but I have learned about many cases of injustice throughout my years. Learning about these
events and social justice makes me think about current events in a different light. I know see how an event might affect not only myself, but all types
of people as well. Learning about social injustices throughout my first semester at CSB/SJU such as apartheid in South Africa and the lost boys of ...
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The Lost Boys, for example, had no choice but to run away and seek refuge to avoid their deaths. The Lost Boys struggled for months at a time
until the United States was able to accept them into the country. This community in Saint Cloud is just like the Lost Boys of South Sudan. They
may seem intimidating to locals because of their lack of knowledge of those cultures, but they are seeking refuge to our country for a reason. They
are coming here for safety and to begin a new life in a great country. They are here to be functioning members of a new society and to share their
culture with ours. They are not here to hurt us, nor are they here to steal our jobs or money. They are here to be Americans that don't have to
worry about their lives being in jeopardy every day of the week. They are here to be one of us. Without learning about social justice, I wouldn't
have seen this issue like this. I would have been listened to the accusations made by those who are fearful. Enlightening myself with the knowledge
of social justice has helped me see the struggles that people of a different race, gender, sexuality, religion, or socioeconomic class face. I believe that
giving these people a chance to tell their story and to let them in with open arms is what social justice is. Everyone on this Earth deserves a chance be
heard and a chance to be accepted. Even though stereotypes and

Culture Of Somalia Research Paper
The Culture of Somalia The country of Somalia had a colorful past, in that plenty of conflicts went on throughout its history. The government of
Somalia improved throughout the years. It has overcome corruption, but even though Somalia is ran different today, the issues of fraud still arise.
Government fraud, Civil War, and American difference have been steady throughout Somalia's peak of destruction. We look to the present day Somalia
and see that terrorism and fraud still try to disrupt the clean appearance that Somalia is trying to live by. Though all of these variables are constant in
Somalia today, the strength of the government trying to succeed is stronger than creating a setback. Culture is the beliefs, customs, and... Show more
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The country fell under with terrorist groups, pirates, and rebel militias. Al–Shabaab is the main terrorist group out of Somalia claiming to have
relationships with the infamous al–Qaeda terror group. The Somali pirates did not have connections to Al–Shabaab, but they were "a force that is
branched off the local militias" (Cohn). The country lacks a government during life after the Civil War. About fourteen different governments ran
throughout 1991 until 2000. The influencing authority throughout Somalia was the rebels once again until the 2000s. The truth throughout this period
Somalia is placed in a governmental hold for years until the

Somalia Research Paper
Somalia is located in Eastern Africa,bordering the gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia. The country bordering countries are Djibouti,
Ethiopia and Kenya.The Gulf of Aden , lies to the North of Somalia separating the country from Yemen.The eastern coast faces directly the Indian
Ocean . The country lies Between latitudes two degrees South and twelve degrees North, and longitudes forty one and fifty two East. The country
has a total area of 627,337 square kilometers of land and about 10,320 square kilometers of water .Somalia's climate is tropical with little seasonal
change in the temperature, approximately from 75 to 88 Fahrenheit in the low areas, it has two rain seasons with an average annual rainfall estimate of
28 cm . Overall the weather conditions of Somalia through the year remains hot and dry and droughts are very frequent.Somalia's landscapes are
mainly desertic, and the terrain is mostly flat with some plateaus , plains and highlands in the north. The land vegetation is mainly composed by
scrublands , also called heathland or chaparral.About 25 percent of the country is desert, usually consisting of gravel mixed with some vegetation and
sand and which extend along most of Somalia northern central coast into the interior of the country.

Operation Restore Hope
Introduction Involvement of the United Stated in the eastern African country of Somalia in the early 1990s began as humanitarian aid and relief.
Operation Provide Relief commenced in August of 1992 to aid United Nations forces in getting food and supplies to the Somali Civilians. As the
situation in Somalia escalated, it became clear that more direct involvement would be necessary. Thus, Operation Restore Hope began in December,
1992. Once the situation had stabilized sufficiently, the US relinquished command back to the UN. Soon after, the situation degraded once again
leading to the deployment of Task Force Ranger and resulting in the battle that would later become known as "Black Hawk Down". History Following
the ousting of long–term... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With a mob of Somalis approaching the crash site and after repeated requests Delta Force Snipers, SFC Randall Shughart and MSG Gary Gordon
were inserted via helicopter near the crash. They were able to extract the flight crew from the wreckage and set up a defensive perimeter. Their
actions managed to save the life of one of the pilots, but they lost their own lives in defense of their comrades. They would be posthumously awarded
the Medal of Honor. The surviving pilot, CW2 Michael Durant, was captured by Aideed's militia. After sustaining substantial casualties and vehicle
damage the convoy was forced to return to base. Both TF Ranger's internal QRF and the UN QRF were dispatched to try to reach the second crash
site. TF Ranger's QRF was ambushed and had to return to base with the returning convoy and the UN's QRF met with heavy resistance and after an
intense firefight was forced to withdraw. 9 Meanwhile the troops holding the first crash site were running low on ammunition and

The Somalian Refugee Crisis Essay
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees announced, "Somalia's drought and refugee crisis is the most severe humanitarian emergency
in the world, (UNHCR, 2011). Although estimates vary, about 800,000 people have left Somalia seeking asylum. Most now reside in refugee camps
in bordering Kenya and Ethiopia. Many trek for days with little or food to seek safety and assistance in refugee camps only to find conditions that are no
better. Host nations and humanitarian organizations cannot support the vast number of refugees that have already crossed the border and thousands
more arrive every day. Maintenance of the current course of action is not the answer. Besides conjuring more international assistance and humanitarian
aid, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By early summer (1992), at least 300,000 civilians had already died and in July (2009) the International Committee of the Red Cross re–iterated its
six–month old estimates that 95 percent of the population of Somalia was malnourished and 70 percent in imminent danger of death by starvation, (Jon
Western, 1999). Between 1992 and 1995 a UN Peacekeeping force and a small American lead coalition attempted to stabilize the country. After limited
success, both eventually pulled out. In the decade that followed fighting between warlords, political groups, and neighboring countries have contributed
to numerous failed attempts to establish a functioning government. The country is considered a failed state.
To compound the issues, in the last two years limited rain fall has caused the worst drought in over 60 years. The already overwrought food situation
exponentially worsted as crops and livestock die due to water shortages. As a result the numbers of refugees have recently increased dramatically, with
over 330,000 Somalis seeking refuge since January of 2011, (UNHCR, 2011).
For the Somali people, options are very limited. Warlords have actually banned humanitarian efforts in some areas. When left with little choice they
abandon their homes and make for the shelter of a neighboring country. Tens of thousands of families travel by foot carrying their children sometimes
for more than a week. Most times with

Al-Shabaab Research Paper
The Somali National Army has got an important part to play in neutralizing the Al–Shabaab, it is also a crucial component of AMISOM's exit strategy
and of ensuring that peace in Somalia is sustained over a longer period of time. But the leaders of the new Somali Armed forces, face challenges of
tribal differences, lack of focused political ideology, Islamic extremism and technical challenges. In terms of equipment, the Somali National Army
(SNA) is particularly lacking in acquiring basic force multiplier equipment such as motorized infantry vehicles, armored troop carriers, anti–personnel
carriers, and communications technologies, most notably radios. With the recent lifting of the arms prohibition, the Somali National Army has of
recently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is among the reasons as to why the Al–Shabaab still has capacity to hold ground and have control over some parts of the country like the southern
and central parts of Somalia. As with other terrorist organizations such as the Islamic state (IS) and Boko Haram in West Africa, financial channels are
the hidden arteries that have enabled the Al–Shabaab to continue carrying out atrocities to the world, region and to people of Somalia (LTC G.
Kambere 2018). From 2007 when AMISOM troops were first deployed in Somalia the Al–Shabaab terrorists have anchored on different sources of
revenue such as state sponsors, charities, people in the Somali diaspora and other terrorist groups like Al–Qaeda. The group also gets money from
businesses funders like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) who are the primary buyers of the prohibited charcoal coming from Somalia (J M. Dorsey
2012). The funds primarily support the group's members for training, recruiting, acquiring weapons, and other equipment required to sustain them such
as radios thus enabling them to continue carrying out terror acts in the region. This continued financial and logistical support to the terrorists in
Somalia has remained a limitation for the AMISOM troops to accomplish their mission in Somalia (G Kambere

Al-Shabaab Terrorist Group
Introduction:
Al–Shabaab as a terrorist group poses a significant threat in Somalia and in the global community. This paper will start by discussing the background.
In this part the paper will show how the group has evolved from Al–Ittihad Al–Islam (AIAI) to the Islamic Court Union (ICU) and lastly to
Al–Shabaab. Before discussing the group's threat of national security, homeland and international, this paper will provide the conceptual meaning of
key terminology, such as national security, homeland security, international security and globalization. It is important to understand these concepts
before moving toward the main argument of the paper. After providing the framework for key concepts, the paper will discuss the group's threat to
Somalia in two areas, national security and homeland security. The paper will go further and identify the threats posed by the group on other nations'
homeland security and international security. We will use East African countries and the United States examples. The paper will provide evidence to
support how globalization has shaped and fueled the threats from Al–Shabaab. It will then discuss the primary response from the United States and
from African countries through AMISOM. The paper will provide the way forward and suggestions for the response of the international community to
Al–Shabaab. In conclusion, we will try to alert the international community that although the group has been experience hard times in Somalia, it is
unwise to

The Radicalization Of Somali Youths
This research investigates the radicalization of Somali youths living in upstate New York and in Minnesota, the state with the largest Somali refugee
population in the United States. Somali immigrants are subject to many of the post–9/11 American discrimination and harassment against Muslims.
Unlike many Muslims in the United States who are mostly middle class, Somali immigrants are predominantly of the lower class. In addition to being a
religious minority, they are also economically marginalized and black. The research will focus on the ways in which historical traumas, Islamophobia,
socio–political and economic hardships become causes for isolation and radicalization. This research will evaluate radicalization processes in relation to
Somali youths' experiences in Somalia and the United States.
Introduction
Somalia has been engaged in a civil war since 1991. The war has destroyed national governance structures leaving Somalia a patchwork of clan
fiefdoms. In this chaotic environment, Non– governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Islamic organizations replaced the government in providing
necessary services to the people of Somalia.
In 2006, Ethiopia, with the backing of United States, invaded Somalia and ousted the Islamic Courts Union, a union of Islamic courts that had assumed
power to restore stability. The Transition Federal Government or the TFG took control of the government of Somalia. Despite the fact that it was still
in its early stages and

Rise Of Somalia Research Paper
In the 1960s the country of Somalia had finally gained it's independence from Britain. ("aaregistry") By 1969 a man by the name of Siad Barre
who was chief of state at the time led a military coup or a soldiers act without knowing which political objectives will be achieved because of their
actions and used it to abolish Somali democracy and began the a Islamic communist in close friendship with the USSR which is now Russia. The
USSR sold him enemies to use against foreign and domestic enemies. Somalia declared war against Ethiopia to try and gain the Ogaden desert back
for the Ogaden tribe which Siads mother had belonged too. Somalia had lost tragically which had caused an economic crisis and caused tensions
between the people and the Somali government. In 1988 tensions between the Isaaq tribe and the government rose and caused a mass genocide which
resulted in thousands of deaths and fleeing refugees. ("Combatgenocide") When tensions began to rise Siad Barre started trying to control the Isaaq
merchants trade routes. He had also given the Ogaden tribe refugees permission to move onto the Isaaq tribes land. After a couple more events the
Isaaq and several ally clans began the SNM. The SNM is an acronym for Somali National Movement.("CombatGenocide") When the government caught
wind of this they armed the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Siad Barre responded with great brutality. On May 27th, in 1988 Barre gave the order to Mohammed Hersi to exterminate the Isaaq tribe entirely.
("CombatGenocide") Soon after the order was given the Somali government began to attack the 3 biggest Isaaq occupied tribes. They used aerial and
artillery attacks on the cities of Hargeisa, Bur'o and Berbera.("CombatGenocide") Anyone seen fleeing during the attack was shot on sight. Eventually
when the bombing stopped Mohammed began sending his troops in on foot.

Somalia Research Paper
Somalia is a country with much pride and tradition. It went through many trials and tribulations. Although much of the known history of the country is
bad, many of the citizen were placed in very bad situations. My objective is to talk about things that you may or may not have known about Somali. In
my writing, I anticipate and hope that you will enjoy the facts and views of Somalia as much as I on this interesting country.
Somalia is a country strategically located in the Horn of Africa. Some of the countries that border Somalia are Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. The
history goes back as far as the biblical days when the country was referred to as Cush. Egypt is the first documented country to invade Somalia. The
country has approximately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Somalia celebrates Ramadan, Labor day, Independence Day, as well as the Jan 3, (Prophet Muhammad birth) a time of celebra–tion and fasting.
Certain activities may affect the attitude and behavior of people. If the foes of Somali can successfully predict when and where they would be, the can
plan an attack accord–ingly. Building such as mosque, hospitals and schools are (or should be) a consideration when determining buildings that are
scared. In some case they are attacked to demoralize and intimi–date the local populace. That usually angers the locals and encourages more people to
rise up against enemy forces. In the event of a deliberate attack, time will play a critical role whether Somalia is the attacker or simply defending

Culture in Samalian Life Essay example
–In traditional Somali clans, men and older boys tend camels, cattle, and valued animals
–Girls and young boys tend the sheep and goats.
–when a man is killed, his life is usually worth 100 camels while a womans' is around 50
–Grown Somali men usually serve their clan–family council
–An urban man usually works as a businessman, blacksmith, craftsman, fisherman, or factory worker
–Women in nomadic clans care for the children, cook, and moving the family aqal
–Women in farming clans plant, harvest, care for children, and cook
–Women in Urban areas work at shops, offices, and other businesses
–Somali women are expected to fulfill their duties as daughters, wives, and mothers.
–Even if the woman doesn't wear a Muslim veil,still do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–In 100 C.E., the somali gradually moved to the horn of Africa
–The Samaal, which make up about three–quarters of the Somali population, are divided into four main clan–families: the Dir, Daarood, Isaaq, and
Hawiye.
–the Dir clan is in the north western part of somali republic
–Isaaq live in the north
–Hawiye live in the south of daarood
–Saab are divided into the Digil and Rahanweyn clan–families
–people in somalia were ethnically related oromo peoples or some of them and mixed negroid or bantu pop. which appears to possess part of the south
of somali republic, these people are known to early arab geographers as the zanj
–12th century: dir/daarood/isaaq moved and pushed their oromo neighbours more out and a great series of migrations finally settled the matters
–85% of the people of Somalia are ethnic Somali, Arab, Indian, Pakistani, Asian, and European
– Somalis are aware of foreigner and the fear of possible renewed colonization because of past colonization with the British, French, and Italians
–1990s: Somali civilians later on started welcoming the U.N. troops during Operation Restore Hope
–Somalis welcome the international relief workers who have become a part of daily life in post–civil war Somalia.
– with those of darker skins having slightly more prestige in ceremonies, although the two are considered equal in other ways.
– members are divided by skin color in settlements such as the Rahanweyn/Digil
–2000: in

Al Shabaab's Influence in Somali Government Essay
Somalia has been a land of strife since its modern history began in the early 1900's, when British rule was challenged through constant attacks led by
Mohammad Abdullah, AKA "Mad Mullah", a folk hero amongst modern day Somalis (African Affairs, 2011). Conflict in Somalia continues to thrive
thanks in large part to the terrorist group Al Shabaab ("the youth" in Arabic), a radical Islamic based organization that maintains control over a large
portion of the central and southern part of the country. Al Shabaab has ties to Al Qaeda (AQ) with the main goal of installing a fundamentalist Islamist
government in Somalia and is conducting an insurgency against both the UN–backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the African Union ...
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Al Shabaab's desire to establish ties with AQ demonstrate its wish to become players in the global terrorist community. With AQ logistical backing and
support Al Shabaab can withstand a certain amount of public backlash and cuts in financial assistance from the Somali community, which overall
makes the organization more formidable and increasingly difficult to topple. Since July 2011, Horn of Africa countries have been suffering through the
worst drought and famine period in the last 60 years, causing a humanitarian crisis throughout several countries including Somalia where the drought
has affected an estimated four million Somalis (Africa and Europe in Partnership, 2011). Subject matter expert's outlook in Somalia differs in opinion
on how the crisis is affecting Al Shabaab. Many believe that the crisis is hindering Al Shabaab operations and reporting shows that the organization
splintered because of infighting when modest members clashed with hard–line members over their ban on foreign food aid and provisions from being
delivered within their controlled areas of Somalia. However, some analysts expressed concern over splintering of the organization as it makes tracking,
surveying, predicting, and controlling the group more difficult. Analysts also expressed concern that as the lines become more unclear a new more
deadly form of

Essay on The Civil War in Kenya
In early 1964, less than one month after independence, Kenya found itself in the midst of a civil war. Riots, attacks on police stations, and
assassinations quickly placed the Northern Frontier District (NFD) under a state of emergency as pre–existent conflicts escalated. British political
decisions from the colonial era played the largest role in dividing the country between the newly formed Kenyan government and the Somalis of
northern Kenya, who desired to unite with the Somali Republic. In an attempt to marginalize the secessionist movement, President Jomo Kenyatta
coined the term shifta, or "bandit" in Oromo, to classify the military wing of the Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP) in charge of
anti–government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the time Britain granted Kenya independence, the government realized that secession of the NFD would benefit both Kenyans and Somalis. A
Pan–Somali movement had been fermenting in the Horn of Africa as early as 1946, when British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin suggested the
creation of a "Greater Somalia" ("Pursuing Pastoralists"). Kenyan Somalis assumed that independence was tantamount to secession, but their
aspirations were crushed by President Jomo Kenyatta's declaration that "Kenya will never surrender any inch of her territory to anyone" ("The Somali
Dispute: Kenya Beware"). This statement was made despite the results of a 1962 commission of inquiry, reporting that over 87% of the NFD
population favored secession ("Being Oromo in Kenya"). The Human Rights Watch reports that the locals were routinely "rounded up and interrogated.
Thousands of Kenyan–Somalis were beaten by the security forces and accused by the acting District Commissioner of harboring anti–government
elements" ("Kenya"). Kenyatta's intransigent policies and the political separation of Kenyans and Somalis during the colonial era constituted the
largest causal factor of the Shifta War. The groundwork of post–colonial Kenya was further stressed by radical economic disparities between Kenyans
and Somalis. Ethnic Somalis acquired resources through nomadic pastoralism, and hoped to continue their practices regardless of state

European Influence In Africa Essay
Historically, African colonial borders were constructed in three phases (Okumu, 2009). In the first phase different colonial powers such as British,
French, Germans, Belgians, Portuguese, and Italians were trying to conquer and mischievous acquisition of African territories (Boahen, 1985). These
colonial powers' calculation to control Africa was happened from 1850 to 1886. They are not directly enter in African soil rather they want to deal with
different African local leaders and chieftaincies. All colonial powers use their subtle way of cheating mechanisms in territorial acquisition and
boundary–making included the deceit, fraud, intimidation, bribery, and confuВ¬sion of the African rulers (Okumu, 2009). According to Herbst (1989),
the colonial powers interrogate the African territories using their own different techniques to convince African rulers and also tried to cheat each other
in order to control the highly rich mineral wealth places, for instance, the Uganda–Congo border.
Since 1886, the European powers changed their approach to African ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this phase, the European powers were complete their cartographic and geographic surveys of territories by boundary commissions that enabled
total domination of colonies. The border commissions were tasked with the responsibilities of carrying out geographic explorations, geodetic and
topographic surveys and demarcations.
A considerable body of research in African history argues that the main impact of Europeans' influence in Africa was not colonization per se, but the
improper border design (Michalopoulos and Papaioannou, 2011:1). Partitioning, the argument goes, led to ethnic struggles, patronage politics, and
spurred civil conflict, leading to poverty and underdevelopment (Alesina et al., 2011). Yet, related with African colonial border, there is very little work
that formally examines the impact of ethnic partitioning (Englebert et al.,

Analysis: Discovering Somalia
Discovering Somalia SGT Ulibarri, Solomon 13F ALC Class# 005–17 NCO Academy SFC Hunsecker Discovering Somalia I chose to write my essay
about Somalia because I don't know much about the country and I would like to learn more about it. In doing so I hope my readers will also learn
something along with me. In this essay, I intend to define what culture means and to interpret the characteristics of culture in the Republic of Somalia. I
will write an overview of Somalia's topography, significant military conflicts, the impact of the weather on Somali's, and expand on community
features to learn more about Somalia. The Republic of Somalia is a country that makes up Africa's northeastern corner boundary. This is also known to
many as the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several factors led to the development of the conflict: the ongoing famine in Somalia caused a civil war, and the United Nations approved of
creating a multinational military task force tasked with stopping the slaughter of innocent civilians. The Somali National Alliance (SNA) led by
Mohamed Farrah Aidid caused most of the killing and needed to be stopped. The SNA made significantly hampered the success of foreign aid,
demanding a task force to stop SNA operations. The battle for Mogadishu resulted in the capture of Mohamed Aidid's top planners and advisors.
Eventually the regime fell and resulted in the clans fighting each other over resources and

Physical And Human Geography: Somalia Case Study
In Somalia, no one is spared from crisis. Children and health workers have been murdered and kidnapped. People fight over food and water, adding
another burden to citizens of Somalia who are already struggling to get through resource droughts. In a country with no central government, little
happens without trauma–force. As resources continue to diminish, conflict arises when there are very little resources and Somalis all want to have
priority (Unicef, 2006). Before environmental resource scarcity in Somalia is discussed in depth, let's take a closer look at the physical and human
geography in the country, global climate change and its impact on Somalia's vegetation, the evolution of Somalia during the colonial and imperial
periods, and many Somali conflicts that cause to be in crisis (in no particular order), even today.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shares its borders with Djibouti, Kenya, and Ethiopia (Nations Encyclopedia, 2015). Somalia typically has dry seasons, known as Jiilaal and Hagaa
and rainy seasons known as Gu and Gayr. Somalia receives most of its rainfall between the months of April and July, which significantly helps the
vegetation there to become rich and dense (Maps of World, 2015). Climate, elevation, soil, and people affect the vegetation in Somalia. But the
importance of rainfall predicts the type of vegetation that survives the harsh environment common throughout Somalia. Elevation is another control
factor of vegetation. Because of different temperature ranges, mainly cold temperatures in the mountains, coupled with human activity, such as animal
herders overgrazing herds of goats and cattle, there has been a widespread change in the modification of vegetation in Somalia (Global Security,

Why Do People Leave Somalia?
The Federal Republic of Somalia is a country in East Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. With a poor economy and a population
of 10.5 million, it is no surprise that Somalia struggles to provide safety and resources for all its citizens. The official language is Somali, the main
religion is Sunni Muslim and 85% of the inhabiting population is Somali (Central Intelligence Agency, (2015.) ).
Being a poor and politically unstable country that is prone to natural disasters, Somalia suffers from a major defection of citizens. Over 650 000
Somali refugees find refuge in Kenya and Ethiopia, Somalia's two neighbouring countries (UNHCR Data, (n.d.) ). The main factor that drives people to
leave Somalia is the political situation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be very cold in Winter and very hot in Summer. Figures 4 and 5 shows that the evidential trend is that the higher the temperature, the higher the
chance of rain is. Though these figures are outdated and may not be completely accurate because the general temperature is rising due to the effects of
climate change, it is clear that a trend is present. Somalia is also quite prone to natural hazards and disasters. There are recurring droughts, frequent
dust storms in Summer and floods during the rainy season (Central Intelligence Agency, (2015.) ). Many people are lost to these disasters every year
(Human Development Reports, (n.d.) ). In 2011, Somalia – and the rest of the Horn of Africa – experienced the 'worst drought in 60 years' (BBC
News, 28/06/2015). These natural disasters and hazards have a huge, negative impact on Somalia, as they strip away buildings, crops and even people,
leaving Somali people starving, homeless, without friends and family members and

Birth and Death Practices in Somalia
Birth and Death Practices in Somalia Birth and death practices in Somalia are both based on longstanding religious practices and cultural traditions, but
the birth experience is largely the domain of women. For instance, Hernlund and Shell–Duncan (2007) report that, "In Somalia, giving birth is an
activity exclusively restricted to the women's sphere" (p. 122). A study on birthing experiences of Somalia women conducted in Sweden, though, found
that when given the opportunity, most Somalia women preferred the nontraditional approach to delivery in which the husband was present. In this
regard, Hernlund and Shell–Duncan (2007) report that, "Practically all the Somali women who had given birth in Sweden stated that their husbands
were present at delivery" (p. 123). The majority of the Somalia women in this study characterized the birthing experience as being positive, and some
of the subjects indicated that more Somali men should be present during deliveries because it would help them understand the rigors and ordeals that
are involved in the process as this would make their husbands more attentive to their needs in the future (Hernland & Shell–Duncan, 2007). Many
Somalian female infants continue to be mutilated at birth, though, based on longstanding religious imprecations and tradition. For instance, according
to McDougall (1999), "Muslim women in Somalia are routinely victimized at birth or as children by genital mutilation (infibulation, or removal of the
clitoris)

Somali Refugee
Nowhere To Call Home When talking about all the horrifying incidents she never froze or delayed her answers. When I asked her about a
memorable moment during her experience she said, "I remember walking for days and on one of the days I came across a rabbit, I was really
excited to play with it because I was the youngest and had noone to play with" (Guled). I could see the innocence in Kadra face, because she was
smiling as she was talking about it. A gruesome massacre leaves your country shattered and misplaced and all she could remember was a rabbit. I
think that is hope for her country that no matter what they've been through there is hope. I interviewed Kadra Guled a Somali refugee who fled
Somalia a country in East Africa in 1991 at the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No one seems to wonder why people fleeing drought should go to a desert. Simple logic tells us this is absurd"(Holcomb). I don't know why these
false accusations are being told. Somali refugees are waiting for the day their struggle is given light and not dismissed or amused. We need to hear
the cries of our fellow humans and diminish stereotypes. Somali Refugee is a culture. They have there own traditions and languages. Some would
say the culture could be split into many culture. Somali refugee inhibit every corner of the world. They start new traditions and languages wherever
they are. No one has gone through what they went through. Although, they are all Somali and thats a culture. Somali refugees from them, their
struggles and journey to get to civilization is different. Somali refugees are people who were forced to leave what they know and call home. Now,
they have to adapt to new ways, languages and cultures. The Somali Refugee culture was really eye opening. The culture seemed really close and
there were really strong ties. Most of the people are friends or relatives with one another. The culture did not show the presence of the distraught from
the refugee camps. They see the refugee camp a more of an obstacle they had to get

Research Paper On Al Shabaab
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
AL SHABAAB INSIDE KENYA 2012 TO PRESENT
PROBLEM
The problem is terrorism being carried out by Al Shabaab, a Somalia based terror group assisted by their local sympathizers, who are using terrorism
as a logic to force our forces out of Somalia. The Al Shabaab is a terror organization based in the neighboring fragile state of Somalia, which wants to
create a counter state in Somalia based on Sharia laws. It is attacking Kenya, because of our deployed forces inside Somalia in support of the Nascent
western and regionally backed transition government. Currently they are employing terrorism both as a logic and as a method. On targeted Westgate
shopping mall visited by western population in capital Nairobi to cause fear and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coming of the Portuguese to the East African coast in the late 1490s marked the start of the long lasting ties with the West. These ties continued to
grow during both the colonial and postcolonial period. The earliest Muslim to settle in Kenya came from present day Oman, Yemen, and Iran. By the
8th century they had settled on Pate Island in Coast Province among whom were sayyids, descendants of the Prophet Mohammad who settled in Lamu
(Martin,1976). the the trade in the Indian ocean expanded so was the population leading to establishing of communities along the Somali coast, Lamu,
Mombasa, Zanzibar, and other coastal areas of East Africa. The settlers on intermarriage with the locals gave birth to the the Swahili culture with
Islam as the core. However, the Islam practiced among the Swahili culture was greatly influenced by many traditional aspects of indigenous African
religious beliefs with Lamu and Mombasa becoming the primary areas of Islamic learning and scholarship in Kenya. For centuries Swahili culture
and Islam remained largely confined to the coastal areas which was trading with the middle East and Asia. Thus the Arabs in Kenya occupying the
coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both share a common ancestry, religion and language. This has made it quite
convenient for terrorist to blend into the community. (Were and Wilson 1968) Additionally, Kenya?s proximity to the Arabian Peninsula has allowed
for the steady penetration of jihadist ideologies as travel between Kenya and these areas is relatively

Weapons Trafficking in Somalia Essay
Weapons' trafficking in Somalia is a complex issue with global implications. Extremist organizations, such as Al
–Shabaab, appear to be the primary
beneficiary to the unrestricted flow of weapons and use them to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, the availability of weapons, particularly that of
small arms, compromises regional stability and undermines United States strategy. The purpose of this paper is to address the significance of the arms
trafficking network in Somalia by examining the culture in which it thrives, the motivation of Al–Shabaab to obtain them, the sources of illegal arms,
and the United States point of view.
II. The Culture
Based on indicators and risk analysis, Somalia is listed number one on the failed states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Somalis also have one of the lowest school enrollment rates in the world. Only 20% of primary school age and 6% secondary school age Somalis are
enrolled in school. These numbers contribute to low literacy, about 37% in adults (TCC, 2011).
The impact
Somalia is a frightening case as all of the individual factors contributing to national instability are cyclical and compounding. If an effective
government is the main pillar supporting all aspects of a country, then in Somalia, this pillar crumbled in 1991 and has yet to be rebuilt on asolid
foundation. Somali National Security Forces (SNSF) and police forces are ineffective at enforcing law and providing security at the borders and for
the people. According to a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) report, the SNSF target innocent Somalis through extortion during their operations
(UNSC, 2013). In result, Somalia is incapable of attacking the humanitarian catastrophe from within. Somalis "survival of the fittest" philosophy and
lack of education further separates people from the government.
Somali options
If culture is adaptive behavior in response to their environment, outside–in analysis suggests that Somalis have four viable options of self–preservation.
The first option is to leave Somalia. This is a popular choice among many Somalis as the number of refugees fleeing into neighboring countries rises
exponentially each year. The second

Security Stability In Somalia

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