Al-Shabaab Research Paper

Al-Shabaab Research Paper
The Somali National Army has got an important part to play in neutralizing the Al–Shabaab, it is
also a crucial component of AMISOM's exit strategy and of ensuring that peace in Somalia is
sustained over a longer period of time. But the leaders of the new Somali Armed forces, face
challenges of tribal differences, lack of focused political ideology, Islamic extremism and technical
challenges. In terms of equipment, the Somali National Army (SNA) is particularly lacking in
acquiring basic force multiplier equipment such as motorized infantry vehicles, armored troop
carriers, anti–personnel carriers, and communications technologies, most notably radios. With the
recent lifting of the arms prohibition, the Somali National Army has of recently ... Show more
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It is among the reasons as to why the Al–Shabaab still has capacity to hold ground and have control
over some parts of the country like the southern and central parts of Somalia. As with other terrorist
organizations such as the Islamic state (IS) and Boko Haram in West Africa, financial channels are
the hidden arteries that have enabled the Al–Shabaab to continue carrying out atrocities to the world,
region and to people of Somalia (LTC G. Kambere 2018). From 2007 when AMISOM troops were
first deployed in Somalia the Al–Shabaab terrorists have anchored on different sources of revenue
such as state sponsors, charities, people in the Somali diaspora and other terrorist groups like Al–
Qaeda. The group also gets money from businesses funders like the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
who are the primary buyers of the prohibited charcoal coming from Somalia (J M. Dorsey 2012).
The funds primarily support the group's members for training, recruiting, acquiring weapons, and
other equipment required to sustain them such as radios thus enabling them to continue carrying out
terror acts in the region. This continued financial and logistical support to the terrorists in Somalia
has remained a limitation for the AMISOM troops to accomplish their mission in Somalia (G
Kambere
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The Radicalization Of Somali Youths
This research investigates the radicalization of Somali youths living in upstate New York and in
Minnesota, the state with the largest Somali refugee population in the United States. Somali
immigrants are subject to many of the post–9/11 American discrimination and harassment against
Muslims. Unlike many Muslims in the United States who are mostly middle class, Somali
immigrants are predominantly of the lower class. In addition to being a religious minority, they are
also economically marginalized and black. The research will focus on the ways in which historical
traumas, Islamophobia, socio–political and economic hardships become causes for isolation and
radicalization. This research will evaluate radicalization processes in relation to Somali youths'
experiences in Somalia and the United States.
Introduction
Somalia has been engaged in a civil war since 1991. The war has destroyed national governance
structures leaving Somalia a patchwork of clan fiefdoms. In this chaotic environment, Non–
governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Islamic organizations replaced the government in
providing necessary services to the people of Somalia.
In 2006, Ethiopia, with the backing of United States, invaded Somalia and ousted the Islamic Courts
Union, a union of Islamic courts that had assumed power to restore stability. The Transition Federal
Government or the TFG took control of the government of Somalia. Despite the fact that it was still
in its early stages and

Ap Human Geography Of Somalia
I. Environment and Natural History
Located on the east coast of Africa, in an area known as the Horn of Africa, Somalia is
approximately 637,657 square miles (close to the size of Texas) and has just over 1,800 miles of
coastline. It is bordered on the west by Ethiopia, on the right by the Indian Ocean; to the north, the
boarder is the Shabelle River, and the Juba River to the south. The capital city is Mogadishu and as
of 2011, the population is just under 10 million. Somalia is of mixed terrain, where the northern part
is hilly, the central and southern parts are flat. The climate in Somalia is hot and dry year–round,
with seasonal monsoon winds, and irregular rains. Based on its geographic location, extending into
the Indian Ocean, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Somalia has been torn by conflict for most of its 48 years of independence. The collapse of the state
itself came in 1991 when President Mohammed Siad Barre was overthrown. "Following the collapse
of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, various groupings of Somali factions sought to control the
national territory and fought small wars with each other." (Business World Complete p.5) My
analysis is that without any formal, structured government, the Somalia people went to what they
value, clans and kinship. Unfortunately, they were all vying to be the clan in control. The inter–clan
fighting prevented people from planting and harvesting crops and caused the death of several
hundred thousand Somali. Ultimately this constant fighting led to a total breakdown of public
services. Remember that Somalia culture is based on traditions and their ideology of kinship.
Coalitions among clan warlords led the central government to crumble and it's these same clan
rivalries that prohibit

Somalia Research Paper
Somalia is located in Eastern Africa,bordering the gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of
Ethiopia. The country bordering countries are Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya.The Gulf of Aden , lies
to the North of Somalia separating the country from Yemen.The eastern coast faces directly the
Indian Ocean . The country lies Between latitudes two degrees South and twelve degrees North, and
longitudes forty one and fifty two East. The country has a total area of 627,337 square kilometers of
land and about 10,320 square kilometers of water .Somalia's climate is tropical with little seasonal
change in the temperature, approximately from 75 to 88 Fahrenheit in the low areas, it has two rain
seasons with an average annual rainfall estimate of 28 cm . Overall the weather conditions of
Somalia through the year remains hot and dry and droughts are very frequent.Somalia's landscapes
are mainly desertic, and the terrain is mostly flat with some plateaus , plains and highlands in the
north. The land vegetation is mainly composed by scrublands , also called heathland or
chaparral.About 25 percent of the country is desert, usually consisting of gravel mixed with some
vegetation and sand and which extend along most of Somalia northern central coast into the interior
of the country.

Rise Of Somalia Research Paper
In the 1960s the country of Somalia had finally gained it's independence from Britain. ("aaregistry")
By 1969 a man by the name of Siad Barre who was chief of state at the time led a military coup or a
soldiers act without knowing which political objectives will be achieved because of their actions and
used it to abolish Somali democracy and began the a Islamic communist in close friendship with the
USSR which is now Russia. The USSR sold him enemies to use against foreign and domestic
enemies. Somalia declared war against Ethiopia to try and gain the Ogaden desert back for the
Ogaden tribe which Siads mother had belonged too. Somalia had lost tragically which had caused an
economic crisis and caused tensions between the people and the Somali government. In 1988
tensions between the Isaaq tribe and the government rose and caused a mass genocide which
resulted in thousands of deaths and fleeing refugees. ("Combatgenocide") When tensions began to
rise Siad Barre started trying to control the Isaaq merchants trade routes. He had also given the
Ogaden tribe refugees permission to move onto the Isaaq tribes land. After a couple more events the
Isaaq and several ally clans began the SNM. The SNM is an acronym for Somali National
Movement.("CombatGenocide") When the government caught wind of this they armed the ... Show
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Siad Barre responded with great brutality. On May 27th, in 1988 Barre gave the order to
Mohammed Hersi to exterminate the Isaaq tribe entirely. ("CombatGenocide") Soon after the order
was given the Somali government began to attack the 3 biggest Isaaq occupied tribes. They used
aerial and artillery attacks on the cities of Hargeisa, Bur'o and Berbera.("CombatGenocide") Anyone
seen fleeing during the attack was shot on sight. Eventually when the bombing stopped Mohammed
began sending his troops in on foot.

Physical And Human Geography: Somalia Case Study
In Somalia, no one is spared from crisis. Children and health workers have been murdered and
kidnapped. People fight over food and water, adding another burden to citizens of Somalia who are
already struggling to get through resource droughts. In a country with no central government, little
happens without trauma–force. As resources continue to diminish, conflict arises when there are
very little resources and Somalis all want to have priority (Unicef, 2006). Before environmental
resource scarcity in Somalia is discussed in depth, let's take a closer look at the physical and human
geography in the country, global climate change and its impact on Somalia's vegetation, the
evolution of Somalia during the colonial and imperial periods, and many Somali conflicts that cause
to be in crisis (in no particular order), even today. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shares its borders with Djibouti, Kenya, and Ethiopia (Nations Encyclopedia, 2015). Somalia
typically has dry seasons, known as Jiilaal and Hagaa and rainy seasons known as Gu and Gayr.
Somalia receives most of its rainfall between the months of April and July, which significantly helps
the vegetation there to become rich and dense (Maps of World, 2015). Climate, elevation, soil, and
people affect the vegetation in Somalia. But the importance of rainfall predicts the type of
vegetation that survives the harsh environment common throughout Somalia. Elevation is another
control factor of vegetation. Because of different temperature ranges, mainly cold temperatures in
the mountains, coupled with human activity, such as animal herders overgrazing herds of goats and
cattle, there has been a widespread change in the modification of vegetation in Somalia (Global
Security,

Analysis Of Al Shabaab 's Origins
3. (U) History. Al–Shabaab's origins are linked back to the 1990s when a militant Salafist group
called al–Itihad al–Islami (AIAI) was the opposition against Somali troops during the country's civil
war. Several of the younger members eventually left AIAI to join another organization called the
Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU started as an unsecured array of Sharia courts. By late–2006,
the ICU had developed toward an influential Islamic militia that held control over the large majority
of Southern Somalia. Al–Shabaab was the extremist wing within the ICU (Royce, 2013).
3a. (U) 2006–2009. The 2006 Battle of Mogadishu defined the significance of the ICU, defeating
the US–backed coalition for command over Somalia's war–torn ... Show more content on
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Al–Shabaab claimed the attack was retribution for Uganda supplying soldiers to AMISOM. Around
the time of the Kampala attack, the Kenyan government was growing increasingly concerned with
the refugee situation at the border. Kenya proposed to create a buffer–zone to prevent the conflict
from pouring over the border (Bass, 2017). In October 2011, Kenya proceeded by initiating
Operation Linda Nichi which joined TFG and AMISOM Soldiers in attacking al–Shabaab. This
coalition contested al–Shabaab's position in the south and pushed the group out of key strongholds
like Mogadishu and Shebelle. Some of these strongholds included sea ports that were used to
procure funding for food, salaries, and weapons. An estimated 500 al–Shabaab casualties resulted
from coalition force operations in 2011 (Hansen, 2013). Some members then left to join other
extremist organizations while others gave up the fight entirely. The following year, al–Qaeda's Amir,
Ayman al–Zawahiri, formally declared al–Shabaab as their affiliate (NCTC, 2017). Al–Shabaab's
recruitment message began influencing people from the U.S. and Europe. As many as 25 U.S. and
60 British citizens committed themselves to al–Shabaab's cause by 2012 (Hansen, 2013).
3c. (U) 2013–Present. Al–Shabaab felt rejuvenated and wanted to show that they were still capable
of carrying out grand attacks that would capture the attention of the international community. In
September 2013, a small group of gunmen

Birth and Death Practices in Somalia
Birth and Death Practices in Somalia Birth and death practices in Somalia are both based on
longstanding religious practices and cultural traditions, but the birth experience is largely the
domain of women. For instance, Hernlund and Shell–Duncan (2007) report that, "In Somalia, giving
birth is an activity exclusively restricted to the women's sphere" (p. 122). A study on birthing
experiences of Somalia women conducted in Sweden, though, found that when given the
opportunity, most Somalia women preferred the nontraditional approach to delivery in which the
husband was present. In this regard, Hernlund and Shell–Duncan (2007) report that, "Practically all
the Somali women who had given birth in Sweden stated that their husbands were present at
delivery" (p. 123). The majority of the Somalia women in this study characterized the birthing
experience as being positive, and some of the subjects indicated that more Somali men should be
present during deliveries because it would help them understand the rigors and ordeals that are
involved in the process as this would make their husbands more attentive to their needs in the future
(Hernland & Shell–Duncan, 2007). Many Somalian female infants continue to be mutilated at birth,
though, based on longstanding religious imprecations and tradition. For instance, according to
McDougall (1999), "Muslim women in Somalia are routinely victimized at birth or as children by
genital mutilation (infibulation, or removal of the clitoris)

Culture Of Somalia Research Paper
The Culture of Somalia The country of Somalia had a colorful past, in that plenty of conflicts went
on throughout its history. The government of Somalia improved throughout the years. It has
overcome corruption, but even though Somalia is ran different today, the issues of fraud still arise.
Government fraud, Civil War, and American difference have been steady throughout Somalia's peak
of destruction. We look to the present day Somalia and see that terrorism and fraud still try to disrupt
the clean appearance that Somalia is trying to live by. Though all of these variables are constant in
Somalia today, the strength of the government trying to succeed is stronger than creating a setback.
Culture is the beliefs, customs, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The country fell under with terrorist groups, pirates, and rebel militias. Al–Shabaab is the main
terrorist group out of Somalia claiming to have relationships with the infamous al–Qaeda terror
group. The Somali pirates did not have connections to Al–Shabaab, but they were "a force that is
branched off the local militias" (Cohn). The country lacks a government during life after the Civil
War. About fourteen different governments ran throughout 1991 until 2000. The influencing
authority throughout Somalia was the rebels once again until the 2000s. The truth throughout this
period Somalia is placed in a governmental hold for years until the

Weapons Trafficking in Somalia Essay
Weapons' trafficking in Somalia is a complex issue with global implications. Extremist
organizations, such as Al–Shabaab, appear to be the primary beneficiary to the unrestricted flow of
weapons and use them to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, the availability of weapons,
particularly that of small arms, compromises regional stability and undermines United States
strategy. The purpose of this paper is to address the significance of the arms trafficking network in
Somalia by examining the culture in which it thrives, the motivation of Al–Shabaab to obtain them,
the sources of illegal arms, and the United States point of view.
II. The Culture
Based on indicators and risk analysis, Somalia is listed number one on the failed states ... Show
Somalis also have one of the lowest school enrollment rates in the world. Only 20% of primary
school age and 6% secondary school age Somalis are enrolled in school. These numbers contribute
to low literacy, about 37% in adults (TCC, 2011).
The impact
Somalia is a frightening case as all of the individual factors contributing to national instability are
cyclical and compounding. If an effective government is the main pillar supporting all aspects of a
country, then in Somalia, this pillar crumbled in 1991 and has yet to be rebuilt on asolid foundation.
Somali National Security Forces (SNSF) and police forces are ineffective at enforcing law and
providing security at the borders and for the people. According to a United Nations Security Council
(UNSC) report, the SNSF target innocent Somalis through extortion during their operations (UNSC,
2013). In result, Somalia is incapable of attacking the humanitarian catastrophe from within.
Somalis "survival of the fittest" philosophy and lack of education further separates people from the
government.
Somali options
If culture is adaptive behavior in response to their environment, outside–in analysis suggests that
Somalis have four viable options of self–preservation. The first option is to leave Somalia. This is a
popular choice among many Somalis as the number of refugees fleeing into neighboring countries
rises exponentially each year. The second

Security Stability in Somalia
Security Stability in Somalia
Since their indirect elections on September 12, 2012, and despite the fragile regional security
situation of the Horn of Africa, Somalia has continued to experience significant and sustained
progress towards security stability in their country. In order for Somalia to succeed as viable and
trusted state, the United States (US) as well as the International Community should not allow
another security stability failure in Somalia. The US and the International Community must focus on
helping to sustain Somalia's efforts against the fight of the Al–Shabaab terrorist organization, help to
counter piracy, and to help build capacity and capability in the Somali government and its
institutions. While at the same time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This recognition is important because allow the FGS to participate in certain assistance programs, to
include military training and financing (Watkins, 2013).
President Mohamud acknowledges that there is still external dependence on foreign aid and
assistance. Therefore, the President wants to articulate the international efforts within the framework
of his "six pillars" strategy. This strategy will try to establish the mechanisms for success in the
following order: achieve the stability of the country; accelerate the economic recovery; construct the
peace and exile the main causes of conflict; improve the capacity of the government to answer the
needs of its people and provide the required services; strengthen the bonds of friendship with
international associates, nearby countries and friends of Somalia; and finally, achieve the unity of
Somalia (Mohamud H. S., 2012).
The security to stabilize the country is clearly the pillar priority, and the essential requirement to
develop the rest of the pillars. Now, this does not mean that the different players in the International
Community extend their presence in Somalia indefinitely to consolidate the achievements made so
far in the field of security; but that the Somali security sector must be fully develop as soon as
possible to extend the authority of the state through the whole territory effectively and self–
sufficiently. President Mohamud emphasized the

Analysis: Discovering Somalia
Discovering Somalia SGT Ulibarri, Solomon 13F ALC Class# 005–17 NCO Academy SFC
Hunsecker Discovering Somalia I chose to write my essay about Somalia because I don't know
much about the country and I would like to learn more about it. In doing so I hope my readers will
also learn something along with me. In this essay, I intend to define what culture means and to
interpret the characteristics of culture in the Republic of Somalia. I will write an overview of
Somalia's topography, significant military conflicts, the impact of the weather on Somali's, and
expand on community features to learn more about Somalia. The Republic of Somalia is a country
that makes up Africa's northeastern corner boundary. This is also known to many as the ... Show
Several factors led to the development of the conflict: the ongoing famine in Somalia caused a civil
war, and the United Nations approved of creating a multinational military task force tasked with
stopping the slaughter of innocent civilians. The Somali National Alliance (SNA) led by Mohamed
Farrah Aidid caused most of the killing and needed to be stopped. The SNA made significantly
hampered the success of foreign aid, demanding a task force to stop SNA operations. The battle for
Mogadishu resulted in the capture of Mohamed Aidid's top planners and advisors. Eventually the
regime fell and resulted in the clans fighting each other over resources and

The Root Causes Of The Somali Conflict
Somalia is a located in eastern Africa, and forms the cap of the Horn of Africa, bordered by Djibouti
to the northwest, Ethiopia to the west Kenya to the south, the Gulf of Aden to the north and the
Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest shoreline in African, connecting to both the Red
Sea and the Indian Ocean with a length of 3300 KM, which has been essential to its trade with the
Middle East and the rest of East Africa. Having the longest coastline in Africa, Somalia was an
important center for commerce with the rest of the ancient world, and The opening of the Suez
Canal in 1869 stimulated European expansion into the region. Prior to European colonial arrival,
Somalis did not have a central state in the sense of a Weberian bureaucratic state. However, they
used home–grown conflict resolution mechanisms of Heer (traditional law and Islam for resolving
disputes among individuals and groups). The Somali conflict is characterised by a multifaceted array
of causes and drivers that including political, economic, cultural and psychological. Various
marginal and internal factors have played different roles during the numerous stages of the conflict.
The anarchy in Somalia not only affects the people within Somalia but it also has a number of
negative effects on the neighbouring countries. This essay examines the root causes of the Somali
conflict and investigates some of the obstacles that have plagued peace efforts for the last fourteen
years. Competition for

Somalia Vs America Essay
Somalia is known for being one of the largest African ethnic groups in the world. To the ancient
Egyptians, Somalia was known as the "Land of Punt", because of it production of frankincense and
myrrh. The symbol that best represents Somalia is the white star on the flag which was adopted on
October 12, 1954. "Each point of the star represents a land that is home to Somali people: the
portion within the national boundaries, once divided into two territories, Italian and British; the
Ogaden region of Ethiopia; the Northern Frontier District of Kenya; and Djibouti. Somalis hope that
one day all these territories can become a unified Somali nation." (Shurgin)
Somalia is located on the eastern seaboard surrounded by three bodies of water, the Red ... Show
The population of the United States of America is three hundred and eighteen million eight hundred
and ninety two thousand one hundred and three individuals. The birth rate is approximately thirteen
babies are born out of a thousand babies, infant mortality rate however is about six babies will die
out of a thousand before they are one years old. The death rate is roughly eight individuals die out of
a thousand per year. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to about eighty years. The United States of
American has many different ethnic groups consisting of Caucasians, African Americans, Alaskan
Native, and Pacific Islander. There are many religion found in the United States of America,
Protestant, Roman Catholic, Mormon, Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, and Muslim. There are three
common languages spoken in the United States, English, Spanish, and Asian. American literacy
from age fifteen and older is at ninety nine percent in the entire country. Some may say that the
United States of America is a better place to live in comparison to Somalia, and they may be true
because of the War Crimes that have been occurring since the late

Somali Refugee
Nowhere To Call Home When talking about all the horrifying incidents she never froze or delayed
her answers. When I asked her about a memorable moment during her experience she said, "I
remember walking for days and on one of the days I came across a rabbit, I was really excited to
play with it because I was the youngest and had noone to play with" (Guled). I could see the
innocence in Kadra face, because she was smiling as she was talking about it. A gruesome massacre
leaves your country shattered and misplaced and all she could remember was a rabbit. I think that is
hope for her country that no matter what they've been through there is hope. I interviewed Kadra
Guled a Somali refugee who fled Somalia a country in East Africa in 1991 at the ... Show more
No one seems to wonder why people fleeing drought should go to a desert. Simple logic tells us this
is absurd"(Holcomb). I don't know why these false accusations are being told. Somali refugees are
waiting for the day their struggle is given light and not dismissed or amused. We need to hear the
cries of our fellow humans and diminish stereotypes. Somali Refugee is a culture. They have there
own traditions and languages. Some would say the culture could be split into many culture. Somali
refugee inhibit every corner of the world. They start new traditions and languages wherever they are.
No one has gone through what they went through. Although, they are all Somali and thats a culture.
Somali refugees from them, their struggles and journey to get to civilization is different. Somali
refugees are people who were forced to leave what they know and call home. Now, they have to
adapt to new ways, languages and cultures. The Somali Refugee culture was really eye opening. The
culture seemed really close and there were really strong ties. Most of the people are friends or
relatives with one another. The culture did not show the presence of the distraught from the refugee
camps. They see the refugee camp a more of an obstacle they had to get

The Somalian Refugee Crisis Essay
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees announced, "Somalia's drought and refugee
crisis is the most severe humanitarian emergency in the world, (UNHCR, 2011). Although estimates
vary, about 800,000 people have left Somalia seeking asylum. Most now reside in refugee camps in
bordering Kenya and Ethiopia. Many trek for days with little or food to seek safety and assistance in
refugee camps only to find conditions that are no better. Host nations and humanitarian
organizations cannot support the vast number of refugees that have already crossed the border and
thousands more arrive every day. Maintenance of the current course of action is not the answer.
Besides conjuring more international assistance and humanitarian aid, it is ... Show more content on
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By early summer (1992), at least 300,000 civilians had already died and in July (2009) the
International Committee of the Red Cross re–iterated its six–month old estimates that 95 percent of
the population of Somalia was malnourished and 70 percent in imminent danger of death by
starvation, (Jon Western, 1999). Between 1992 and 1995 a UN Peacekeeping force and a small
American lead coalition attempted to stabilize the country. After limited success, both eventually
pulled out. In the decade that followed fighting between warlords, political groups, and neighboring
countries have contributed to numerous failed attempts to establish a functioning government. The
country is considered a failed state.
To compound the issues, in the last two years limited rain fall has caused the worst drought in over
60 years. The already overwrought food situation exponentially worsted as crops and livestock die
due to water shortages. As a result the numbers of refugees have recently increased dramatically,
with over 330,000 Somalis seeking refuge since January of 2011, (UNHCR, 2011).
For the Somali people, options are very limited. Warlords have actually banned humanitarian efforts
in some areas. When left with little choice they abandon their homes and make for the shelter of a
neighboring country. Tens of thousands of families travel by foot carrying their children sometimes
for more than a week. Most times with

Why Do People Leave Somalia?
The Federal Republic of Somalia is a country in East Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the
Indian Ocean. With a poor economy and a population of 10.5 million, it is no surprise that Somalia
struggles to provide safety and resources for all its citizens. The official language is Somali, the
main religion is Sunni Muslim and 85% of the inhabiting population is Somali (Central Intelligence
Agency, (2015.) ).
Being a poor and politically unstable country that is prone to natural disasters, Somalia suffers from
a major defection of citizens. Over 650 000 Somali refugees find refuge in Kenya and Ethiopia,
Somalia's two neighbouring countries (UNHCR Data, (n.d.) ). The main factor that drives people to
leave Somalia is the political situation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be very cold in Winter and very hot in Summer. Figures 4 and 5 shows that the evidential
trend is that the higher the temperature, the higher the chance of rain is. Though these figures are
outdated and may not be completely accurate because the general temperature is rising due to the
effects of climate change, it is clear that a trend is present. Somalia is also quite prone to natural
hazards and disasters. There are recurring droughts, frequent dust storms in Summer and floods
during the rainy season (Central Intelligence Agency, (2015.) ). Many people are lost to these
disasters every year (Human Development Reports, (n.d.) ). In 2011, Somalia – and the rest of the
Horn of Africa – experienced the 'worst drought in 60 years' (BBC News, 28/06/2015). These
natural disasters and hazards have a huge, negative impact on Somalia, as they strip away buildings,
crops and even people, leaving Somali people starving, homeless, without friends and family
members and

European Influence In Africa Essay
Historically, African colonial borders were constructed in three phases (Okumu, 2009). In the first
phase different colonial powers such as British, French, Germans, Belgians, Portuguese, and Italians
were trying to conquer and mischievous acquisition of African territories (Boahen, 1985). These
colonial powers' calculation to control Africa was happened from 1850 to 1886. They are not
directly enter in African soil rather they want to deal with different African local leaders and
chieftaincies. All colonial powers use their subtle way of cheating mechanisms in territorial
acquisition and boundary–making included the deceit, fraud, intimidation, bribery, and confu¬sion
of the African rulers (Okumu, 2009). According to Herbst (1989), the colonial powers interrogate
the African territories using their own different techniques to convince African rulers and also tried
to cheat each other in order to control the highly rich mineral wealth places, for instance, the
Uganda–Congo border.
Since 1886, the European powers changed their approach to African ... Show more content on
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During this phase, the European powers were complete their cartographic and geographic surveys of
territories by boundary commissions that enabled total domination of colonies. The border
commissions were tasked with the responsibilities of carrying out geographic explorations, geodetic
and topographic surveys and demarcations.
A considerable body of research in African history argues that the main impact of Europeans'
influence in Africa was not colonization per se, but the improper border design (Michalopoulos and
Papaioannou, 2011:1). Partitioning, the argument goes, led to ethnic struggles, patronage politics,
and spurred civil conflict, leading to poverty and underdevelopment (Alesina et al., 2011). Yet,
related with African colonial border, there is very little work that formally examines the impact of
ethnic partitioning (Englebert et al.,

Djibouti Essay
Derek Proto
Nationalism: Issues and Achievements
Djibouti
To embark on Djiboutian nationalism, we must start with that of the nationalism of Somalia and
Ethiopia, since Djibouti is now an enclave within these two large countries. Somali political
consciousness and aspirations for a national united front began when Italy invaded Ethiopia in
October of 1935, but internal conflicts are creating turmoil, which encompass contemporary politics
in Djibouti. As with any post–colonial African country, nationalism may be difficult to garner since
there often lacks a coherent idea of the particular political framework and cultural consciousness. A
concrete idea of what nationalism is then, degrades to an "us versus them" ... Show more content on
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Once Independence was won for the Somali state, they sought to include all territories with Somali
speaking peoples. Thus, revanchist proponents of the Issa held a formidable opposition in
government in the following years when representation was crucial to oppose, or strengthen, French
involvement in the region. To lessen the representation, the French in 1963 reorganized districts in
what some may term "gerrymandering", with the Issa feeling like the carpet was pulled from under
their feet. But the French saw the Pan– Somali sentiment of the Parti du Mouvement Populaire was
disenfranchising Afar influence. Thus, Issa majority dropped from eighteen to fourteen in the
assembly, while Afar increased from five to eleven. This encouraged the participation of the
previously neglected rural population in the life of the colony. The Parti du Mouvement Populaire
led a movement in 1966 when Charles du Gaulle supported the Issa demands upon his arrival, which
led to the direct involvement of Ethiopia. Halie Salassie then claimed that Djibouti was an integral
part of the Ethiopian Empire. This was merely a strategy toward geopolitical interests.
Before French withdrawal, suffrage rights were amended to include only individuals over the age of
21. This automatically gave the Afars the political leverage they needed. The vote of 1960 called for
continued French presence,

Somali Women And Preventative Care
Somali Women come from a country in East Africa. According to a study conducted by Carol P,
Sahra N, and Joan B to view health care beliefs with Somali women, Somalia is a land that is still
recovering from a civil war that ensued in 1978 and dragged out until the late 1990's (2011, pg. 1).
The country has had a difficult time trying to rebuild the infrastructure and government, leading to
little to no progress. The United States provided opportunities for Somali people to come to America
as refugees of war. The largest area containing refugee Somali women is the Minnesota area.
Officially, there are around 25,000 Somali Immigrants in Minnesota. Unofficially around 75,000
Somali people are said to live in Minnesota, which shows the Somali ... Show more content on
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It takes physicians years of intense studying and observation to understand what happens in the
human body, and even then there is still significant confusion over some areas. If this is true, then its
especially difficult to expect an immigrant newly introduced to a culture and language, to fully
understand the implications of their health. This falls under the scientific health literacy, where there
is an attempt to try to educate patients on the different procedures and processes that are happening
in their body. In the study where Somali women's opinions on healthcare were given, Somali women
were exposed to lab results about their blood pressure, cholesterol, and other results. Once seeing
these lab results, they were confused. They had not had much preventative care before, and now
suddenly they were exposed to conditions and issues they were not educated on (2010, pg. 355).
This new information was shocking and makes some Somali women believe that going to the doctor
causes all of these issues. Due to that, some state they don't plan future visits with the physician
(2010, pg. 355). In order to combat this confusion and hesitation to participate in health
management, the bioethical principle that should be followed is non–maleficence. Non–maleficence
is to do no harm. So for managing health with exercise, providers shouldn't preform any

Somali Ethnic Groups
The History, Religion, and Traditions of Somalia's Ethnic Groups Somali ethnic groups do not only
live in Somalia, they live in northern Kenya, the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia, and Djibouti.
Even though Somali ethnic groups live in different places around Somalia, they still consider
themselves as one. The country of Somalia is best understood by learning about the "Horn of
Africa," defining its common religion, and examining its rich traditions. Comprehending the history
of the "Horn of Africa" is important in order to understand its effect on Somali ethnic groups. Unlike
most of African nations, Somalia is made up of single, homogeneous ethnic groups (Lewis).
Somalia shares a uniform language, religion, and culture that leads to a common ancestor. In the mid
1800s, Somalia was broken down into several territories by Colonies. The French controlled the
northern region (the area that is now Djibouti), the British colonized northern Somalia (creating a
country called British Somaliland), Italians governed southern Somalia (creating Italian
Somaliland), Ethiopia controlled the region of Ogaden, and Kenya controlled the northern border
that contains Somalis (Lewis). In 1900, "British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland peacefully
obtained independence and were united to form the current borders of Somalia" (Lewis). After
World War II, British gain control of Ogaden which was designated as part of Ethiopia. Military
conflict arose between Ethiopia and

Essay on The Civil War in Kenya
In early 1964, less than one month after independence, Kenya found itself in the midst of a civil war.
Riots, attacks on police stations, and assassinations quickly placed the Northern Frontier District
(NFD) under a state of emergency as pre–existent conflicts escalated. British political decisions
from the colonial era played the largest role in dividing the country between the newly formed
Kenyan government and the Somalis of northern Kenya, who desired to unite with the Somali
Republic. In an attempt to marginalize the secessionist movement, President Jomo Kenyatta coined
the term shifta, or "bandit" in Oromo, to classify the military wing of the Northern Province People's
Progressive Party (NPPPP) in charge of anti–government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By the time Britain granted Kenya independence, the government realized that secession of the NFD
would benefit both Kenyans and Somalis. A Pan–Somali movement had been fermenting in the
Horn of Africa as early as 1946, when British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin suggested the creation
of a "Greater Somalia" ("Pursuing Pastoralists"). Kenyan Somalis assumed that independence was
tantamount to secession, but their aspirations were crushed by President Jomo Kenyatta's declaration
that "Kenya will never surrender any inch of her territory to anyone" ("The Somali Dispute: Kenya
Beware"). This statement was made despite the results of a 1962 commission of inquiry, reporting
that over 87% of the NFD population favored secession ("Being Oromo in Kenya"). The Human
Rights Watch reports that the locals were routinely "rounded up and interrogated. Thousands of
Kenyan–Somalis were beaten by the security forces and accused by the acting District
Commissioner of harboring anti–government elements" ("Kenya"). Kenyatta's intransigent policies
and the political separation of Kenyans and Somalis during the colonial era constituted the largest
causal factor of the Shifta War. The groundwork of post–colonial Kenya was further stressed by
radical economic disparities between Kenyans and Somalis. Ethnic Somalis acquired resources
through nomadic pastoralism, and hoped to continue their practices regardless of state

Operation Restore Hope
Introduction Involvement of the United Stated in the eastern African country of Somalia in the early
1990s began as humanitarian aid and relief. Operation Provide Relief commenced in August of 1992
to aid United Nations forces in getting food and supplies to the Somali Civilians. As the situation in
Somalia escalated, it became clear that more direct involvement would be necessary. Thus,
Operation Restore Hope began in December, 1992. Once the situation had stabilized sufficiently, the
US relinquished command back to the UN. Soon after, the situation degraded once again leading to
the deployment of Task Force Ranger and resulting in the battle that would later become known as
"Black Hawk Down". History Following the ousting of long–term ... Show more content on
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With a mob of Somalis approaching the crash site and after repeated requests Delta Force Snipers,
SFC Randall Shughart and MSG Gary Gordon were inserted via helicopter near the crash. They
were able to extract the flight crew from the wreckage and set up a defensive perimeter. Their
actions managed to save the life of one of the pilots, but they lost their own lives in defense of their
comrades. They would be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The surviving pilot, CW2
Michael Durant, was captured by Aideed's militia. After sustaining substantial casualties and vehicle
damage the convoy was forced to return to base. Both TF Ranger's internal QRF and the UN QRF
were dispatched to try to reach the second crash site. TF Ranger's QRF was ambushed and had to
return to base with the returning convoy and the UN's QRF met with heavy resistance and after an
intense firefight was forced to withdraw. 9 Meanwhile the troops holding the first crash site were
running low on ammunition and

Imperialism In Somalia Essay
Somalia has had a long and variegated history, marked by the rise and fall of Empire. Beginning in
the late 19th century, the major Western imperial powers began to occupy and divide Somali
territory, which is located in the Horn of Africa. The independent Republic of Somalia was formed
in 1960 when the British and the Italians withdrew. But though the foreign powers had left, there
remained an important reminder of the oppression of imperialism: the state. Beginning in the 7th
century, the Somali tribes in the Horn of Africa had developed a complex oral legal system, which
operated in a polycentric way: that is, it guaranteed the autonomy of the different Somali clans
without any unifying state actor. Yet at the same time, this system, the Xeer, allowed room for
conflict resolution and restitution. As a result, the culture of independence among the Somalis meant
that one tribe would never be content to be ruled by another–the transitional government created
strife as each tribe sought to use it as a means to control the others. In 1991, the Somalis took apart
their government and began their modern period of semi–anarchy (with the remnants of the
government being propped up by an international coalition desperate to impose their imperialistic
mindset on the indigenous culture)–which was also marked with a resurgence of extra–
governmental conflict resolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oldest mosque in Somalia dates to the 7th century (Briggs 7), which puts the genesis of the Xeer
legal system sometime around or before then. Spencer Heath MacCallum, an American
anthropologist who has done extensive work on the topic writes that, "[t]he Somali nation did not
start with the tribes having a common language but by their common observance of the Xeer. Hence
the law is called both father and child of the Somali

History Of Somalia Research Paper
Per Joint Publication 3–24, the operational environment is the composite of the conditions,
circumstances, and influences that affect how the joint force commander uses available capabilities
and makes decisions. It requires a holistic view of insurgent, neutral, and friendly political, military,
economic, social, information, and infrastructure systems. Culture can be defined as a collective
programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from
another. This essay will focus on the rich culture of Somalia and how the country has evolved from
its humble beginnings. Moreover, the culture and history presented in Somalia, as well as the
geography and military history, and understanding how the people of Somalia operate. First ... Show
The countries primary religion is Muslim, with slightly less than ninety percent of its population, so
as you can imagine there is an abundance of mosques throughout the country. These mosques are
key cultural structures for individuals of Muslim faith, and provide a common meeting place for
many people. Other than the mosques, the country has very little in the way of major structures due
to the civil war. The quality of life within Somalia is very low since the capabilities of healthcare,
running water and emergency services are near non–existent. Equipment used in health care is
limited and outdated, it is also very costly to the people of Somalia to receive treatments of any
kind. Somalia's emergency services are extremely under funded and often the police forces are filled
with corruption and do not care for the general public's safety. The education system of Somalia was
often regarded as being greater than that of the United States before the civil war; afterwards only a
few private schools remained and higher education was only available to those who could afford,
when before it was free to all.

Social Justice And Social Injustice
What is social justice? From my perspective, social justice is the enlightened human concern for
people of all backgrounds. It is the respect and endearment for people no matter their race, gender,
sexuality, religion, or socioeconomic class. Social justice has, in a way, affected my life experience.
Social justice hasn't directly impacted my life experience, but I have learned about many cases of
injustice throughout my years. Learning about these events and social justice makes me think about
current events in a different light. I know see how an event might affect not only myself, but all
types of people as well. Learning about social injustices throughout my first semester at CSB/SJU
such as apartheid in South Africa and the lost boys of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Lost Boys, for example, had no choice but to run away and seek refuge to avoid their deaths.
The Lost Boys struggled for months at a time until the United States was able to accept them into
the country. This community in Saint Cloud is just like the Lost Boys of South Sudan. They may
seem intimidating to locals because of their lack of knowledge of those cultures, but they are
seeking refuge to our country for a reason. They are coming here for safety and to begin a new life
in a great country. They are here to be functioning members of a new society and to share their
culture with ours. They are not here to hurt us, nor are they here to steal our jobs or money. They are
here to be Americans that don't have to worry about their lives being in jeopardy every day of the
week. They are here to be one of us. Without learning about social justice, I wouldn't have seen this
issue like this. I would have been listened to the accusations made by those who are fearful.
Enlightening myself with the knowledge of social justice has helped me see the struggles that people
of a different race, gender, sexuality, religion, or socioeconomic class face. I believe that giving
these people a chance to tell their story and to let them in with open arms is what social justice is.
Everyone on this Earth deserves a chance be heard and a chance to be accepted. Even though
stereotypes and

Narcissism Of Minor Differences Analysis
AHMED A. MOHDHAR STUDENT NUMBER: 213237417 POLS 3200: GLOBAL CONFLICT
AND SECURITY (I) FINAL ESSAY: IDENTITY AS A CAUSE FOR THE SOMALI CONFLICTS
Identity continues to be a major cause for many wars, both within and without a country. History has
proven that conflicts within the borders mostly involve people with very little difference between
them. Most of civil wars in nations often start as ethnicity feuds and end up to full scale wars. In the
chapter, The Narcissism of Minor Differences, Blok argues that it is often the small differences that
lead up to prolonged struggles (p115, 2000). Somalia is an example of a nation where majority of its
people share the same cultural and religious background but for a third decade now, members ...
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There have been several Islamic militant groups in Somalia with the aim of controlling the country.
Al–Shabaab is the current of those groups with a claim to make Somali an Islamic state, while at the
same time getting rid of the inter–clan wrangles. However, the group's actions were more of
polarizing the communities along religious lines. The Narcissism of minor difference applies here as
well; Somalia's population is overwhelmingly Muslim. However, Al–shabaab has an extremist view
of Islam and intends to make everyone follow the same ideas, those who do not, they believe
deserve to die. Solomon argues that Al–Shabaab's form of Islam contradicts with most of Somali's
cultural beliefs, hence creating a major rift between the militants and the population (p352, 2014).
The group use the worst kind of violence against people they believe do not follow the 'right' Islam;
from beheading and lynching alleged offenders to bombing local mosques, restaurants, and learning
institutions (various). Again, all of their victims inside Somalia are Muslim Somalis who worship
the same God as them, but according to them, they worship Him the wrong way. Blok in trying to
justify his claim cited a Balkan expert, Hammel on the conflict in the former Yugoslav republics
(p126, 2000). He argues that the Serb and Croat peasants do not claim the same

Somalia Research Paper
Somalia is a country with much pride and tradition. It went through many trials and tribulations.
Although much of the known history of the country is bad, many of the citizen were placed in very
bad situations. My objective is to talk about things that you may or may not have known about
Somali. In my writing, I anticipate and hope that you will enjoy the facts and views of Somalia as
much as I on this interesting country.
Somalia is a country strategically located in the Horn of Africa. Some of the countries that border
Somalia are Kenya, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. The history goes back as far as the biblical days when
the country was referred to as Cush. Egypt is the first documented country to invade Somalia. The
country has approximately ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Somalia celebrates Ramadan, Labor day, Independence Day, as well as the Jan 3, (Prophet
Muhammad birth) a time of celebra–tion and fasting. Certain activities may affect the attitude and
behavior of people. If the foes of Somali can successfully predict when and where they would be,
the can plan an attack accord–ingly. Building such as mosque, hospitals and schools are (or should
be) a consideration when determining buildings that are scared. In some case they are attacked to
demoralize and intimi–date the local populace. That usually angers the locals and encourages more
people to rise up against enemy forces. In the event of a deliberate attack, time will play a critical
role whether Somalia is the attacker or simply defending

Exam 2 Essay
Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia
Exam Question #3:
What are the ends and associated ways and means of the Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia?
Ends:
The International community such as the International Contact Group, the African Union and the
United Nations to assist with U.S. foreign policies in achieving a peaceful, stable and
comprehensive Somalia by eliminating terrorist threats, promote political stability and by supporting
the organization of a central government and provide humanitarian assistance to the Somali people.
Ways:
Somalia must develop a Political Dialogue between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG's)
which are known as the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFI's) for reconciliation to ... Show more
The TFG to reconsider key groups inside Somalia not previously included in the political process,
such as, clan leaders, civil society women groups, business, religious leaders, to include, the
Mogadishu by doing so it promotes a more inclusive society. Uganda to deploy 1500 troops to
Somalia as well as the African Union Peace and Security Council to deploy stabilization mission is
one of the key element to bring the Somali people stability and an assurance of peace. The United
States will assist with training and equipping African contingents deploying to Somalia through the
African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (ACOT A). Also, the U.S. will
outreach to Somali Diaspora communities in the United States to urge additional financial and
political support for the TFI's. The State Department Bureau of African Affairs Public Diplomacy
office and the U.S. Ambassadors in Kenya and Ethiopia will communicate with domestic and
international audience by conducting a variety of press speeches and media interviews, publishing
information in newspapers and magazines about the integrated approach on Somalia The Somali
people must take responsibility for maintaining a security force at the local level by implementing a
civilian police force and a unified military presents of all Somalia's clan which provides a secure and

Maine Is in Troubled Times Essay
The most important insight that James Tierney shared with the class is that Maine is in "big trouble".
In the first two minutes of Tierney's speech he reiterated that point multiple times. I would agree
with Tierney, Maine is in troubled times. The states average age keeps getting higher and higher.
Maine is also one of the whitest states in the country. Tierney's insight on how to fix this problem
was something that I agree with. To fix the demographic issue, we need to have an open sign, but as
Tierney said, Mainer's hate change. The big issue I see is that diversity is not taught in schools. I
came from Lee Academy so I had a different experience than most high school students in Maine.
Lee Academy is private school that boards students ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Tierney said, he went on to teach at Harvard and Yale, so you know that he has to be truly gifted
at what he does. The University of Maine law school missed a great professor and possibly one that
could have changed the schools low ranking. The final thing that I found interesting in Tierney's
presentation was his fact on Minneapolis. Minneapolis has the largest Somali population in the
United States. I associate Somalia with being warm, so it is interesting that Minneapolis is where the
greatest population of Somalis is. As Tierney said though, Minneapolis had a come on in sign and let
the Somali people come in with no hassle. It is to bad that Maine did not try to push harder to get
more Somali immigrants, it certainly could have done good. Maine people just do not seem
welcoming though. I can remember from my high school basketball days, we would always have a
couple players from around the world and that created great tension. Many of the opposing teams
fans would begin chanting U.S.A. and bring in American flags to wave. There also were a lot of
racial slurs that were just utterly disgraceful. It is a shame that many of the people in Maine hate
change. I consider myself a conservative and personally I say come on in, we could use the help. So
as long as you work or at least try to find a job then there should be a place in this state for you. I
believe that Tierney's

Al-Shabaab Terrorist Group
Introduction:
Al–Shabaab as a terrorist group poses a significant threat in Somalia and in the global community.
This paper will start by discussing the background. In this part the paper will show how the group
has evolved from Al–Ittihad Al–Islam (AIAI) to the Islamic Court Union (ICU) and lastly to Al–
Shabaab. Before discussing the group's threat of national security, homeland and international, this
paper will provide the conceptual meaning of key terminology, such as national security, homeland
security, international security and globalization. It is important to understand these concepts before
moving toward the main argument of the paper. After providing the framework for key concepts, the
paper will discuss the group's threat to Somalia in two areas, national security and homeland
security. The paper will go further and identify the threats posed by the group on other nations'
homeland security and international security. We will use East African countries and the United
States examples. The paper will provide evidence to support how globalization has shaped and
fueled the threats from Al–Shabaab. It will then discuss the primary response from the United States
and from African countries through AMISOM. The paper will provide the way forward and
suggestions for the response of the international community to Al–Shabaab. In conclusion, we will
try to alert the international community that although the group has been experience hard times in
Somalia, it is unwise to

Culture in Samalian Life Essay example
–In traditional Somali clans, men and older boys tend camels, cattle, and valued animals
–Girls and young boys tend the sheep and goats.
–when a man is killed, his life is usually worth 100 camels while a womans' is around 50
–Grown Somali men usually serve their clan–family council
–An urban man usually works as a businessman, blacksmith, craftsman, fisherman, or factory
worker
–Women in nomadic clans care for the children, cook, and moving the family aqal
–Women in farming clans plant, harvest, care for children, and cook
–Women in Urban areas work at shops, offices, and other businesses
–Somali women are expected to fulfill their duties as daughters, wives, and mothers.
–Even if the woman doesn't wear a Muslim veil,still do not ... Show more content on
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–In 100 C.E., the somali gradually moved to the horn of Africa
–The Samaal, which make up about three–quarters of the Somali population, are divided into four
main clan–families: the Dir, Daarood, Isaaq, and Hawiye.
–the Dir clan is in the north western part of somali republic
–Isaaq live in the north
–Hawiye live in the south of daarood
–Saab are divided into the Digil and Rahanweyn clan–families
–people in somalia were ethnically related oromo peoples or some of them and mixed negroid or
bantu pop. which appears to possess part of the south of somali republic, these people are known to
early arab geographers as the zanj
–12th century: dir/daarood/isaaq moved and pushed their oromo neighbours more out and a great
series of migrations finally settled the matters
–85% of the people of Somalia are ethnic Somali, Arab, Indian, Pakistani, Asian, and European
– Somalis are aware of foreigner and the fear of possible renewed colonization because of past
colonization with the British, French, and Italians
–1990s: Somali civilians later on started welcoming the U.N. troops during Operation Restore Hope
–Somalis welcome the international relief workers who have become a part of daily life in post–civil
war Somalia.
– with those of darker skins having slightly more prestige in ceremonies, although the two are
considered equal in other ways.
– members are divided by skin color in settlements such as the Rahanweyn/Digil
–2000: in

Essay on Somali People and Djibouti
Djibouti, a small 9000 square miles Horn of Africa (HOA) enclave located at the convergence of the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, is strategically important to the U. S. Foreign policy. All instruments of
U.S National Power – diplomacy, information, military and economic – are exercised as part of a
deliberate and sustained 'whole of government' approach. The U. S. Ambassador to Djibouti, the
Honorable Geeta Pasi, leads a State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) Team in enabling U. S. Strategic policy vision in HOA, while enabling and collaborating
with Djibouti in strengthening government, social, economic and international capabilities.
Djibouti affects U.S Foreign policy in three major areas: Djibouti's ... Show more content on
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S Foreign policy within HOA. Djibouti supports African Union and U.S. Foreign Policy efforts to
eradicate the spread of Islamic extremists groups such as Al–Qaida affiliated al–Shabaab – this
commitment includes providing military forces to the African Union Mission in Somalia, supporting
the Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu, Somalia. Additionally, the Djiboutian
government supports USAID efforts throughout Africa by providing warehousing for the only
stockpile of humanitarian aid on the African continent. (Diplomatic, Information IOP)
Djibouti supports the only U.S Military base on the continent of Africa– it also supports French and
Japanese military forces. The U. S Military installation, Camp Lemonnier, houses over 4000 Army,
Navy, Marine and Air Force personnel, which includes a robust contingency of Special Operations
personnel. Djibouti's support for a U.S Military presence enables the sustained training of East
African militaries, a key objective in the State Departments vision to enhance the effectiveness,
capability, credibility and status of East African militaries towards civilian populations they serve.
Additionally, having a U.S military presence supports and develops a wide range of military options
available to the Commander in Chief during emergent/contingent operations. Finally, the Djiboutian
government support of multi–national military forces

Somalia Culture Essays
Somalia Culture
Somalia is a country situated in the ÒhornÓ of East Africa. It is bordered by the Gulf of Aden in the
north, the Indian Ocean on the east and southeast, Kenya in the southwest, Ethiopia in the west, and
Djibouti in the northwest. Somalia is about four times the size of the State of Minnesota, or slightly
smaller than Texas. The capital is Mogadishu.
Somalia's population is mostly rural. Nearly 80% of the people are pastoralists, agriculturalists, or
agropastoralists. Except for a small number of Somalis who rely on fishing, the rest of the
population are urban dwellers. Somalia's chief cities and towns are Mogadishu (the capital),
Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Bossaso, Marka, Brava, Baidoa, and Kismaayo. In the past ... Show more
It is a belief system, a culture, a structure of government, and a way of life. Thus, in Somalia,
attitudes, social customs, and gender roles are primarily based on Islamic tradition. Important
Muslim holidays include Ramadan, Id al–Fitr, Id al–Adha, and Moulid. Ramadan is in the ninth
month of the lunar calendar. During the 30 days of the holiday, people pray, and they refrain from
eating and drinking during the day. Children (usually defined as under 14 years old) are exempted
from the fast. Some religious observance of Ramadan extends the fast for an additional 7 days.
Immediately following Ramadan is the holiday of Id al–Fitr, which marks the end of the fast. This
celebration involves big family gatherings and gifts for children. Id al–Adha is the most important
holiday of the calendar year, commemorating the sacrifice of Abraham. This is the time for making
pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia. Moulid (or Mouloud, or Mawlid an Nabi) is another important holiday,
commemorating the birth and death of the prophet Mohammed. Many religious holidays in Somalia
would involve the ritual killing of a lamb or goat. On a side note, Somalis celebrate their
Independence from colonial power and unification of the Northern and Southern colonies on July
first. Islam requires followers to adhere to its five pillars: 1) Belief in Allah, one God; 2) Regular
prayer (five times a day, facing Mecca); 3) Fasting from food and water

Al Shabaab's Influence in Somali Government Essay
Somalia has been a land of strife since its modern history began in the early 1900's, when British
rule was challenged through constant attacks led by Mohammad Abdullah, AKA "Mad Mullah", a
folk hero amongst modern day Somalis (African Affairs, 2011). Conflict in Somalia continues to
thrive thanks in large part to the terrorist group Al Shabaab ("the youth" in Arabic), a radical Islamic
based organization that maintains control over a large portion of the central and southern part of the
country. Al Shabaab has ties to Al Qaeda (AQ) with the main goal of installing a fundamentalist
Islamist government in Somalia and is conducting an insurgency against both the UN–backed
Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the African Union ... Show more content on
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Al Shabaab's desire to establish ties with AQ demonstrate its wish to become players in the global
terrorist community. With AQ logistical backing and support Al Shabaab can withstand a certain
amount of public backlash and cuts in financial assistance from the Somali community, which
overall makes the organization more formidable and increasingly difficult to topple. Since July
2011, Horn of Africa countries have been suffering through the worst drought and famine period in
the last 60 years, causing a humanitarian crisis throughout several countries including Somalia
where the drought has affected an estimated four million Somalis (Africa and Europe in Partnership,
2011). Subject matter expert's outlook in Somalia differs in opinion on how the crisis is affecting Al
Shabaab. Many believe that the crisis is hindering Al Shabaab operations and reporting shows that
the organization splintered because of infighting when modest members clashed with hard–line
members over their ban on foreign food aid and provisions from being delivered within their
controlled areas of Somalia. However, some analysts expressed concern over splintering of the
organization as it makes tracking, surveying, predicting, and controlling the group more difficult.
Analysts also expressed concern that as the lines become more unclear a new more deadly form of

A Brief Note On Deforestation And Charcoal Production
Mahdi 8 Deforestation and Charcoal Production in Somalia Mahdi Haile DPP 911.01: Environ
Factors in Development Practice Kalle Matso July 30, 2015 INTRODUCTION According to the
information thrown from the course reveals that over the past 30 years, assessments of the woodfuel
situation in developing countries, have changed substantially. In the mid–1970s, recognition that
huge and growing numbers of people depended on fuelwood as their principal domestic fuel led to
predictions of potentially devastating depletion of forest resources, with serious negative livelihood
consequences for the rural poor, unless action was taken to address this ??fuelwood crisis?
(Arnold,J.E, and Gunnar Hlin 2006). Charcoal consumption is often growing faster than fuelwood
consumption. Though still less relative to fuelwood in most of Asia, charcoal use is becoming a
much larger part of the woodfuels total in Africa and South America. In Africa, the aggregate of
consumption of fuelwood and wood for charcoal is growing at a rate close to that of population
growth. The overall quantities involved, and the numbers still relying on woodfuels continue to be
very large. The International Energy Agency recently estimated that, although shifts to other sources
of energy could be expected to substantially reduce the share of these fuels by 2030, biomass energy
will still account for an mated three quarters of total residential energy in Africa in that year, and
that the

Failed States and Civil Wars: Somalia Essay
Failed States and Civil Wars: Somalia
The history of Somalia is a bloody one, filled with failed occupation, anarchy and civil war. Early
Somalia established itself as a merchant state. Its key geographical location by the natural strait
between the Horn of Africa and Yemen made it a focal point for trade.This essay will explore the
history of internal struggles of the Somalilands and its many wars. It will investigate the colonial
influences and conflicts between Somalia and its imperial occupiers and how these influences set the
stage for future conflicts between the clans. Also, it will attempt to define the reasons why Somalia
has become a failed state. The importance of United States foreign policies will be discussed as they
have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is likely that these merchants brought the religion of Islam into the region. However, the lucrative
trade and extended contact, brought with it the threat of colonization. In the late nineteenth century,
native societies in Africa were unable to fend off European forces with advanced weaponry, and like
many lesser developed territories, Somalia was colonized and divided among the imperial powers.
At one point, the Somalilands (which included Puntland, Mogadishu, southern Somalia and portions
of Djibouti and Eritrea) were compartmentalized under the rule of French, British, Italian and
Ethiopian colonies.
Anti–Colonial Somalia
It is worth noting that Somalis are a mostly homogenous population. Specifically, they share a
common language, religion (mostly Sunni Muslim, minority Shi'i) and a common historical identity.
The main source of internal contention has always been disputes between the four main clan–
families; the Dir, Darod, Isaaq, and Hawiye clans.(Jennifer De MaioTITLE:Managing Civil Wars:
An Evaluation of Conflict–prevention Strategies in Africa ) However at this point in history, the
Somali people, longing to break out from imperial rule, unified briefly under the Salihiyah tariqa, an
orthodox muslim brotherhood led by Mahammad Abdille Hasan. The so–called, Dervish rebellion
targeted the British and Egyptian

Somali Civil War Research Paper
Somalia's pirates did not start off as desperate bandits. Instead, they were once as Somalia's
fishermen. So what happened? Due to the second phase of the Somali Civil War, the government of
Somalia stopped functioning in 1991, the Somali coastline and waters "have become the site of an
international 'free for all,'" which many fishing fleets from around the world were stealing Somali
goods and stocks, as well as dumping toxic waste materials. Somali fishermen were forced over the
years to defend their fishing expeditions, many of them were forced to become pirates to use
extreme measures to take back what it is theirs. Such extreme measures include hijacking ships and
unlicensed fishermen who crosses their path, and hold them for ransom. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
had challenges and difficult decisions when Somali pirates seized a U.S. flagged cargo ship and held
20 American sailors and their captain hostage for ransom in 2009, which made huge headlines. The
third factor of "western way of war," the continuity on the western's military theory, is using
Helmuth von Moltke the Elder's theory of war – "the first clash with the enemy's main forces creates
a new situation, [...], the only thing the army command can do is correctly appreciate the changed
circumstances, and then to give instructions to do what is appropriate for the foreseeable next
phase." This theory had helped the U.S. When the ship was hijacked, the fast thinking of crew by
disabling the ship, had forced the Somali pirates to come up with a new strategy. That where the
U.S. IOPs kicks in, used the diplomatic element to negotiate the exchange of the hostages (such as
the negotiation of the crew and the

Research Paper On Al Shabaab
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
AL SHABAAB INSIDE KENYA 2012 TO PRESENT
PROBLEM
The problem is terrorism being carried out by Al Shabaab, a Somalia based terror group assisted by
their local sympathizers, who are using terrorism as a logic to force our forces out of Somalia. The
Al Shabaab is a terror organization based in the neighboring fragile state of Somalia, which wants to
create a counter state in Somalia based on Sharia laws. It is attacking Kenya, because of our
deployed forces inside Somalia in support of the Nascent western and regionally backed transition
government. Currently they are employing terrorism both as a logic and as a method. On targeted
Westgate shopping mall visited by western population in capital Nairobi to cause fear and ... Show
The coming of the Portuguese to the East African coast in the late 1490s marked the start of the long
lasting ties with the West. These ties continued to grow during both the colonial and postcolonial
period. The earliest Muslim to settle in Kenya came from present day Oman, Yemen, and Iran. By
the 8th century they had settled on Pate Island in Coast Province among whom were sayyids,
descendants of the Prophet Mohammad who settled in Lamu (Martin,1976). the the trade in the
Indian ocean expanded so was the population leading to establishing of communities along the
Somali coast, Lamu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, and other coastal areas of East Africa. The settlers on
intermarriage with the locals gave birth to the the Swahili culture with Islam as the core. However,
the Islam practiced among the Swahili culture was greatly influenced by many traditional aspects of
indigenous African religious beliefs with Lamu and Mombasa becoming the primary areas of
Islamic learning and scholarship in Kenya. For centuries Swahili culture and Islam remained largely
confined to the coastal areas which was trading with the middle East and Asia. Thus the Arabs in
Kenya occupying the coastal areas are closely linked to the Arabs in the Middle East as they both
share a common ancestry, religion and language. This has made it quite convenient for terrorist to
blend into the community. (Were and Wilson 1968) Additionally, Kenya?s proximity to the Arabian
Peninsula has allowed for the steady penetration of jihadist ideologies as travel between Kenya and
these areas is relatively

Al-Shabaab Research Paper

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Al-Shabaab Research Paper