Quality &Amp; Risk Management In Construction Industry

Quality & Risk Management in Construction Industry
Quality & Risk Management in Construction Industry
Temitayo Lewis
University of Maryland University College
PMAN 639
Dr. Eva B. Cruz Morel
Date: 11/28/2010
University of Maryland University College
Executive Summary....................................................................................3
Introduction.............................................................................................4
Quality Management and Overview................................................................. 5 Quality
Assurance.............................................................................7 Quality Control................................................................................7
Total Quality Management...........................................................................8
Six–Sigma in Construction Industry................................................................10
Risk Management and Overview.............................................................................11 Risk Management Best
Practices...................................................................13 Risk Assessment Matrix.............................................................................14 ... Show
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Firms need to build on their competitive strengths through a deliberate and managed process to improve the capacity and effectiveness of
the industry, and to support sustained national economic and social objectives.
Quality Management and Overview
Quality has been defined in many ways. One of the most popular definitions of quality is meeting or exceeding customer expectations but
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality (ASQ) defined quality as the "totality of
characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy specified need" (Evans, 2008). Although the construction industry
defined quality as meeting the requirements of the designer, constructor and regulatory agencies as well as the owner, but the problem that
the industry has is one of poor culture. The industry appears to operate under the impression that quality management applies only to
certain construction processes but fail to realize that the approaches used to handle customers and build a lasting relationship, develop
strategy, measure performance and analyze data, reward and train employees, design and deliver products and services, and act as leaders
in their organizations are the true enablers of quality, customer satisfaction, and business results. A construction project only matches the
owner's needs when it is on time, within budget, and in
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Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay
incorporated into the questionnaire. According to Gould and Joyce (2002) there are a number of risks which can be identified within the
construction industry itself and those risks are evident in every construction project regardless of the project size or its scope. Tummala et
al. (1999) has argued that oftentimes changes in design and scope in addition to time frames or schedules are considered the most common
risks for the construction sector based on the study conducted. As the construction project progresses there 's bound to be changes in scope
or design which are implemented causing the need for more resources, time and cost. Baker, et al. (1999) notes that if a project is
completed ahead of its scheduled time, it may be as troublesome as one scheduled late. Karim et al. (2015) has argued that extremely quick
completion maybe a resultant of planning which is insufficient or problems within the construction design which caused shortening of
completion time. This may also lead to overall low quality of the final construction product and there may be an increase in the overall cost
of the project (Karim et al. 2015). Gould and Joyce (2002) argues that setting a delay in a schedule garners a great cost that becomes the
burden of both the contractors and the investors in differing ways. Zhang and Xing (2010) urges that there is great importance in keeping
balance between the concepts of time–cost–quality trade–off which manifested over the past decade. This concept of

Construction Industry And Construction Of Construction
Introduction: For centuries, construction industry played one of the most significant roles in a country. It indicates the types of civilization
in each society. It helps people to live a qualitative life in homes and other living places. All that qualitative living begins with the
construction workers. These workers are not only involved in ditch digging, roofing and other labor jobs, but also has many technical areas
like structural engineering, electrical work, watering, environment and other design skills. Besides the work, the time frame and cost of
materials are also important parts of completion and quality of a construction job. Their large involvement in a construction project
sometimes, causes problems during construction. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the issue of sedimentation, can lead to problems such as the destruction of fish habitat, pollution of drinking water supplies, clog storm
drain inlets, and so on Figure 1: Deforested area in Amazon basin Erosion of soil and sedimentation in streams impacts related to the loss
of vegetation, damage of drinking water supplies, are 1. Stream bank erosion caused by an increase in storm water runoff. 2. Alteration of
existing drainage patterns. 3. Destabilization of steep slopes. 4. Reduced potential for groundwater recharge. 5. Runoff of chemicals into
water supplies. For example, Petroleum and other chemicals 6. Runoff of nutrients into water supplies. For example, Eutrophication of
water Figure 2: Soil sedimentation and stream bank erosion Lack of effective combination of erosion and sediment control: An effective
method of erosion and sediment control is crucial during construction. Lack of such efficiency could be detrimental both to the human and
animal life. Figure 3: Ineffective erosion and sediment control II. Human Errors Human errors typically can be found in everywhere people
are working on any projects. In general, human errors are divided into two types: unintentional and intentional mistakes. Understanding the
types of human errors and learn from the causes of those types, it

Mobile Technology And The Construction Industry
Introduction
Mobile technology is transforming the Construction industry in a huge manner. In recent years there has been a lot of improvement in
mobile technology. The most commonly used devices in the construction industry are smartphones. Smart phones nowadays are more
powerful than the laptops which we had five years ago. Almost all the construction managers own a smartphone, which at the minimum
they can use it as a normal mobile phone .Smart phones can be used for various other applications. Smart phones can replace some of the
office equipment. For example, with the help of an application called Camscanner we can scan the documents with the help of the camera
of the smartphone thereby replacing the scanner in the office. There are lots of other benefits of using mobile devices in the construction
industry. There are some applications available for smartphones, which will help in improving collaboration and coordination. One
example of such kind of a software is GroupMe. GroupMe an application developed by Microsoft helps the smartphone users to
communicate in groups. Users of GroupMe can form an unlimited number of groups and different variations. This application can be used
for construction management in the following manner. Project manager can create one group for all the people in the management side of
the project and another group for all the people in the field team. Project manager can also form a group with the decision makers of the
project, owner and

Construction Industry Essay
The Islamic University – Gaza Deanery of High Studies Faculty of Engineering Construction Management Dep.
ΓΰϏ±ΔϴϣϼγϹ΍ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ΎϴϠόϟ΍ΕΎγ΍έΪϟ΍ΓΩΎϤϋ ΔγΪϨϬϟ΍ΔϴϠϛ ΪϴϴθΘϟ΍Γέ΍Ω·Ϣδϗ
Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in the Gaza Strip
Saleh Samir Abu Shaban B.Sc. Civil Engineering, The Islamic University
Supervised by Prof. Dr. Adnan Enshassi Professor of Construction Engineering and Management
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Master of Science in Construction Management
The Islamic University of Gaza – Palestine April, 2008
Abstract
Construction industry has complexity in its nature because it contains large number of parties as clients, ... Show more content on
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Construction Industry
S.PALAVESAKRISHNAN palavesakrishnan@gmail.com Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Background to the Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Defining the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acknowledgments 3
Acknowledgments
This project was completed under an Advancing Community Policing grant (#97–0C–WX–0060) made to the Charlotte–Mecklenburg
Police
Department (CMPD) by the U.S. Department of Justice Office of
Community Oriented Policing Services.
Most of the work on this project was carried out by Officers Daniel
Cunius and G. Eric Rost of the CMPD. They identified the problem of theft from construction sites as warranting attention in the course of
their routine patrol work. They subsequently nominated it for more intensive examination and, when the study was approved, compiled
much of the needed data, acquired information from builders, participated in all stages of the analysis, monitored implementation of the
agreed–upon response, prepared, and presented the findings of the study. Throughout all stages of the project, they were strongly supported
by their captain, E. Charles Chuck Johnson, who also participated in all stages of the analysis, in engaging the builders, and in presenting
the findings of the study. Technical assistance in the compilation and mapping of the data was initially provided by Carl
Walter, who also acquired and integrated data from other county agencies. Ryan Jackson succeeded him

According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, A total of 4836 workers died from an occupational injury in 2015. The number reached the
highest count since 2008 (CFOI). The focus of this research was on private industries from the year 2011–2015 as private sectors
consistently accounted for over 89% of all fatal accidents over this period. The three industries with the highest fatality count from 2011–
2015, in descending order, were construction, transportation, and agriculture. Several possible major causes for the high fatality count in
each industry and recommended actions are discussed below. Private construction had the highest number of fatal work injuries across all
industries as it represented nearly 20% of the total fatality count in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More fatal injuries in construction resulted from slips, falls, and trips than from any other events from 2011–2015, which implied that the
lack of appropriate employee training might be another cause of the high fatality count. One example was when a worker lost his footing
when climbing down a 400–foot telecommunication tower, the ladder safety device did not activate to stop the employee's fall, he plunged
90 feet to his death (USDoL). The causes of his death were inadequate training on the ladder safety device he used and the defective safety
sleeve that failed to save him when he fell. Another example, four construction workers were killed when the north–east side of a parking
garage under construction collapsed. OSHA issued citations to the five construction firms involved in the project for failing to provide
workers a workplace free from recognized hazards causing or likely to cause deaths or serious physical harms. With a total of 765 fatal
injuries, the transportation and warehousing industry represented 15.82% of the total number of fatal injuries in 2015 (CFOI). The fatality
count in the transportation industry rose from 749 in 2011 to 765 in 2015 (CFOI). Bureau of Labor Statistics shared that, Roadway
incidents have consistently accounted for the greatest share of

A Report On The Construction Industry Essay
Executive Summary The construction industry plays an integral role in the economies by providing infrastructure to all other industries.
This report discusses the factors that are pertinent to establishing construction operations in the European market, with a main focus on
Prime Constructions Company Ltd. The assessment of the markets is discussed with an entry mode proposed. Moreover, the supply chain
the company would need to adopt as well as the innovation strategies and risks therein are also discussed. Introduction Due to the
advancing technology and global competition, businesses have been forced to put mechanisms in place to support innovation and research
to enable them survive the dynamic business environment. Such factors hold for the global construction business, which is characterized by
joint ownership approaches between the industry players and the governments and a strong emphasis on the use of results and speedy
dissemination of good practice and information. Moreover, the industry is experiencing a recognition of the product innovation and the
importance of process as well as collaborative approaches with other foreign construction companies. Australian construction companies
looking to expand internationally can learn from experiences in other countries, which are striving to create private–public partnerships.
However, the nature of the construction business remains chiefly oriented towards domestic markets due to material intensity and high
labor.

Risks Facing The Construction Industry
Risk is defined as exposure to loss/gain or the probability of occurrence of loss/gain multiplied by its respective magnitude (3). Risk
management is a systematic approach of dealing with different types of risks at any stage of the project (7). There are a number of risks
occurring from the beginning of the project to the end so risk management plays a vital role throughout the project. This article is a review
on the different types of risks faced in the construction industry and whether the various solutions adopted for it are enough.
Risks can be neglected by construction firms at certain times in the construction industry which can cause other issues like finance, design
failure, accidents and many more. There are a number of articles which talk about the various types of risks in construction, some of the
basic risks we come across in most of the projects would be risk of procurement, defective design, funding problem, accidents /safety,
temporary structures and risk of unforeseen events etc.
One of the risks we come across first in the beginning a project is risk of procurement. The few types of procurement options studied are in
terms of project delivery, form of payment and use of collaboration. The method used in the article was a general condition and led to
conflicts and an increase in cost, thus this risk allocation was not enough so by opting for a collaborative method the problem was resolved
(2). They could have improved on the risk management by

A Study On The Construction Industry
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY In this modern world, the technology has risen along with many kinds
of inventions and creations which have been created, of course by the inventors. The construction industry has also growing hastily along
with the global socialization such as the increasing number of populations in this worldwide. Figure 1.1 : Chart of Annual Population
Growth Rate Year 2010 – 2040, Malaysia Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia Thus, the development of buildings, such as
skyscrapers, houses, residential areas, shop lots and so on are also increasing in many areas of big cities and not–to–forget in the small
town area. The governments around the globe, especially in most developing countries such as Malaysia has facing a crucial problem of
housing demand which has increasing day by day. With the increase number of population in Malaysia, the growth of the industry of
construction is also increasing since the people want to fulfil their needs of living. In order to fulfil the demand of housing, the demand of
materials of construction by the constructors especially the contractors such as bricks has also inflating. Brick is one of the oldest material
which is found has been used by human being in construction industry. In 14,000 B.C and earlier, bricks were found in the Egypt in the
form of hand–moulded and sun–dried. The types of bricks are continuously to be varied in most countries and they are being used through
ages due

The Hazardous Industry of Construction
Introduction The construction sector is labelled as quite dangerous industry globally. According to the UK's statistical record, the UK
Construction Industry encompasses a place of being the most Hazardous industry even after the remarkable improvements made during the
last decade. The reason due to which the construction industry is remarked as hazardous is due to its poor safety measures and catastrophic
events that occurred throughout the history. Statistics from the HSE (Health Safety Executive UK) showed that in the year 2009–2010
there were 42 accidents that proved fatal to the workers, making the UK construction sector approximately five times more vulnerable to
the construction site hazards (Whitelaw, 2001, pp.22–24). Understanding the reason of the construction industry being so vulnerable has
been a major focus and a cornerstone for providing the basic health and security measure for the prevention of such hazardous events, that
remains the foremost key to cease such events at construction sites. However, all the activities conducted at the research site comprise of
series of tasks that are to be executed by the operatives responsible for construction. The foremost aim and objective for the prevention of
any such hazard at the construction site include reducing the accident rate at the construction site by improving the level of the hazard
identification at the construction site which may vary from project to project that the construction company is working

Impact Of The Construction Industry On The Uk Economy
Sector introduction:
Balfour Beatty Plc operates in the heavy construction sub sector of the FTSE 250. This sector is particularly interesting given the effect
recession has had on this sector and the ongoing developments in the industry. The construction sector in the UK is unique as the output in
this sector fell faster than the whole economy in 2008. It has slipped into recession 3 times over the past 5 years (gov.uk, 2013). Overall the
recession has had a dramatic effect in the construction contracting industry. In recent years the sector has been plagued with low customer
confidence, high unemployment and limited availability of finance. However now that the UK economy is recovering so is the construction
sector, in August 2014 the sector grew at the fastest pace for seven months since the recession (bbc.co.uk 2014).
Government Initiatives:
Various recent measures have been undertaken by the government which are contributing to the success of the sector. In 2011 a Localism
act was introduced simplifying the planning system which in turn incentivized growth. A growth and infrastructure act was also
implemented which delivered a further boost to the industry. The government also plans to increase its capital spending plans by £3 billion
per annum from 2015–16, meaning an additional investment of £18 billion by 2020 (gov.uk 2013). These schemes have proven successful
since their implementation, planning application approval rates are at a ten year high. Another

The Construction Industry
INTRODUCTION The construction industry like many other industries has changed and evolved with time. It is the fourth largest
contributor to Australia's GDP and has played a major role in determining economic growth of the country. In terms of employment, the
industry has employed 9% of the Australian workforce making it the fourth largest industry (ABS data). The industry caters to both the
public and private sectors. The type of construction can broadly be classified into three categories; residential, commercial and engineering
construction. The demand and supply for these activities is driven by a number of factors such as population growth, changes to interest
rates, inflation, income, government policies, availability of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping all this in mind, builders have to work alongside clients to satisfy their project needs. Projects are also being built quicker because
of the demand to occupy them instantly. In the past, skills were more manual based. With the increasing use of technology in the industry,
the demand for technology based skills have greatly improved along with manual based skills. There is an increasing need for qualified
personnel who understand the industry and can bring changes within. The future of our industry lies in how best we can integrate and
communicate all our work with various stakeholders to manage a project efficiently. This has given rise to an area called construction
informatics where a significant amount of research is being done. The area deals with a range of subjects from integration to
interoperability and from knowledge mining to strategic management. This area came into existence from two fields. The first was the use
of computers to design and carry out time and cost calculations. The other was for computers to categorize and store essential information.
Currently, integration, interoperability, innovation along with strategic management of Information and Communication Technologies are
the key areas of research of construction informatics (Isikdag 2009). The area of informatics has been around for many years. In Australia,
we see the larger companies implementing these systems to a greater extent. As

Risks And Challenges Of Indian Construction Industry
RISKS AND CHALLENGES IN INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Risk in Construction needless to mention, with huge money, comes the company of big risks. In the area of Indian construction, the risks
are abundant, due to the involvement of legal, political, financial and cultural complexities. As far as construction in India is concerned,
there is lack of experience, but the opportunities for growth for companies willing to enter the arena are immense. The domestic
construction industry is growing at a rapid pace, due to high demand for housing and increase in expenditure on infrastructure. All of the
most challenging projects across country involve a variety of complex processes working simultaneously. Every critical activity is
associated with a risk and can negatively affect the project objectives, such as time and schedule, cost and quality of work. The number of
risks arising from a task is directly proportional to the number of people working on it. Mismanagement is one of the various sources of
risk. These days, most of the big projects are sublet to sub–contractors, and therefore risk assessment and mitigation has become more and
more challenging. (McKinsey Company, 2009) (Sharmila Pimplikar, n.d.)
As a developing country, India has not focused on risk management. Construction projects in India face various types of risks such as
business risks, financial risks, technology risk, project risk and political risk. Most common challenges encountered by the construction

3d Printing Of The Construction Industry
3D PRINTING IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
ISE 589(004) – Self Learning Assignment
PRATEEK NINAN ALEX
200113242
INTRODUCTION
3D printing has been used in different aspects of every field but mostly its application has been limited to making prototypes. 3D printing
versus Traditional Manufacturing techniques in almost every field is still very debatable.
The last time a global survey for homelessness was attempted by the United Nations in 2005, an estimated 100 million people were
homeless worldwide. As many as 1.6 billion people lacked adequate housing. [1] In the United States, on a single night in January 2015,
564,708 people were experiencing homelessness – meaning they were sleeping outside or in an emergency shelter or transitional housing
program. [2] In 2013, the Slum population in India went up from 52 million to 65 million and it has been predicted to rise to 104 million.
[3] Looking at the statistics, the main cause for homelessness could be contributed to the cost of affordable housing. Another example that
could be considered could be of people living in disaster–prone areas where people lose their houses overnight. In such scenarios, 3D
printing could be a viable solution where houses could be printed in a couple of days as compared to traditional construction methods
where people need to seek out emergency shelters till their houses are built. Also, 3D printing a house gives Architects ability to design and
build structures which are complex

Impact Of The Construction Industry On The Economy Essay
Introduction The construction industry in Australia has over the recent three years provided increased employment thereby improving the
economic financial performance. This has been fueled primarily by middle market construction firms. However, forecast shows that the
total non–residential construction would fall between 2014 and 2016 due to falling levels of investment on project activities. The economic
deficits incurred in the construction industry would be offset by investments in the telecommunication and commercial construction,
especially in apartment building. There however are challenges in the industry occasioned by uncertainty on future spending on
construction projects by the government. Moreover, the cost of doing business and the ability to increasingly make revenue have created a
challenging environment for the construction firms. Therefore stakeholders in the construction industry are concerned with whether the
government would increase its spending and whether the public construction projects will be available in the future since less than 10
percent are currently financing their clients.
The Industry's Contribution and Influence on the Macro–Economy The productivity and contribution of the construction industry are made
using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Econtech analysis data. A Baseline and ABCC scenarios to show the contribution of the
construction industry on the macro–economy. The ABCC scenario; ABCC Scenario
Consumer Price Index –1.2

Construction industry is one of the oldest economy of the world and it use 40% of the resources which are taken out of the earth every year.
Since ancient time wood has been one of the most widely used construction material which is only second to stone. Being a natural
resource makes wood one of the most economical construction material also from a perspective of environment wood construction is eco–
friendlier. Using wood for construction has two major climatic and environment effect. Firstly, material made of wood such as beam,
trusses, furniture etc. act as a carbon storage. Secondly, the use of wood over other energy intensive material such as steel and concrete
which are made from non–renewable raw materials which cause massive amount of CO2 emission during their production; wood is
certainly favorable. Wood has also lower embodied energy content than competing structural materials. Apart of the ecological benefits a
building designed using wood is substantial lighter than a building designed using steel and concrete. Heavy timber members have a
compressive strength which is quite close to concrete and therefore could be used effectively to replace concrete.
The building codes are rapidly changing all over the world and with the advent of new engineering technologies the designers and
architects have started realizing the potential of wood high rise construction. Many European countries have begun to taken steps to
promote wood as a construction material. USDA is also

Ethics And The Construction Industry
As we all know, ethics play a major role in the construction industry. Many contractors and other construction related companies today are
being judged not only on their quality of work, but by their professional reputation as well. Owners are coming to the conclusion that
although they may not provide the absolute lowest price, the more professionally rated contractors provide a better experience throughout
the construction process. Ethics are at the root of a construction company's reputation. Those involved in the industry, whether it be a
general contractor, design professional, subcontractor, or owner's agent, are often aware of which companies are known for unethical
actions. As well, transparency with regard to ethical behavior is more prevalent for construction companies operating on a larger scale.
Unethical behaviors such as overbilling for work in place, proceeding with unauthorized change orders, non–payment to subcontractors,
bid shopping, and bid peddling occur far too often in the construction industry. However, efforts are currently underway, and have been for
some time, to reduce these concerns. Organizations such as the American Institute of Constructors (AIC), as well as the Construction
Management Association of America (CMAA), and the Associated General Contractors (AGC), have each established a code of ethics and
bylaws by which construction professionals should abide by. Companies that affiliate themselves with these organizations are expected to

Lp In The Construction Industry
LB traditionally provides several benefits to the owners. Regarding the monetary viewpoint, for example, the owner can save a
considerable amount of money for the project budget if utilizing LB (Shrestha 2014). In addition, it is also simple to use because it focuses
on the most crucial evaluation criterion, the bidding cost (Yu and Wang 2012). In the construction industry, especially in highway projects,
LB is supported by the legislation for the transparency in the bidding process (Tran et al. 2016). Even though LB has aided, typically, the
public owners for decades, it consists of various drawbacks (Ahmed et al. 2012, Tran et al. 2016).
As a matter of fact, LB concentrates more on the cost, not quality, accepts that minimum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2008; Alleman et al. 2017; El Wardani et al. 2006; Gransberg and Shane 2015). According to Sullivan and Guo (2009), it also improved the
cash flow and especially the profitability of the contractor up to 8%. BV in highway projects attained promising outcomes with value–
added functions to the contractor's selection in terms of project performance as stated by Abdelrahman et al. (2008). With collected data
from the MnDOT, they obtained the sufficiency of BV in evaluating and selecting the most appropriate contractors. Supporting that
conclusion, Ahmed et al. 2012 emphasized the use of BV in the bidding process for highways. As stated in regulations, clients have to
procure and deliver construction services within regionally established regulatory parameters. Despite the fact that BV execution associated
with the growth of APDMs, which are legitimately being used in 48 out of 50 states, the use of BV in construction is limited. There are a
few areas have constituted the guidelines for BV in DBB projects; MnDOT (2012), for example, has established and achieved benefits
from the BV guidelines.
Many professional practitioners and organizations support the use of BV/QBS for procuring construction services and are lobbying for its
continued growth. In the A/E perspective, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) stated the potential of QBS in providing efficient
contractor's selection outcomes in terms of cost saving and value engineering

The Building And Construction Industry
Industry professionals The building and construction industry is a wide industry that encompasses many professionals. No one person does
all the work from start to finish, many people are involved in teams that contribute to each stage of the works until completion. Material
taken from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering Geotechnical engineers: Geotechnical engineering uses principles of
soil mechanics and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions and materials; determine the relevant physical/mechanical and
chemical properties of these materials; evaluate stability of natural slopes and man–made soil deposits; assess risks posed by site
conditions; design earthworks and structure foundations; and monitor site conditions, earthwork and foundation construction. A
geotechnical engineer will determine and suggest designs for the type of footings, earthworks, and/or pavement subgrades required for the
intended man–made structures to be built. Eg high–rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial buildings, and smaller structures
where the soil conditions do not allow code–based design. Material taken from: http://www.cruxsurveying.com.au/ Land Surveyors:
Surveying is the science of the accurate determination of the relative positions of points above, on, or below the earth's surface for the
planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and any structures on the land. Land (or cadastral) surveying, deals with the

The Real Estate And Construction Industry
The real estate and construction industry has changed significantly over the past several years. It is an industry driven primarily by private
investors; the presence of securitized real estate has increased considerably. Not unexpectedly, the influence of institutional investors on the
real estate industry is formidable. They are beginning to experience a higher degree of scrutiny by investors, consultants and analysts, and
are expected to deliver best in class service in all areas – from property management to risk management. To be successful in this
environment, where our collective performance bar is being raised significantly, the real estate industry will have to dedicate more
resources and develop a higher degree of operational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the rural development projects are likely to get lower ratings which may drive away private investors and financiers from
participating in such projects.
ORGANISATION OF THESIS
The thesis is organized into seven chapters. The first chapter gives an introduction to the present study. The second chapter gives detail
concepts of risk management. The third chapter presents the objective of this investigation. Literature survey is explained in the chapter
four. Research methodology is given in the chapter five. The analysis of results is in chapter six. Chapter seven gives the conclusion drawn
from this investigation and suggestions for future work. Finally the bibliographic references are given at the end.
PURPOSE SCOPE OF STUDY
The Development of infrastructure is one of the most important activities that can boost up the business of the various Industries, thereby
increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to this fact countries stress on infrastructure development and provide finances for the
same in their yearly budget. The various such projects are in themselves vast and big and involve a lot of money. This vastness of each
Project leave slot of scope for various problems from clearances to land acquisition, wastage, unforeseen delays, natural calamities etc.,
leading to time and cost overrun in the project. The cost overrun can be of huge magnitude in a project involving large

The Forecast Of Construction Industry
Forecast of Construction Industry
At the present time, China's government has focused it policies on projects and reforms, offering China considerable urban infrastructure
opportunities. This means that it is expected that China's expenditures in construction will continue to grow through 2019, powered by an
increase in urban population, continued industrialisation, expanding foreign investment and rising personal income levels.
In addition to this, 'the government's effort to sustain growth in the manufacturing sector, improve the country's infrastructure, expand
municipal utilities, and balance regional economic disparity will help growth in construction spending'. (Freedonia).
Despite this, it is predicted that China's further growth may incur a slowdown and could possibly reach 'historical lows in the short term,
with housing construction registering a decline for the first time ever' (South Morning China Post). Forecasts for the short–to medium–term
future of the market remain positive as shown below in the table.
Forecasts for selected indicators in China's Construction Sector
Long–Term Forecast
Despite China's immense growth throughout the decades, it is projected that the construction industry will not continue to grow at it's usual
'peak'. As stated by 'Joe Zhou, (head of research in China at JLL real estate consultancy), China has passed the peak in terms of
construction activity, l would say the peak was more lie 2013. Last year (2014), we saw

Construction Projects For The Construction Industry
Introduction Construction projects contain a high level of complicated procurement processes. Not only the revenue or profit is critical in
the construction industry, but market intelligence and construction procurement knowledge are also important. The bidding process in the
construction industry is illustrated by many different involved parties including the architectural and engineering firms, client, general
contractors, material suppliers, specialized contractors, manufacturers, etc. (Halaris, 2001). Preparing proposed documents, appraising bids,
and awarding the contract to the winner of the bid are among the major duties of the client (Gokhan et al, 2006). (Gokhan et al, 2006) Fig.
1. Bid proposal preparation process Sub–contracting has comprehensively been used in the construction industry. It allows general
contractors to employ the lowest workforce in construction projects and promotes specialization (Maturana, 2005). Many general
contractors only play a role as construction management agents in construction projects, for example, they sub–contract a large volume of
their work to sub–contractors (Shash, 1998). The characteristic bidding process is showed in Fig. 1. Bidding requirements and procedures
vary and have disparate requirements that are created by the owners. There is a challenge of a bidding procedure is the quantity of paper–
based forms that need to be filled, revised, and filed. This spends a large amount of time, which the contractor changes very

Asset Specificity In Construction Industry
TCE asserts that transactions have distinct characteristics that explain how firm's boundaries are drawn and when determine whether
market or hierarchy will have the lower transaction costs in various circumstances. Asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency are the
three variables of TCE that are used to characterise transactions. Williamson (1979) suggested four main forms of asset specificity, namely
site specificity, physical asset specificity, dedicated assets and human asset specificity. Asset specificity refers to the degree to which the
investments for a transaction are specific to that particular transaction. In other words it refers to the extent to which the resources required
are available from a large number of sources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Construction industry's workload is highly diversified. It involves numerous parties, various processes, different phases and stages of work,
and many inputs from both the trades and specialists. Such workload and labour can be divided into two phases (Bajari and Tadelis, 2001).
First, the design phase for the appearance, layout and function of buildings which involve consultants of various disciplines. Second, the
actual construction process that directly produce the end product. Let's discuss the second phase first. Upon approval of architecture and
engineering plans by respective authorities, actual construction works begin. Construction firm would then need to decide whether to carry
out the work on its own or engage market construction players. In view of the uniqueness and the need of wide range of technologies
characteristic of construction industry, Costantino (1996) assert that economies of scale (i.e. faster construction time, reduce construction
cost, reduce liability exposure and greater flexibility) can only be met by using a variety of resources that are generally not entirely
available within a firm. In construction material and equipment context, market governance transaction prevail on the basis that the
availability of many possible sources for construction firm to compare and choose from an array of suppliers on the basis of the best quality
and price combination. The existence of many suppliers

Project Construction Familiarity Of The Construction...
Question 2; Project construction familiarity
Question two was also an introductory question aiming at determining how familiar respondents in the construction industry are. Allowing
respondents to cite the different challenges respondents have encountered in previous experience as well as personal opinions as to why,
this problems occurred.
Question 3; Stakeholder's identification
This section has tree subheading with the same query which is identification of external stakeholders respondents have been confronted to.
The first part a– gives a certain choice to the respondents by directly writing down which external stakeholders they are familiar with, the
second b– restrict the types of external stakeholders and the last part c– of the questionnaire gives a detailed list of external stakeholders to
carefully choose from.
Question 4; ESH stakes in the Construction Production
This part of the questionnaire's target is to identify the level of importance of external stakeholders also referred to as salience like it was
said previously in the paper. The first section rates the level of salience of external stakeholders from the most significant to least
significant. Since qualifying eternal stakeholders is also appreciated tool in mapping, the second section of this question reveals the effect
of external stakeholders on construction projects is the aim of discovering whether their effects can be directly or indirectly impact a
project.
Question 5; what are the

Current Trends On The Construction Industry
Current Trends in the Construction Industry
Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit
of construction from Dodge Data Analytics ' 2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the
construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and state–of–the–art concepts for improving
construction performance, especially in project cost and schedule achievements (Peiffer, 2016). Although it is noticeable that diverse
tendencies, including prefabrication or offsite constructions, green buildings, remodeling, etc., are taking higher place in the next decades,
true collaborations, sophisticated building modeling tools, and practical value–boosted procedures are always bottom lines for a
blossoming construction project. It is unquestionable that construction project costs and schedule are spectacularly difficult to predict by
reason of complexity of building procedures and presence of thousands of dependent variables throughout a project. As a result, duties and
responsibilities of forecasting and envisioning project cost and schedule performance are considered as momentous challenges and
complicated issues for all construction experts and professionals (Ai et al., 2015). Growing from these concerns, a suggestion of
synergizing components that particular affect the cost and schedule efficiency is becoming an

Construction Industry And Its Impact On The World Essay
In the year 2009, more than 150 incidents were reported where fatalities occurred due to workers colliding with construction equipment or
other objects on site in The United States. (Marks and Teizer 2012). The number of these accidents causing deaths in this year accounted
for approximately 18% of the total construction deaths and 3% of the total workplace deaths experienced that year (Marks and Teizer
2012). Construction Industry is considered as one of the biggest industries in the world. It plays a vital role in the economic growth of any
country worldwide, as it contributes to a major portion of the gross domestic product of a country (Lee et al. 2009). In the U.S., it adds to
almost 4.5% of the total GDP. Apart from this it also offers very high employment opportunities (Lee et al. 2009). Construction Industry
while being one of the leading employing industries in the world also suffers from worker 's site safety issues. Managing the construction
resources, such as equipment, labor and material is very important for any project to be successful. Completion of activities on within
specified time, budget and quality without any causality requires an integrated planning effort. For this reason, project completion can be a
challenging and a very time–consuming task (Teizer et al. 2010). The collective effort for many field personnel, several existing
technologies are reviewed for their benefits and limitations of keeping oversight of resource location and status at job

The And Structure Of Uk Construction Industry
In 1998, Sir John Egan identified five key drivers for change including integrated processes and teams (Egan, J 1998). Egan noted
significant changes required to the culture and structure of UK construction industry to help improve the relationships between
companies. Sir John Egan (Egan, J 1998). In a subsequent report issued in 2003, Egan suggested that the UK Office of Government
Commerce (OGC) recommends integration of the project team as an enabler of change. The proposal from the OGC on the adoption of
standard forms of contract that encourage such team integration and collaboration between the various parties would help eliminate the
inherent adversarial culture deeply rooted in the construction industry (Egan, J 2003). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) now incorporated a number of new features and contracts including the Term Services
Contract (TSC), Professional Services Contract (PSC) and the Framework Contract (FC). In 2005 the government's NAO report entitled
Improving Public Services Through Better Construction singled out the new suite of NEC3 contracts for recommendation and confirmed
that a number of organisations, including Highways agency, NHS Estates and the Environment Agency, now solely use NEC3 contracts
within their framework arrangements (John, B. 2005). 2.4 NEC3 Family of Contracts NEC3 is suitable for procuring a devise range of
Works, Services and Supply, spanning major framework arrangements through to minor works and purchasing of supplies and goods. All
parties involved in the project delivery process can be employed under one of the family of integrated NEC contract forms which allows
all parties to take benefit from the back–to–back contractual arrangements NEC3 can offer (Lewendon, R. 2006). The NEC3 family of
contracts includes: The Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) – (6 Options) The Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS)
The Professional Services Contract (PSC) The Framework Contract (FC) The Adjudicators Contract (AC) The Engineering and
Construction Short Contract (ECSC) The Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) The Engineering and Construction Term
Services Contract (TSC)

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Construction Industry
Introduction
Hill Westbrook (1997) define SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis as a framework that is specially
designed to assist a business organization identify its strengths and its weaknesses and the possible opportunities and threats that the
business faces. SWOT advocates that the business should focus more on its strengths, take the highest level of advantage on the available
opportunities and work to reduce the levels of the possible threats and those that are already existing.
The Porter's five forces of competition framework were first established in the year 1979 by Michael E Porter with the aim of facilitating
the assessment and the evaluation of the strength of competition and state of a business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The construction industry in Saudi Arabia has healthy competitive rivalry within the industry, an attractive market as all products being
sold are differentiated making it possible for the clients to choose from a variety.
The industry is exposed to human labor which could be of great use and effective on the constructions. Human labor is efficient on
cooperation hence assured continuity of the industry if only is exploited accordingly to the latter and appropriately.
Threats.
The construction industry of Saudi Arabia is exposed to various threats, some of which already exist and others we expect to emerge in the
near future. The great profitability of the construction industry as expected to be an advantage is also a threat. This nature of the market is a
trigger to increased levels of new entries into the industry which decreases the rates of profits which will later lead to the downfall of the
industry due to cases of bankruptcy. The main aim for the construction business is to gain profit hence the industry loses its true definition
and whole purpose in

Construction Industry Profile
PART– A
INDUSTRY PROFILE
PART–A
INDUSTRIAL PROFILE
|Indian Construction Industry is highly fragmented. There are mostly |[pic] |
|unorganized players in the industry which work on the subcontracting basis. As| |
|the construction activity being labour intensive, construction companies have | |
|been mainly focusing on mechanization over the past few years. Consequently, | |
|growth in quantum of laborers required has declined from 1.6% in FY 04 to 0.9%| ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Transportation, HCC has to its credit more than 300 road and rail bridges, expressways roads and marine construction. It has built
over 100 Environmental Engineering projects. In addition to all this, it has also built some of India's best–known industrial structures.
| | The Indian Construction Industry registered a healthy 33.6% growth in top line during the June 2007 quarter. The aggregate |
| |numbers from a sample of 51 construction companies and the industry continued to grapple with high raw material costs which grew by |
| |46% during the quarter. Another challenge which the industry is contending with is retaining skilled manpower. Personnel cost during |
| |first quarter grew by a sharp 54%. However a slower 20% rise in other expenses negated the impact of higher raw material and wages |
| |cost. As a result of this the operating expenses grew by a slower 31% as compared to sales. |
The construction sector was thus able to maintain its operating margins at around 12% for the third consecutive quarter. The same is
marked a year on year expansion of 162 basis points from 10.3% to 12% in June 2006. The construction industry has started to feel the
pinch of rising borrowing costs. After a 31.5% rise in the March quarter,

Women And The Construction Industry
With the construction industry projected to grow over the next several years and project management positions in high demand, the makeup
of the construction industry is often overlooked. When one looks at a jobsite, or even thinks of the construction industry, the most common
image that comes to mind is men working away in hardhats and neon vests, with women completely irrelevant to this picture. Women are
the largest untapped resource of the construction industry, as it is believed that men makeup around 99% of the industry (Williams, 2015).
For women entering into the world of construction, it is hard to penetrate the male stigma that clouds this field, which is why many women
often do not pursue careers in construction. The stereotype of male construction workers must be challenged in order to help women thrive
in construction industry. Women are underrepresented in the construction industry due to a number of reasons such as, sexism, harassment,
intimidation, and a downfall of opportunities.
Patricia Valeroy, a young college student at Columbia University, began her first summer internship at large construction company.
Although studying civil engineering, her internship was a construction management position on a luxury high rise in New York. Eager to
get started at what she thought would be the most ideal internship, her hopes were quickly crestfallen, as the senior construction manager
told her he was unwilling to work with women. As she was sent to do other tasks,

Construction Delays Of The Construction Industry
This research paper is focused on one of the biggest concern of the construction industry in today's world, which is Construction Delay
Claims. A construction project consists different individual or interdependent activities. There is a higher possibility that some sort of
delay might occur in any of the involved activities. In order to mitigate issue of delays and make delay claim resolving process easier,
researcher and engineers came with an idea which is know as Critical Path Method (CPM). CPM would have different activity paths but
among them the longest path (based on time duration) is known as critical path. Critical path is also known as Zero Float Path. Float is a
certain extra amount of time allotted to activities which can be utilized before or during that activity. It can be understood that any delay in
the activities that are on critical path could cause overall project to be delayed. Though delays are quiet common in construction projects, it
is necessary to determine whether the delay is critical or not. Once the criticality of the delay is decided then the responsible party for the
delay is determined. This is the basic logic behind all the construction delay claims assessment methodologies. Key tools in the assessment
procedure are As– planned schedule and As– build schedule for the project. As– planned scheduled is the schedule submitted by the
contractor to the owner prior to the construction work starts. As– build schedule is the schedule which

The Construction Industry Development Board
1.0 Introduction
Construction industry plays an important part as a stimulant in Malaysia's economy. The Construction Industry Development Board
(CIDB) was established as a government agency to facilitate and act as a catalyst to the development, is generally representing the
construction industry to the government and the public. (Chan, 2009). According to Hiap (2012), the CIDB published a ten year
Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP) towards the end of year 2007, the aim is to refocus the strategic position and charting the future
direction of the industry.
The construction industry is one of the highest contributing in country's economy. This industry provides job opportunities to the people in
different sector such as agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction and services. Davis and Tomasin's study stated the
fatalities happened were caused by most of the usage of equipment such as conditions of scaffolds, power access equipments, ladder,
excavations and so on, which lead to the risk of physical injury. Falls, electrocutions, vehicles rollover, personnel run over by vehicle and
excavation cave–ins were listed as the top five categories of fatalities in the construction industry (IPEDR, 2011). Therefore, the Malaysian
government have been implemented the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 in the industry. In general, OSHA is an
organization formed to guard the safety of the workplace and safety regulations. OSHA collects data of

Slow Productivity in Construction Industry
Introduction Nowadays, the growth of construction industry's productivity is slow, unlike the manufacturing sector, where standardization
of components, mechanisation and innovation greatly enhance the rate of production, that is because of the procedure of construction
industry is more complicate and always take longer time than manufacturing sector. Therefore, the supply to meet the needs and demand of
housing and infrastructure is a very slow process.
This is a serious problem which indicates that over the past 40 years, construction projects have required significantly more field work
hours over cost of contract. In other words, the construction industry seriously lags other industries in developing and applying labour
saving ideas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human affect the construction sector
The procedure of construction industry is more complicate and always takes longer time than manufacturing sector that is because we have
to make an early preparation before construct any houses or the building due to the time, quality and cost. Also for the location, the
developer need to find a stable, good and correct location and needs to make a research and analysis the land value so that no risk will be
taken. As for the tendering, the appointed consultant is taking a lot of time to finish the tendering which is to hire a contractor for the
project.
Usually in construction sector, the contractor will took a lot of times to finish a project and due to this the developer will lost a few
numbers of customers or make the customers disappoint but then it is not the contractor fault, sometimes it is because of the force majeure,
that is essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the
parties, such as a war, strike, riot, crime, prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. Exceptionally
weather that is rough, harsh or stormy weather. Civil commotion, strike or lockout affecting any of the trades employed upon works or any
of the trades engaged in the preparation, manufacture or transportation of any goods or materials required for the

Construction Industry : Statistics And Policy
Chapter 1 introduction The construction industry is a major contributor to the UK and the world in general's economies as a whole. In 2012
in the UK alone the gross value added was £83 Billion accounting for 6% of the total economy for the UK according to the paper produced
by Chris Rhodes for the House of Commons titled Construction Industry: statistics and policy. (1) Due to the scale of the contribution the
construction industry makes to the economy it has been the focus of various reports and investigations with the aim of growing and
improving the construction industry. One area that has been continuously highlighted in these reports and investigations is the area of
defects and reworks which according to H.J.Eldridge it was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that the construction industry generates vast amounts of revenue and profits and the cost of reworks is an area where the main
contractor or client must meet this cost from their profits or budget and its an issue that has not been rectified. For this reason major
contractors are continuously taking actions to rectify this and implemented zero defect policies and action plans such as at Sir Robert
Mcalpine who are at present attempting to implemented a policy of Regional Quality Leadership Team's and have produced a charter with a
vision statement, values and rules that alongside and an action plan for the purpose of producing projects of exceptional quality which are
free of defects and snags. 1.1 Aim of research To investigate the factors required for a major contractors project manager/package manager
to achieve a zero defects build, 1.2 The justification of the research The justification of the research comes from first hand experiences of
the author who has spent eight years contributing to construction projects through various roles such as laborer, banks man, crane operator
and latterly as a trainee package engineer working for various major contractors. In this time the author has encountered reworking and
snagging lists covering the same works with the same causes and reasons on a recurring theme throughout the

Women And The Construction Industry
With the construction industry projected to grow over the next several years and project management positions in high demand, the makeup
of the construction industry is often overlooked. When one looks at a job site, or even thinks about the construction industry, the most
common image that comes to mind is men working away in hard hats and neon vests, with women completely irrelevant to this picture.
Women are the largest untapped resource of the construction industry, as it is believed that men make up around 98 percent of the industry
(Williams, 2015). For women entering into the world of construction, it is hard to penetrate the male stigma that clouds this field, which is
why many women often do not pursue careers in construction. The stereotype of male construction workers must be challenged in order to
help women thrive in the construction industry. Women are underrepresented in the construction industry due to a number of reasons such
as, sexism, harassment, intimidation, and a downfall of opportunities. But why are women subject to such treatment, and how is it really
affecting women, and largely, the progression of the construction industry? Patricia Valeroy, a young college student at Columbia
University, began her first summer internship at a large construction company. Although studying civil engineering, her internship was a
construction management position on a luxury high rise in New York (Covert, 2014). Eager to get started at what she thought would be the

Ethical Ethics Of The Construction Industry
And Hansel said to Gretel; let us drop these bread crumbs so that together we can find our way home, because losing our way would be
the cruellest of things (The Tide That Left and Never Came Back: One Tree Hill 2005). The construction industry lost its way, over the
years the industry has faced many accusations for undertaking in unlawful practices and performing unethical behaviour. This is
detrimental to our nation as a whole as Australia's growth and development is dependent on the performance and wellbeing of the
construction industry. The industry is responsible for satisfying the needs of our ever expanding society by contributing to the growth of
our economy, the creation of our infrastructure and improving the standards our everyday lives. To live up to these responsibilities the
industry must understand the importance of the work it does and do it in a way that is ethically right, the problem is how do we determine
whether the decisions the industry makes justify as ethical? Ethical practice in the construction industry is not definable, is not
implementable, because it is not conscious; it involves not only our thinking, but also our feeling (Valdemar W. Setzer, 2006). The
industry operates in both the public and private sectors which employs many people who all have different morals and values which
influences the decisions they make and how they perceive them. This creates a rift in the industry as what is deemed as acceptable varies
between person to person

The Building And Construction Industry Improvement
Fair Work Bill (FWBI)
On 20 March 2012, the Building and Construction Industry Improvement (BCII) Act of the Australian Government was replaced by the
Fair Work Bill (FWBI) 2012 which was implemented on 1 June 2012 (FWBC, 2012a). It was regarded as bill for 'Transition to Fair Work
Australia for the Building and Construction Industry'. The bill is intended towards:
offering education, aid and suggestions to building industry participants;
checking observance towards the Building Code and building regulations;
undertaking legal action for breaking of the FWBI Act, specially with regards to:
 coercion;
 industrial activity prior to the alleged expiry date of an enterprise agreement;
 strike reimbursement;
 freedom of entry;
 biasness;
 fraudulent actions;
 workplace privileges;
 terms and conditions regarding employment; and
 overruling the pertinent court proceedings involving a building work; and
if suitable referring the matter to other state and territory bodies or the Commonwealth (FWBC, 2012b).
Western Australian Suicide Prevention Strategy 2009–2013 Everybody's Business
The Western Australian (WA) strategy has been framed by the Western Australian Department of Health for the period of four years for
preventing suicides named Western Australian Suicide Prevention Strategy 2009–2013 Everybody's Business (the WA Strategy). The WA
Strategy involved the Ministerial Council for Suicide Prevention to take state–wide program for:
Enhancing the power and

Building Information Modeling And Construction Industry
Building Information Modeling in Construction Industry
Jyothirmai Chatrathi, chatr1j@cmich.edu
BIS 625 Research in Information Systems
College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858
USA
Keywords:
Information systems, construction industry, Building Information Modeling.
Background:
The development of technology is very rapid in many industries, but in the field of construction it is very slow and lagging, as the positive
side of it is unsure. The present trend of buildings is more innovative and complicated which are designed using the modern technologies,
all these procedures during the development stages involves substantial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Katz, 2010) This area of research in the field of Information systems is completely neglected. Most of the research on BIM has so far been
published in engineering disciplines such as construction informatics (CI), which seeks to bridge the gap between computer science and
construction (Björk, 2005). This technical innovation is more important as it facilitates team co–ordination and integration in the
construction industry (Aouad, 1999) BIM provides a common platform for information which can be used by wide range of professionals
who are involved during the design and during the construction process, till the completion, till issuing occupancy certificate (Aksamija
Ajla and Ali, 2008). It helps the users from the initial conceptual design and transferring into a 3D. Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1, clearly unveils the difference between past and future procedures. The past processes are distinct activities separated from the
information that direct the final product, and the future where information–centric integrated processes are essential (Aksamija Ajla and
Ali, 2008)
The Building Design+Construction conducted a survey, in which they got results as more than 75% respondents

Quality &Amp; Risk Management In Construction Industry

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Quality &Amp; Risk Management In Construction Industry