The Right And Craving Changes For A Better Life

The Right And Craving Changes For A Better Life
The world has been changing dramatically due to an increase in technology and humans are now
living in the information technology century. Thanks to technology, the living standard of most
humans especially in western countries and emerging economies have been improved. However,
changes may lead to problems. Therefore, changes in the surrounding environment lead to changes
in human's life, behaviour, and mind, which lead to some critical problems as social and
demographic changes result in more educated and skilled employees. As a consequence, employees'
expectations in job satisfactions are higher compared to previous decades. This may lead to
problems that employees have in finding secure jobs since the amount of vacancies available has
been taken by more educated people. According to Nankervis, et al. (2005, p.208), those problems
above may have resulted in a narrower access to long–term career paths. This essay will briefly
discuss that issue. To fight for the right and craving changes for a better life are believed to be
intrinsic to human nature. It can be demonstrated by looking back to the history since the day people
set their civilisation. No matter what sides they were on, they fought for what they believed, which
is to become better, to live better. As it can be seen from the environment around, a lot had been
transformed in many aspect of human's life, especially in the recent decades, with the bloom in
technology advancement, people craving for more convenient
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Overview
An Overview of Malaysia 's Foreign Policy As an extension of domestic policy, foreign policy is
designed with the purpose in mind of defending and promoting the country 's national security,
economic and other vital interests. Despite the diversity of views regarding the perception and
explanation of foreign policy, no foreign policy can be formulated in a vacuum. It must serve to
function in a dynamic environment. Malaysia 's foreign policy is no exception. Various
geographical, historical, social and political determinants contribute to shaping the nature of
Malaysia 's foreign policy and the conduct of the country 's international relations. Added to this is
the external environment, or what may be termed as the systemic determinant, ... Show more
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Malaysia in turn becomes the target for being "too vocal". But this is something that we need to take
in our own stride if Malaysia is to be proactive at the global level. As a small developing–country
player in the international arena, Malaysia needs to firmly uphold the principles of the UN charter as
a defence of last resort. Certain fundamental principles governing interstate relations would
continue to guide Malaysia 's relations with other countries. These refer to sovereign equality and
mutual respect for territorial
2
integrity, mutual non–aggression, non–interference in each other 's internal affairs, peaceful
settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations and peaceful coexistence. These
principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to these principles, supported
by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia certain credibility in the eyes of the
international community. Malaysia has repeatedly stressed the importance of adhering to the
especially important principle of non–interference in internal affairs, particularly in the context of
regional relations. The so–called "constructive intervention" policy advocated by some, involving
loud criticism, adversarial posturing and grand standing would only bring more harm than good to
the promotion of neighbourly relations. We do make exceptions to the policy of non–interference in
certain

Relationship Between Internal Organisation and National...
Relationship between Internal Organisation and National Culture and Institutions
Abstract
Employing a firm–level research on internal organisation structure, this paper studies the influence
of Japanese national culture and institutions on internal organisation design of a Japanese MNEs. I
report that some output deriving from features of Japanese national culture and institutions such as
collectivism and Long–term orientation have a strong impact on internal organisation, although it
does not keep consistency with Japanese national culture and institutions.
Introduction
Globalisation can be described as the greater movement, which unites the people of the world by
combining economic, technological, socio–cultural, and political ... Show more content on
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Low savings for retirement is good example of low LTO.
Although there are some criticisms of Hofstede' cultural dimensions such as Dr. McSweeny's one,
Hofstede's work has been broadly admitted and employed as a comprehensive framework in the
common field of culture and business. (Chapman, 1997)
On the other hand, institutions are tidily defined as the social rules and regulations that make human
behaviour interactive, while some institutional theorists consider that institutions is a broad concept
including laws, regimes, constraints, as well as national culture considered "informal" institutions
(Peng, 2002) Nevertheless, there is another view in reference to the relationship between national
culture and institutions. Lewin and Kim (2004) suggest a co–evolutionary perspective, which is that
national culture influences on the configuration of institutions by acting as intermediate at national
and firm level. In this report, I analyse the possibility of how national culture and institutions affect
on firms' internal organizations in terms of the co–evolutionary perspective between them.
Section Two: Japanese National Culture and Institutions
Japan is a parliamentarian democratic small island country locating East Asia and the official
language is Japanese. Despite some religion such as Buddhism and Shinto are believed, the
Japanese do not have the official religion. The national character also can be considered to be
slightly introverted.1 Lewin (2004) points

Socioeconomic Status In America
In the United States, obtaining a higher education is more important than ever. The income gap
between a family of college graduates and a family of high school graduates grew 30,000 dollars in
just three decades (Porter). Institutions of higher education are engines of upward mobility that is
not afforded to the entire population. American society is still plagued with racial disparities;
however, they are no longer the main divider separating Americans. Today, the most imminent
danger to the American dream is socioeconomic status (SES). The Organisation for Economic Co–
operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organization, found that when
it comes to academic achievement, SES has more influence in the United States

Is Liberal Internationalism Utopian, Or Does It Offer A...
PIED 1511 International Politics Is Liberal internationalism 'utopian', or does it offer a credible
alternative to Realism? Word count: 2,913 Seminar Tutor: Khalina Zhekova Liberal internationalism
by its very essence is the idea of peaceful co–operation in order to maintain both world order and
create harmony for its state to live in by democratic means. In R Gardner's The Comeback of
Liberal Internationalisms he defines this by very similar means, suggesting this political tradition
relies on "the necessity of leadership by political democracies" . Following the onset of the 20th
century the international political sphere has been characterised by the creations of institutions
which have sought to establish a democratic peace and in many ways often failing to do so. The
inability to prevent some of the most violent conflicts of the last 120 years is perhaps central to the
critique that liberal internationalism should be deemed as far too idealistic in a modern world. In an
increasingly familiar landscape of tyrannical, dangerous leaders it is perhaps unsurprising that the
realist school of thought has come to dominate academic analysis of the current world situation. It
would be hard to disagree with the notion that liberal internationalism is simply not the solution for
the problems which still exist within the world today when you consider the level of ideological
disagreement which is consistently played out upon the world stage. While all

Evaluate The Importance Of Numeracy
The development and proper application of an individuals mathematical ability is a complex process
that is comprised of many significant interrelating concepts that are demonstrated through the
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority's (ACARA) and its many strands and
sub strands. Numeracy most notably is vital to the development and teaching of Mathematics and
underpins many concepts including that of Number sense which is therefore also fundamental to not
only the development of mathematic, but also the success of the implementation of the Australian
curriculum.
Learners need to be cognitively and physically active in the learning of mathematics (Baturo, A ....)
which can be achieved through the combination of the use of tools to engage learners and improve
their learning out come and the language and discussions had that reinforce and remind students of
overarching aim in the discovery of the appropriate methods use in a particular context. The
significance in the development and understanding of the links between these two key methods Is
also highlighted in the language model, stressing that all pedagogical ... Show more content on
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Although the term 'numeracy' is used in primary school contexts alongside of, and sometimes in
place of, mathematics teaching students to become numerate is not about replacing mathematics
with numeracy, but rather rethinking how mathematical knowledge is learned and its relevance to
students' lives. "A mathematics concept is a metacognitive understanding" (Larkin, K) The concept
of Numeracy is broken up into three content strands in ACARA: Number and Algebra,
Measurement and Geometry, and Statistic and Probability where each are discussed and explored,
"an individual's capacity to formulate, employ and interpret mathematics in a variety of contexts"
(Organisation for Economic Co–Operation and Development, 2014, p.

The Economic Environment in Chile Essay
1.0 Introduction
Chile is located in South America and is one of the longest countries in the world. It is located south
of Peru and west of Bolivia and Argentina with a population of about 17.46 million people. Chile is
quite well known for international trade. It was ranked 18th out of the 49 most competitive
economies in the world by the 1996 World Competitiveness Report which was publishes by the
International Institute for Management Development in Lausanne Switzerland. The official
language of Chile is Spanish. However, many well – educated business persons speak English. It is
an ideal international market to enter for Alvernian; a manufacturer of leisure and gym wear. The
economic environment, cultural environment, political – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The goal of Alvernian should be to enlarge its business and venture out to become a global
company. Chile is a great place to enter the international market for Alvernian leisure and gym wear.
As a global company, Alvernia should aim to create a single company culture and processes that are
used globally to create the most efficient global organisation. "Benefits of going global include a
better economy of scale and diversity in markets means more financial stability, a competitive
advantage for a multinational company, new approaches which can be further utilized."(IN TEXT
FOR PARAPHRASING)
3.2 Operations Management
Operations Management refers to the management of the design, execution and control of
operations which then turns resources into tangible goods and / or services. Global sourcing is a
major part of operations management. Businesses should try to find the cost efficient location to
manufacture their goods. If manufacturing, delivery and wages of employees are cheaper in a
certain country, operation facilities should be located at the country to save money. Operations
management is also in charge of researching and developing new ideas to sell.
3.3 Finance Management
One thing that should be considered before venturing into the international business market is
finances. International business involves trading and earning profits through the exchange of foreign
currency. Chile's currency is in pesos while the

Gdp Growth And Other Economic Indicators
GDP growth and other economic indicators
Average per capita income in the United States has the increasing trend that covers a period of 1990
to 2014. The GDP per Capita reveals relationship in economic performance and population growth
of a country. An increase in Gross Domestic Production per Capital shows development in
economic leading to improvement in living standards. On the other hand, Australia GDP has shown
a positive increase over last decade (Babihuga, 2007). The economic level has improved in every
sectors gradually in a dynamic progress. The living standards index is likely equivalent with the
United States capacity in relation to the population in respective countries.
The political structure in the United States has contributed to the development of economic growth.
Political stability provides the appropriate environment, hence attracting more investors. This
stability enhances the confidence of investors in the government of China. The political structure
promotes security for investors through legislatures making favorable laws. Therefore, it encouraged
to trade and investors in United States economy (Kasselaki & Tagkalakis, 2014). In the early 1990s,
the government structure was not well organized, which caused low international investment.
Restructuring government arms took place in the 1990s that led to boosting economic development.
Economic development has steadily increased through the bilateral agreement with other countries
that has led to the

Benefits Of Instruction Accessible For College Or Expert...
Instruction assumes a key part in deciding how you spend your grown–up life – a more elevated
amount of training means higher profit, better wellbeing, and a more extended life. By the same
token, the long haul social and monetary expenses of instructive disappointment are high. Those
without the abilities to take part socially and monetarily create higher expenses for wellbeing, pay
bolster, tyke welfare and government disability frameworks. So a reasonable and comprehensive
framework that makes the benefits of instruction accessible to all is a standout amongst the most
capable levers to make society more evenhanded. Instruction has extended fundamentally in the past
half–century, yet trusts that this would naturally realize a more ... Show more content on
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Value in training upgrades social union and trust. This Policy Brief takes a gander at how to enhance
value in training in three key approach spaces: the configuration of instruction frameworks, hones
both all through school, and resourcing. It proposes ten stages which would help diminish school
disappointment and dropout rates, make society more pleasant and help stay away from the huge
social expenses of minimized grown–ups with couple of essential aptitude.
Value in instruction has two measurements. The principal is reasonableness, which essentially
means verifying that individual and social circumstances – for instance sexual orientation, financial
status or ethnic beginning – ought not be an obstruction to accomplishing instructive potential. The
second is incorporation, as such guaranteeing an essential least standard of instruction for all – for
instance that everybody ought to have the capacity to peruse, compose and do basic math. The two
measurements are nearly entwined: handling school disappointment serves to defeat the impacts of
social hardship which regularly causes school disappointment. Both equity and fairness are issues
for OECD countries. Kids from poorer homes in most OECD nations are somewhere around three
and four times more prone to be among the poorest scorers in science at age 15 (see Figure 1). What
's more, regarding consideration, numerous understudies in OECD nations battle with perusing and
danger, leaving school without fundamental

The Population Of Japan And Japan
This graph illustrates that the population of Japan has aged at a rate that is not what is generally
seen, even in other countries which have large numbers of the population approaching retirement
age. It is marked by two age group "crests"; the first of which can be seen between the ages of 60 to
69, and the second crest can be seen peaking between ages 40 to 44.
The Statistics Bureau of Japan estimates that the population of people over the age of 65 comprises
25.8 per cent of the total population of the country currently, and as the second age crest reaches
retirement age in the next 20 years, the ratio of people over 65 will reach a new high. This will not
only be the result of this second crest being larger in scale relative to younger generations, but also
because life expectancy in Japan is currently at 85 (The World Bank Group) and projected to rise to
87 in the next decade, meaning that these crests will need to be supported by the working population
simultaneously.
This aging generation is not inherently negative for the economy, of course. The other aspects of
Japanese demographic indicators are what makes this aging alarming and pose a serious danger to
the future of the Japanese economy. While not the focus of this paper, it is worth discussing the
population growth of Japan. While the near–future will undoubtedly face a greater burden as the
first age bracket reaches retirement age, the worst hardship will arise in 20 years. The horizon of 20
years is

The Pros and Cons of Globalization Essays
Nowadays people have become closer than before. Services and goods produced in a country will be
available to sell in the other countries. We hear about globalisation in the news every day, read about
it in the news papers and hear people talking about it. Globalisation is the interactively international
and nearness of economies.
It is the process that has led to the diverse parts of the globe becoming much closer to each other
(Slaughter and Swagel, 1997). Globalisation is the procedures by which the people around the world
become connected to each other in all aspects of life, culturally, technically and politically,
economically and environmentally.
Globalisation assists improving technology that benefits many people in throughout ... Show more
The mission was to trade spices and stabilizes the prices of goods and commodities. In the
seventeenth century, globalisation has become an entrepreneurial phenomenon.
The British East India Company established in 1600, was described as one of the first multinational
companies. After that the Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602 and the Portuguese East
India Company in 1628. Because of the financial investment needed for a high risk venture, the
British East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk and allow the
common possession of companies through the issuance of shares, which represented an important
factor to encourage the spread of globalisation.
Globalisation has given us some great advantages throughout our lives. At the same time,
globalisation has created some disadvantages. As a result of the increase and the speed of economic
globalisation, it became easier to cross a border which has resulted in organized crime. For example
the international mafia gangs have taken advantage of the chaos and turmoil in some parts of the
world (Shanty, 2007). In addition, both crime and terrorists groups globalized to find their markets,
to perpetuate their business and to avoid detection. Furthermore,

Management Functions
Management Functions
Contents Page
Introduction 1
Forecasting 2
Planning 3
Organisation 4
Control 5
Co–ordination 6
Communication 7
Motivation 8
Conclusion 9
References 10
Introduction
Henri Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management. His
career began as a mining engineer, later moving into research geology for Comambault. The
company was struggling however, Fayol turned the operation round. Upon retiring he published his
works – a comprehensive theory of administration.
Personal experience and observation were the basis of his theories in terms of what worked well in
organisation. His aspiration for an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The programme can be regularly updated and taking to meetings to establish what delays have
occurred and what impact the may have on the programme overall.
Co–ordination Co–ordination is the bringing together of a work force and the activities they are to
perform, in such a manner that they are achieved with maximum efficiency and harmony. It is a
product of the organising function however; it must be achieved throughout the organisations
structure. Here are some of what I would consider to be the most important co–ordination activities
in construction: * Ensuring the timeliness of work carried out * Maintaining records of all drawings
information, verbal instructions, directives and documents received from both clients and
consultants * Managing the quality of work * Liaising with clients and consultants * Identifying
delays and strategic activities
Communication The goal of communication is to convey information and the understanding of that

information, from one person or group to another person or group. The efficiency and effectiveness
of the construction process depend heavily on the quality of communication. Throughout the
construction process the people involved can communicate via email, word of mouth, drawings,
written instruction, specification or

The Role Of Management During The 21st Century :...
The role of Management in the 21st century: Challenges and Opportunities
The development in management studies has flourished largely; it is with no doubt that the internet
and information technologies have caused this major development. On one hand, the classic
management practices became less effective in organisations. On the other hand, the effects of the
global economy have introduced new management concepts that shape the world business activities.
Historically, the industrial revolution generated most of the managerial principles. For instance, the
financial department concern about the return on investment, while the marketing department
focuses on the marginal profit and market shares. The strategic division pursues a competitive
positioning and profitability, since the human resource department concern about the employees '
motivation, rewards and performance. It could be argued that the main reason of organizations
success rely heavily on successful managers. By which means if the overall activities coordinated
efficiently it will result in a high level of organisational performance. Nowadays, the theories and
practices in modern management have proposed that the role of leadership gives manager more
extended responsibilities. In response to the complexity of today's business issues such as the
dynamic changes in economic, politics and social challenges requires managers to react and respond
promptly. This essay will consider different views with respect

Forms of Commercial Organization
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ORGANISATION
SOLE TRADING CONCERN ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Suitability
PARTNERSHIP FIRM
▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Merits ▪ Demerits ▪ Kind of partnership firm ▪ Types of partners ▪ Partnership
Deed
JOINT HINDU FAMILY BUSINESS ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages
JOINT STOCK COMPANY ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Management ▪
Forms of companies ▪ Features, Merits and Demerits of types of companies ▪ Kinds of companies
CO–OPERATIVE SOCIETY ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Merits ▪ Demerits ▪ Rights ▪ Duties ▪ Powers &
functions ▪ Suitability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.Quick Decision
The sole proprietor is his own boss and need not consult others while making any decision. He
exercises exclusive control over the affairs of the business. Therefore, he can take quick decision
and implement them without any delay.
5.Effective Control
In this form of organisation, the business can be controlled effectively because business activities
are planned and executed by a single man. Since all the decisions relating to purchase and sale are
taken by the soletrader, he can effectively control the business if there is any deviation from the
original plan.
6.Increase in Sales
A sole trader has direct relationship with the customers. Direct contact with the customers will
enable the proprietor to know the nature of their tastes, likes and dislikes. It enables him to make
necessary changes in the quality and design of his products. It will boost his sales besides enhancing
the reputation of the firm.
7.Inexpensive management
The sole trader is the owner, manager and controller of the business. He does not appoint specialists
for various functions. He personally supervises various activities and can avoid wastage in the
business. In this way managerial expenses are reduced to a large extent.

8.Development of Personality
Sole proprietorship facilitates the development of personal qualities like self–reliance,

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OECD paper:
History of the OECD:
The Organization for European Economic Co–operation (OEEC), was established by the Marshall
plan to coordinate the American and Canadian aid for reconstruction of Europe in 1948. Since then
and as an extension for the with the convention on the Organization for Economic Co–operation and
Development, the OECD an international economic organization was established in Paris, on the
14th of December 1960 with the aim of building strong economies in its member countries, and
contribute to development in industrialized as well as developing countries. Nowadays, the OECD
is trying to expand their missions and agenda to include cooperating according to the requirements
of the market economy. Particularly to help the countries which are making their transition from
centrally–planned to capitalist systems. The founding member countries of the OECD include a list
of some of the biggest economies in the world such as the United States of America. Other founding
members include other countries such as most of the European Countries, Turkey and Japan. Today,
the OECD includes up to 34 verity of countries including countries from Latin America, such as
Chile that got accepted as a member in 2010.
The Aims of the OECD:
The OECD functions mainly as an organization that provides governments a setting to discuss,
develop and perfect economic and social policy in a way that allows them to compare experiences,
seek answers to common problems and work to

Analyzing The Distinctive Sorts Of Management Structures
Summary
This report clarifies the distinctive sorts of management structures that are being used, their
advantages and disadvantages, and gives illustrations of where to utilise each one. Furthermore, it
examines different variables that ought to be considered when surveying management structures in
quickly changing economic situations.
Introduction
At the point when another representative joins an organisation one of the first things they learn is the
organisation 's management structure. This incorporates understanding the working associations
with their manager, subordinates and team. Management factors in every type of business from large
multinational corporations to small enterprises. A Company that has 150 staff will not need the same
management style to that of a small 6 member staff team.
Picking the right management structure guarantees an organisation proceeds with development,
happy employees and gainful returns for the shareholders. Picking an unsuitable structure makes
pressures in the middle of employees and supervisors, permits wasteful work practices to thrive and
decreases organisation profits. In the most pessimistic scenario an inaccurate management structure
can prompt organisation closure.
Sadly, numerous organisations place confidence in their association 's management structure is right,
static and never calls for evolving. In any case, such suspicions are guileless and as the pace of
progress increments, there is a need to persistently evaluate the

Australian Health Care Essay
Oral health in Australia is a concern. The impact of poor dental health can instigate ulcers,
gingivitis, gum disease and damage one's overall health. Tooth decay is extensive among Australian
adults, and tooth aches are a considerable amount of hospital admission for children (Parliament of
Australia, 2013). Two in three children aged 14 years have deteriorated permanent teeth, while three
in ten adults receive no treatment at all. Adults living in rural Australia are 1.7 times more likely to
have no teeth than those in major cities. 14 percent of children and 37 percent of adults avoid or
delaying seeing a dentist due to costs (Australian Institude of Health and Welfare, 2012). The
advantages of installing a dental program within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impact on the health system alone will have a dynamic consequences for younger Australians.
Financing this becomes problematic, Australia already spends 9.5 percent of gross domestic product
(GPI) was health care services (Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development, 2013)
and costs will only escalate. The health workforce in 2011 had 3.3 doctors and 10.1 nurses per 100
000 population however 25 percent of those were over the age of 55 years (Organisation for
Economic Co–operation and Development, 2013). Then there is community expectations on
receiving services free or at a very low cost. Not to mentation globalisation which requires high
efficient technology to transmit information internationally and finally government overregulation.
Ensuring effective and cost efficient health care is not an easy battle however, some pre–planning is
required. Similar to superannuation funds, a foundation needs to be established for each Australian
worker, then a percentage of their income should be paid directly into this reserve and may be
drawn against when health care issues arise. This would elevate some of the financing pressure and
community expectations. The Medicare levy tax would still be charged to cover medical training,
research, technology and assist vulnerable Australians.
Prevention campaigns and early detection screenings

Investigation Of Turkish Students ' Mathematics...
Investigation of Turkish Students' Mathematics Performance based on PISA 2012 Objective The
purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between selected student– and school–level
variables and mathematics performance of Turkish students using PISA 2012 dataset. Two research
questions were investigated: (1) How much do schools vary in their mean mathematics achievement
in Turkey? (2) Which student– and school–level variables are associated with students' mathematics
performance in Turkey based on PISA 2012 results? Theoretical Framework PISA is a 3–year cycle
of international assessment, which has been organized by Organization for Economic Co–operation
and Development (OECD) since 2000. The primary aim of the PISA assessments is to determine the
extent to which young people, who are 15–years old, have acquired the wider knowledge and skills
that they will need in their real–life challenges with considering a literacy perspective in reading,
mathematics, and science. According to PISA 2012 overall results, Turkey ranked 44th, 42nd, and
43rd positions across the 65 countries in mathematics, reading and science, respectively (OECD,
2014b). In this present study, some student– and school variables were chosen to determine if there
is any effect on students' mathematics performance in Turkey. Gender is the first variable coming to
mind when someone starts an educational research because there are not any certain statements;
therefore, the influences of gender on the

Leading Community Businesses And Governments Admit...
Introduction Leading community businesses and governments admit Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) as an official policy objective. Those companies who apply CSR are able to
maintain sustainable progress. This development covers social, economic and environmental
influence in how they run (Clegg, 2011, p. 216). Three areas are the bases of the triple bottom line
(TBL) approach (Elkington, 1994). CSR itself has various meaning but in more simple way it can be
defined as firms' obligation to act ethically and to facilitate elaboration. Thereby they try to make
employees' life better and likewise help to demonstrate a positive impact on local society. Therefore
businesses are responsible for two factors of how they operate. Firstly, they should be concerned
about the quality of management including people and operations. Secondly, they have to consider
the character and amount of their effect on community in different fields. External stakeholders take
a huge concern on how an organisation acts whether they perform well in their products, services,
and society or not. Moreover they take an interest in how they care towards the workforce (Baker,
2004). The following paper demonstrates the major reasons of why businesses should take CSR
seriously and what advantages does CSR have when they use it. First aspect will be related to
reputation and brand image. Then it will be followed by strategy of cost reduction. Third aspect will
explain the approaches to gain a competitive

Anti-Money Laundering And Counter-Terrorism Financing
We all understand that anti–money laundering and counter–terrorism financing matters. This course
explains how money laundering and terrorism financing work, then provide the essentials for
lawyers to do two important things.
First, to gain an understanding on which parts of the legislation may apply directly to them, and to
provide tips to manage a legal practice for compliance. This may include taking a risk–based
approach towards anti–money laundering and counter–terrorism financing, initial client
identification and ongoing client due diligence, and suspicious matter reporting. Non–compliance
brings about the risk of criminal proceedings, civil proceedings, and disciplinary action (such as by
professional bodies).
Second, to assist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, terrorism is often funded by "clean" money.
How does money laundering work in theory?
There are normally three steps in the ML process:
1. Placement – This is where the money originated from an illegal source is introduced into the
financial system. This may be by way of depositing it into a bank account or by converting it into
diamonds, gold or other assets that can then be sold.
2. Layering – This is where the money from an illegal source is dispersed and disguised through a
series of transactions or moved several times from its origin in order to hide any audit trail. This
may involve the use of multiple banks and accounts in difference names, then transact through
intermediaries, corporations and trusts.
3. Integration – This is where, after distancing the money from any criminal association, that money
is integrated back into the economy. This may be by investment in property developments or similar
activities. At this stage, the illegal money has achieved the appearance of legitimacy.
Application to

Stakeholder Theory Of The Firm
Even though the stakeholder theory of the firm served as a comprehensive fundamentally solid
concept for corporate social responsibility to branch out of; without the stakeholder theory of the
firm there is no corporate social responsibility and vice versa, because business cannot exist without
society and society is not sustainable without business, due to advancements in the modern world,
business and society have evolved, and traditional business theories have a narrow business scope,
while contemporary perspectives have a broader approach.
First, Without the stakeholder theory of the firm there is no corporate social responsibility and vice
versa, because business cannot exist without society and society is not sustainable without business.
According to R. Edward Freeman 1984, the stakeholder theory of the firm is about a conceptualised
thought of how a firm works and creates value (youtube video). So, in order for us to understand
what the stakeholder theory of the firm is about first the components of the theory should be
defined. Stakeholders are groups or individuals who affect or are affected by the operations and or
decisions of the organisation and contribute or are a necessity to the success or failure of the
organisation. Stakeholders can be owners, managers, suppliers, employees, communities, financiers,
government, non–profit bodies and customers even sometimes competitors (Freeman). Next, a firm
is an establishment or a number of establishments that buy,

Mateship Aussies: A Case Study
Australia Like, Austria, Australia is also one of the largest mixed market economies in the world. Its
economy is primarily driven by its service sector, comprising 68% of its GDP. Other sectors (and
biggest employers) include mining, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, tourism, media, education,
and logistics. It is the 12th largest in the world in terms of GDP. Unemployment here is higher by a
small margin at 5.8%, but still very low in overall scale. Australian workers are also given free hand
at work, especially in socializing. Doing it after–office is encouraged. Also, mutual respect is being
emphasized, as it adheres to the spirit of mateship Aussies are known for. That means equal respect
should be given from the employees to the company

Development Of Egyptian Cca Projects Essay
Introduction
Climate change have enormous negatives risks threaten livelihoods and hinder development around
the globe, according to Global Humanitarian Forum 500 million people are at extreme risk due to
floods, droughts, landslides and tropical cyclones so governments, NGOs, private sector, and other
stakeholders address climate change adaptation through projects and initiatives that represent the
practical ways to adapt with CCR. Monitoring and evaluating process is responsible for being sure
that the CC projects able to meet its objective through tracking successes and failures in order to
foster learning. Chapter evaluate performance of Egyptian CCA projects Compared to global
projects to investigate gaps and extract lessons learned.
1.1. Scope of study
Study discussing climate change adaptation projects that implemented as Part of the official CCA
policy then compare to global projects to investigate gaps and lessons learned, the selected case
studies have same adaptation theme and face almost the same challenge, all of the case–studies
selected from developing countries because they have approximately common in social, economic
and environmental challenges that make the comparison fair. study investigate project scope,
timeline, contractor, total cost, partner, goals, challenge and outcomes for 20 project, 9 project
implemented in Egypt and 9 implemented in developing countries; Morocco, Mexico, Brazil,
Kiribati, India, Philippine, Solomon Islands, Central African

The Role Of Education In The Developing World
Education in the Developing World
Is education a basic human right? According to Article 26 of the United Nation's Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, yes. It states that everyone should have access to free primary
education and equal opportunity access to higher education. Unfortunately, in many places around
the world, access is limited either monetarily or governmentally, and even when it is available, a
lack of resources or a lack of proper educators can severely limit the quality of the education. As
many as 115 million primary–age children around the world are not currently in school, and of those
who are in school, over 226 million never attend secondary school. In some parts of Africa the
literacy rate in children is below fifty percent. Let's take a look at one developing country in
particular, South Africa, which is considered to have one of the worst education systems on the
planet.
South Africa's education system is broken into three parts: elementary schooling, secondary
schooling, and tertiary schooling. According to the Organisation for Economic Co–operation and
Development, only about seven percent of South Africans achieve tertiary schooling. As of 2013,
South Africa houses 25,720 schools for almost 12.5 million people. That's nearly one in four people
in some form of education. It makes sense, as primary schooling is required by law for children
between the ages of seven and fifteen. Yet of those who go to school twenty–seven percent are still

Using Information From Websites, As It Will Give Me...
1.0 Methods
For this report, I will mainly use information from websites, as it will give me information about
anti–bribery policies. I will also use a website called Harvard reference to give the reader an easier
understanding on what I will be reporting on. I will use BBC website as well to know the recent
bribery act that has lately happened to an organisation and what anti–bribery does to other
organisation.
2.0 Introduction
The purpose of this report is to know more about, the meaning of anti–bribery and what the policy
intends to achieve on an organisation that I have chosen. By doing research on recently published
journal articles, newspapers and internet sites on the topic about anti–bribery, this report will
describes, what the policies intends to do and the employees that will be affected with the policies.
Anti–bribery helps the operations of one organisation to detect or prevent the corruption inside one
organisation.
3.0 How to prevent bribery?
The most effective way to prevent bribery is to have an anti–corruption program, this is important to
a big organisation. This will enforce some of the actions and will change the penalties to bribery to
an organisation.
Year 2011 UK Bribery Act of 2010 leads many organisations to re–evaluate their anti–corruption
program, even do companies that have general policies and procedures to comply with the UK
Bribery Act [Kenneth Clarke. (2011)]. This Act not only covers bribery of UK government officials
but it also cover

Discuss The Roles And Responsibilities Of National And...
Educational policies and procedures need to be reviewed on a regular basis to keep them up to date.
Senior members of staff will gather together to discuss what needs to be amended and updated
within the policies and procedures. A senior member of staff will then draft the new policy or
procedure and send it over to the governors to be agreed. These are in place to ensure that the school
is run correctly, and the staff, pupils and any other individual within the school are protected and
meeting the expectations and guidelines.
1. Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy
and practice.
The roles and responsibilities of: National government
The department for education is responsible for the education and services for children. This means
that they are responsible for not only setting the national curriculum but for also many other roles.
They are responsible for the early year's foundation stage which the schools and nurseries operate
by, they will also use it to look into new ways to develop the quality of services which are available
to the children under the five outcomes of every child matters. These five are enjoy and achieve,
stay safe, be healthy, achieve economic well–being and to make a positive contribution. Some of the
other roles and responsibility that the department of education have are: funding research into
educational projects, developing workforce reform such as the 2020 children's workforce strategy,
promoting integrated working for anyone who works with children or young people and to develop
the role of the third sector which is a non–government organisation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The local education authority is responsible for providing: promoting community cohesion, school
management issues, behaviour management, the development of all school's policies, staff training
and development and special educational

Split Of Korea Essay
The Split of Korea
In 1950, South Korea developed its economy and was greatly influenced by the United States of
America. While North Korea followed the path of communism, South Korea discovered a better
path of developing their nation and becoming more unified as a family. The surrender of Japan to
the allies at the end of World War II was the catalyst in the split of Korea. North Korea then
attempted to conquer the Korean peninsula by force (Armstrong). South Korea focused on
intensifying their nationalism such as developing their own culture and the unity of factions.
Additionally, South Korea focused on improving the efficiency of its government system as it
selected a new designated leader and received support and funding from their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They targeted specific industries for development and the first were textiles and light manufacturing
then to iron, steel, and chemicals(Yu, Lew). By joining the "Organisation for Economic Co–
operation and Development"(Yu, Lew) to advance to the next level of economic growth(Yu, Lew).
South Korea obtained all parameters; political, military, and economic from the U.S and recovered
from the Asian financial crisis in 1997. On the other hand, North Korea developed a government
having a highly centralized political system. North Korea developed into the most isolated and
controlled state showing no sign of both political and economic

The Priorities And Objectives Of COMESA
Priorities and Objectives of COMESA The Treaty establishing COMESA binds together free
independent sovereign States which have agreed to co–operate in exploiting their natural and human
resources for the common good of all their people. In attaining that goal, COMESA recognises that
peace, security and stability are basic factors in providing investment, development, trade and
regional economic integration. Experience has shown that civil strives; political instabilities and
cross–border disputes in the region have seriously affected the ability of the countries to develop
their individual economies as well as their capacity to participate and take full advantage of the
regional integration arrangement under COMESA. It has now been fully accepted ... Show more
The aims and objectives of COMESA have been designed so as to remove the structural and
institutional weaknesses in the member States by pooling their resources together in order to sustain
their development efforts either individually or collectively. These are as follows: to attain
sustainable growth and development of the member States by promoting a more balanced and
harmonious development of its production and marketing structures; to promote joint development
in all fields of economic activity and the joint adoption of macro –economic policies and
programmes; to raise the standard of living of its peoples, and to foster closer relations among its
member

Understanding Organisations: Understanding the Internal...
Understanding Organisations: Understanding the internal and external organisational environments
This section covers:
Organisational theory
Organisation structure
Centralisation and decentralization
Levels of the organization
Mintzberg's nine design parameters
Formal organisational relationships
Definition of an organisation: Systems of activities and behaviours to enable humans and their
machines to accomplish goals and objectives a joint function of human characteristics and the
nature of the task environment.
Organisational Theory
Organisations are 'complex adaptive systems' that use people, tasks and technologies to achieve
specified goals and objectives. Organisational theory refers to how organisations are ... Show more
The purpose of structure is the division of work among members of the organisation, and the co–
ordination of their activities so that they are directed towards achieving the same goals and
objectives of the organisation. Structure defines tasks and responsibilities, work roles and
relationships, and channels of communication.
Objectives of an organisation structure
accountability for areas of work undertaken by groups and individual members of the organisation
co–ordination of different parts of the organisation and different areas of work
effective and efficient organisational performance, including resource utilisation
monitoring the activities of the organisation
flexibility in order to respond to changing environmental factors

the social satisfaction of members of the organisation
Dimensions of organisational structure
Child (1988) suggests six major dimensions as components of an organisation structure:
allocation of individual tasks and responsibilities, job specialisation and definition
formal reporting relationships, levels of authority and spans of control
grouping

The Cold War And Its Impact Of The Second World War
The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is an important historical document in
Europe as it signifies the coming together of countries after WWII to create peace. The catastrophic
effect of WWII led for the necessity of a new European integration. Europeans wanted to end the
bloodshed and tragedies of the Second World War to prevent enormous destruction on that scale
from happening again. Millions of lives had been lost and the impact was devastating. Cities and
towns were wiped out with bombings and the loss of homes created thousands of refugees which
resulted in the desire for a new Europe. Soon after the war, Europe was divided into the East and
West and the Cold War began, which lasted forty years. The Cold War was between the Soviet
Russia and the United States, or Communism versus Capitalism. The Organisation for European
Economic Co ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Europe in the twentieth century was divided into two halves pre 1950 "sixty million people died
in wars or through state sponsored violence" after 1950 this number was under one million.
According to Mazower, "if the nation state is blamed for the bloodshed of the first half of the
century, it should be given some credit for the peaceful character of the second". The Common
Market was essential in ensuring the Franco German conflict ended. Thus the Treaty of Rome is a
significance document as it created a new era in Europe. It signifies the end of brutish wars and
solidarity between states with the EU even receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012. There has now
been over seventy years of peace between France and Germany. With the expansion of member
states increasing from six in 1957 to twenty eight to date highlights the strength of the European
Union

The Decline of The U.S. Education System Essay
Education in the United States has long been a concerned issue for teachers, parents, and
communities. It is a major political topic, in which government has shown continuous efforts to
compare and evaluate standards from state to state by creating and monitoring various programs for
overall academic improvement across the country.
Proper education has now become a moral necessity in order for individuals and societies to grow
and succeed. Some of the major issues in the U.S. educational system consist of lack of equality in
education, and decline in academic test scores. The U.S. spends more per student than any OECD
nation, and other countries also seemingly invest funds differently than us. In addition, most
countries invest money ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Education Secretary Arne Duncan said "This is an absolute wake–up call for America," "The results
are extraordinarily challenging to us and we have to deal with the brutal truth. We have to get much
more serious about investing in education." ("USA Today– In ranking, U.S. students trail global
leaders," 2010, para. 4)
While the U.S. has shown minor improvement in the PISA science test scores from 2006 to 2009
there is still a large margin for improvement needed in all areas. But questions still remain to be
answered as to why there is such a large gap in comparison between the U.S. education and other
countries. In his remarks regarding the release of the PISA results, Secretary Arne Duncan quotes
the fact that the OECD has concluded in their study that the primary issue is not directly related to
diversity or disadvantaged backgrounds of public school students but that "Socio–economic
disadvantage leads more directly to poor educational performance in the United States than is the
case in many other countries." (Secretary Arne Duncan's Remarks at OECD's Release of the
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009 Results, December 7, 2010)
In addition OECD concluded that, children from single–parent families score much lower in reading
than their peers from two–parent or other types of families, even after accounting for socio–
economic background.
Furthermore, teachers' salary

Multinational Corporations Vs. Small And Medium...
The fundamental goal of every company is to maximise profit – to make money. That is the main
reason people create businesses whether it be the large corporations or the small and medium
enterprises (SMEs). Because of gloablisation, firms are competing in a highly competitive market
where there is increasing pressure to find ways to perform better – to get that above average returns.
However, there is one thing other than economies of scale that greatly disadvantage the SMEs from
the large multinational corporations (MNCs) and that is profit shifting. First of all, MNCs are
organisations that operate in more than one country. Profit shifting is when MNCs utilise the
differences in tax laws to "shift income to low–tax affiliates and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a journal article by Bartelsman and Beetsma (2000), they looked at the presence of profit shifting
in response to the disparity of the corporate tax rates among several OECD countries. They used
sectoral data as a method for their analysis. They have found that the magniture of profit shifting is
sufficiently great and worthy of attention. They estimate that a one percent unilateral increase in tax
rate will result in a three percent decline in corporate tax revenues, where the organisation's profit is
unchanged. Moreover, the researchers found that having stricter enforcement in an already high–tax
jurisdiction will have a negative impact on their tax revenues and that real activity is transferred to
countries with lower tax rates or more lenient enforcement.
As mentioned previously, increasing pressures of competition and the goal of making more profits
are the reasons why organisations try to find ways to minimise their costs. However, profit shifting
is done because they saw the substantial disparity of corporate tax rates among countries and thus,
an opportunity to minimise costs (Bartelsman & Beetsma, 2000; Holtzblatt et al., 2015). Exhibit 1
shows the corporate tax rates in developed countries (see Appendix). Australia's corporate tax rate is
30%, which is the 4th highest (tied with Mexico) among OECD countries, where it is topped by the
US at 35%, France at 34.43%, and Belgium at 33%. Holtzblatt et

Management Theories
A manager's role is to plan, make decisions, and co–ordinate the organising, leading and controlling
of an organisation's resources, in order to achieve organisational goals in an efficient and effective
manner (Davidson, Simon, Woods & Griffin, 2009). Management theories from the past can be
utilised by contemporary managers, enabling them to consider a range of perspectives on how to
approach problems, make decisions and develop systems designed to reap the benefits of employees
exhibiting desirable behaviours (Davidson et al, 2009). Despite the common conception that
theories are abstract and irrelevant to practical situations, management theories are grounded in
reality (Davidson et al, 2009). Knowledge gained from experiences in the ... Show more content on
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Managers can learn a lot from the positives and negatives of scientific management. In modern
organisations, increasing efficiency is always a desirable outcome, however case studies involving
scientific management highlight the danger of focussing on efficiency at the expense of employees'
satisfaction. Henri Fayol, Max Weber and Chester Barnard were three contributors to administrative
management, the branch of classical management concerned with the organisation as a whole
(Davidson et al, 2009).
Henri Fayol (1841–1925) described fourteen basic principles of management, which provide the
basis for the four basic categories– planning, leading, organising and controlling– used in most
contemporary management books (Davidson et al, 2009). Under Fayol's system, the management
process goes beyond the basic hierarchical model developed by Taylor. The command function
continues to operate effectively through a series of co–ordination and control methods. Regular
managerial meetings were recommended to improve co–ordination of organisational operations
(Pindur et al, 1995). Fayol's categorisation of managerial principles is a useful reference point for
contemporary managers to examine their behaviours against (Davidson et al, 1995).
Max Weber is often referred to as the father of bureaucratic management (Pindur et al, 1995). He
developed a system in which individuals were granted occupations and responsibilities within an

Consumer Law In Australia
Australia is the sixth largest country in the world, the largest in Oceania and the second largest in
the southern hemisphere. It occupies most of the land in Oceania, with a total area of 7 million 692
thousand square kilometers. Its 70% are desert and semi desert, and it is surrounded by the sea.
Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th–
largest economy. In 2014 Australia had the world's fifth–highest per capita income. Australia's
military expenditure is the world's 13th–largest. With the second–highest human development index
globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as
quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political
rights. Australia is a member of the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These laws provide a standard for organizations to interact with their consumers, suppliers, and
competitors.
For customers, the Australian consumer law (ACL) provides rules for unfair contract terms,
protection for consumer rights, and product safety. The Australian consumer law provides
consumers consumer guarantees which apply to merchandises and services, such as refund,
replacement, and repair.
For environment, Australia has environment legislation that no matter what types of organization
you run, you need to reduce the impact on the environment by reducing carbon emissions, the level
of your wasting and being more sustainable. This not only protects the environment, but also gives
your consumers a good image.
For competition, Australia has a national statutory framework to ensure that trading is fair for
businesses and consumers. This framework is administered and enforced by the Australian
Competition and Consumer Commission (Australian government

Disadvantages Of Treaty Shopping
may attempt to obtain benefits that a tax treaty grants to a resident of that State. These arrangements
are generally referred to as "treaty shopping". Treaty shopping cases typically involve persons who
are residents of third States attempting to access indirectly the benefits of a treaty between two
Contracting States.
The OECD has already analyzed the issue of bargain shopping in various settings:
 The idea of "beneficial owner" was presented in the Model in 1977 keeping in mind the end goal
to manage basic settlement shopping circumstances where salary is paid to a middle person
inhabitant of an arrangement nation who isn't dealt with as the proprietor of that pay for charge
purposes, (for example, an operator or candidate). In the meantime, a short new area on "Ill–advised
Use of the Convention" (which included two cases of bargain shopping) was included to the
Commentary Art. 1 and the Committee demonstrated that it planned "to make a top to bottom
investigation of such issues and of different methods for managing them".
 That inside and out investigation brought about the 1986 reports on Double Taxation and the Use
of Base organizations and Double Taxation and the Use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As demonstrated in proposed passage 12.5 of the Commentary on Art. 10, which was incorporated
into the most recent talk draft on the significance of "helpful owner":9 "while the idea of 'beneficial
owner' manages a few types of assessment evasion (i.e. those including the intervention of a
beneficiary who is obliged to pass on the profit to another person), it doesn't manage different
instances of settlement shopping and should not, in this manner, be considered as confining in any
capacity the utilization of different ways to deal with tending to such

South Africa’s Hegemonic Position
Do you regard South Africa as a hegemon in its relations with the rest of SADC region? Relate your
answer from a specific ideological perspective AND identify the applicable International Relations
theory present in your answer.
Table of contents
1. Introduction......................................................................................2
2. Defining a hegemon...........................................................................2
3. The role of Southern African Development Community (SADC)..................4
4. South Africa as a hegemon in its relations with the rest of SADC region.......5
5. The IR theory in support of South Africa's Hegemonic stance.....................6
5.1 Liberalism....................................................................................6
6. Conclusion.......................................................................................7
Bibliography.....................................................................................8
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Khadiagala and Lyons (2001:83) some of the objectives which guide the operations of
SADC are mentioned as follows: to promote regional peace and security; to stimulate development
and economic progression, through regional incorporation; to reinforce relations among the
populaces of the region; and to develop common political beliefs and organisations. In addition, the
current SADC is an important organisation which is considered to bring about the co–ordination and
validation of policies and strategies for sustainable development in all areas, as well as the effective
implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol (Halisi, 1999:54). It also characterised a desire to
achieve a deeper and a broader form of economic integration among member states (Nathan,
2013:125). One of the SADC's predicted outcomes were to bring about the construction of stronger
cooperation and closer intra–regional bonds (Nathan, 2013:126).
According to Nathan (2013:126) the purpose of SADC is to generate a regional community, which
would be

The Strengths And Weakness Of Clinical Governance Essay
This paper illustrates the strengths and weakness of clinical governance in relation to medicinal
aspect and how it is reflected by writer's experience as a medical officer. Writer believes that
discussion of the concepts of governance and management is important for this report. As history
always plays a vital part in any area, therefore contemporary health service delivery of New Zealand
is discussed with its brief history. Writer has also differentiated the between governance and
management which is very important to add in this paper. All these topics are supported by latest
academic literature and are written in a scholarly manner.
2.0 Governance
In health sector, Governance refers to a broad area of rule–making and decision making functions to
attain the objectives of national health policies which covers the health universally. This political
procedure maintains the equilibrium of competing influences and requirements. Governance
supports the strategic directions for development of policies and their implementation, identifies and
rectifies the unenviable trends and deformities, establish productive accountability system and
monitor the behaviour of healthcare financiers to healthcare contributor. To maintain the health of
population, this covers the civil and private sector as well (WHO, 2016). According to Crowther
(2010), governance is significant to continue the growths and benefits of any organization.
Therefore, to work company better good governance is the

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT
SECTION – A
PART ONE:
Multiple Choices:
1. Future
2. Staffing
3. Departmentation
4. Acceptance Theory
5. Decentralization
6. Master Chart
7. Downward Communication
8. Social Needs
9. Staffing Defined
10. Counseling
PART TWO:
1. What do you understand by Maslow's Theory of Motivation? According to "Abraham Maslow"
the behaviour of an individual at a particular moment is usually determined by his strongest need.
Needs have a certain priority or hierarchy. As the more basic needs are satisfied an individual seeks
to satisfy the higher needs. If his basic needs are not met, efforts to satisfy the higher needs should
be postponed. Once a need is satisfied it loses its capacity to induce the man to work. Only
unsatisfied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
i) Receipt of financial incentives. ii) Contribution in attaining the objectives of the enterprises. iii)
Fulfillment of responsibilities. iv) Appreciation from colleagues.
v) Setting of an example for others. vi) Responsibility to leadership of superior. vii) Moral
obligation because of regard for old age, experience, competence, etc. According to acceptance
theory, authority flows from bottom to top. A manager has authority if he gets obedience from the
subordinates. Subordinates obey the managers because of the fear of losing financial rewards. This
theory emphasizes sanctions that a manager can use overlooks the influence of social institutions
like trade unions.
SECTION – B
Caselet – 1
1. Critically analyze Mr. Vincent's reasoning.
Mr. Vincent was a good and successful manager but he followed the traditional type of management

skills, and that is why he was not unsuccessful. But when he was taught of many other ways of
managements he started to think that he should only know it for the test because he was confident
thinking that whatever he knows is enough as he was successful, but he was wrong because with
other skills applications he could have not only been successful but could also grow his organisation
and take it to the top of this competitors. Ho could make an increase in the profit of his organisation
and save the waste as much possible. Being an manager he should have always been innovative in
his

Contracting Out Public Service Organization
Contracting out Public Service
Introduction
According to the Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development, many public agencies
in the recent years followed the contracting–out trend (Organisation for Economic Co–operation and
Development, 2009). Currently, the private sector performs activities and functions that the public
employee once executed. Some of the services that the government contracted include vehicle
towing, health services, police protection, and solid waste collection. In 1995, a survey that was
referred to the city managers of America's largest cities revealed that only three of the 66 cities that
responded to the investigation had not privatised any city services. Therefore, the problem not only
translates to administration but staffing concerns by many managers.
Contracting Out Government Functions and Services
Given the current international debates on state buildings and adherence to no harm principles, an
exploration of the pitfalls of contracting out state service is timely (Ya Ni & Bretschneider, 2007).
For the most part, contracting out is a transitional strategy. External agencies usually execute the
most urgent functions while the state capacity takes them on over time. However, the risk of such
procedures is that they can erode the limited capacity and result in parallel systems of government
that can undermine the legitimacy of the state. As citizens view the vital services that non–state
actors execute, the compact between them and

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