1. Hepatitas B and its vaccination
Name: Meshal Ejaz
Roll no: 17161560-016
Presented TO: Mam Kanwal
2. Introduction
• Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which
infects the liver of hominoidea, including humans .
• Transmission of hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or
body fluids such as semen and vaginal fluids, while viral DNA has been detected
in the saliva, tears, and urine of chronic carriers with high titer DNA in serum.
• Perinatal infection is a major route of infection in endemic (mainly developing)
countries.
• Other risk factors for developing HBV infection include working in a health care
setting, transfusions, and dialysis, acupuncture, tattooing.
• Hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils or
drinking glasses, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The
acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice, and (rarely) death.
• Chronic hepatitis B may eventually cause cirrhosis and liver cancer .The
infection is preventable by vaccination.
3. Description
• Hepatitis B virus is an hepadnavirus.
• It has a circular genome composed of partially double-
stranded DNA.
• The viruses replicate through an RNA intermediate form
by reverse transcription replication takes place in the liver,
• Blood tests proteins and antibodies are used to diagnose
the infection.
4. Morphological characteristcs
• lipid envelope icosahedral nucleocapsid core
composed of protein.
• The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA DNA
polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity.
• The outer envelope contains embedded proteins entry
into, susceptible cells.
• The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses,
42 nm
5. Genome organization
• The genome of HBV is made of circular DNA, not fully double-stranded.
• One end of the full length strand is linked to the viral DNA polymerase.
• The viral DNA is found in the nucleus soon after infection of the cell.
• The partially double-stranded DNA is rendered fully double-stranded by
completion of the (+) sense strand and removal of a protein molecule from
the (-) sense strand and a short sequence of RNA from the (+) sense strand.
• Non-coding bases are removed from the ends of the (-) sense strand and the
ends are rejoined.
• There are four known genes encoded by the genome, called C, X, P, and S.
The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood but it
is associated with the development of liver cancer.
6.
7. • Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment
because most adults clear the infection spontaneously
• On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary
to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they
can stop the virus from replicating, thus minimizing liver damage.
• Antiviral drugs lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), tenofovir
(Viread), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude)
• immune system modulators interferon alpha-2a and PEGylated
interferon alpha-2a (Pegasys).
8. Prevention
• Infants born to mothers known to carry hepatitis B can be treated with
antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (HBIg).
• When given with the vaccine within twelve hours of birth, the risk of acquiring
hepatitis B is reduced 90%.
• The risk of vertical transmission to the newborn can be drastically reduced from
20– 90% to 5–10% by administering to the newborn hepatitis B vaccine (HBV 1)
and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth, followed by a
second dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HBV 2) at 1–2 months and a third dose at
and no earlier than 6 months (24 weeks).
• WHO recommended joint immunoprophylaxis starting from the newborn,
multiple injections of small doses of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg, 200–
400 IU per month) or oral lamivudine (100 mg per day) in HBV carrier mothers
with a high degree of infectiousness (>106 copies/ml) in late pregnancy (the last
three months of pregnancy)
9. Steps
• General steps for Recombinant Hepatitis BVaccine production
1. Production of these genes is needed in order to get production
of vaccines on a large scale. A general procedure for the
production of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccines are described
here-.
2. HBs antigen producing gene is isolated from the HB virus by
normal isolation process (cell lysis, protein denaturation,
precipitation, centrifugation and drying).
3. A plasmid DNA is extracted from a bacterium- E.coli and is cut
with restriction enzyme- Eco RI forming the plasmid vector
10.
11.
12. 3. The isolated HBs antigen producing gene is located and
inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector on forming the
recombinant DNA.
4. This recombinant DNA, containing the target gene, is
introduced into a yeast cell forming the recombinant yeast
cell.
5. The recombinant yeast cell multiplies in the fermentation
tank and produces the HBs antigens.
13. 6. After 48 hours, yeast cells are ruptured to free HBsAg.
The mixture is processed for extraction.
7. The HBs antigens are purified.
8. HBsAg are combined with preserving agent and other
ingredients and bottled.
Now it is ready for vaccination in humans.
