road2039

PHC 313 Midterm Third Semester 2023
Question 1
What is the critical factor in road safety to reduce road crashes, injuries, and deaths?
A. Road network
B. Road user behavior
C. Vehicle capacity
D. Vehicle model
Question 2
Which of the following can describe the nature of Disability and Public Health?
A. Double-disciplined
B. Multidisciplinary
C. Single-disciplined
D. They can't be described
Question 3
Which of the following region shown highest mortality rate according to the "World Health
Organization" (WHO?
A. African region
B. Eastern Mediterranean region
C. South east asian region
D. European region
Question 4
Which of the following is more neglected by planners of road infrastructure in developing
countries?
A. Bus Station
B. Cycle path
C. Highway
D. Traffic light
Question 5
Which of the following is traffic and environmental factor affecting drivers* choice of
speed?
A. Age of the driver
B. Maximum speed of the vehicle
C. Prevailing speed
D. Sex of the driver

Question 6
Which of the following model shift the concept of disability from categorizing deficits
impairments within an individual to a focus on barriers people face interacting with the
environment?
A. Functional Model
B. Medical Model
C. Social Model
D. Traditional Model
Question 7
Which of the following describes what Affirmation Model is?
A. Positive identify rather than a personal tragedy
B. Protection of basic individual rights
C. Similar experience of racial Majorities
D. Similar experience of racial Minorities
Question 8
Who are the most vulnerable road users?
A. Bus occupants
B. Car drivers
C. Pedestrians and cyclists
D. Truck riders
Question 9
Which of the following is a major public health issue worldwide unless appropriate action is
taken urgently?
A. Transmission of the diseases.
B. Prevention of vector-borne diseases.
C. Treatment of communicable diseases.
D. Road traffic
Question 10
Which of the following interventions has attributed to the reduction in road traffic fatalities
in High income countries?
Implementation of a wide range of road safety measure
A. injuries and deaths.

Question 11
Which of the following represents the pre-requisite for target setting in road safety plans?
A. Strategy for media coverage.
B. Industry support.
C. Insurance data.
D. Availability of data on deaths, injuries, and traffic trends.
Question 12
Which of the following injury data from the GBD 2002 project represents almost a quarter
of those required admissions to a health facility?
A. Internal injuries.
B. Fractured ankle.
C. Open wound.
D. Intracranial injury or traumatic bram injury.
Question 3
1
Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) levels, represents the point that
starts to increase significantly crash risk?
A. 0.03 g/dr.
B. 0.04 g/dr.
C. 0.01 g/di.
D. 0.02 g/di.
Question 14
What is the leading cause of death in the workplace in the United States?
A. Road traffic and transport crashes.
B. Bicycle accidents crashes.
C. Pedestranian accident.
D. Motor vehicle crashes.
Question 15
Which one of the following risk factors is related to trees, poles, and road signs!
A. Young drivers and riders.
B. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
C. Roadside objects.
D. Rehabilitative psychosocial care.

Question 16
Which of the following are frequently used to separate traffic or to prevent it from leaving
the road?
A. Lebra crossings.
B. Traffic lights.
C. Seat-belts.
D. Safety barriers.
Question 17
What indicator shows the impact of road traffic crashes on the human population?
A. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)?
B. A number of deaths.
C. A number of injuries.
D. Fatalities per 100 000 population.
Question 18
Why may transport systems developed in high-income countries not fit well with the safety
needs of low-income and middle-income countries?
A. Differences in the traffic mix.
B. Differences in the behaviors.
C. Differences in peoples.
D. Differences in attitudes.
Question 19
Which of the following trips' road characteristics is essential for an efficient road network
that minimizes exposure to crash risk?
A. Low-way routes.
B. One-way routes.
C. Short, quickest, and direct route.
D. Railway routes.
Question 20
Why may transport systems developed in high-income countries
A. Differences in attitudes.
B. Differences in peoples.
C. Differences in the behaviors
D. Differences in the traffic mix.

Question 21
Which of the following groups are vulnerable road users?
A. Motorcyclists.
B. Bus driver.
C. Airplane driver.
D. Private driver
Question 22
Which of the following risk factors influence post-crash injury outcome?
A. Non-use of seat-belts.
B. Driver fatigue.
C. Non-use of crash helmets.
D. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
Question 23
Which of the following age groups represent Over 50% of the global mortality due to road
traffic injury?
A. 15 to 44 years
B. B.5 to 14 years
C. 50 to 65 years
D. D.60 to 70 years
Question 24
What region recorded the largest growth in road traffic deaths between 2000 - 2020?
A. Middle East and North Africa.
B. South Asia.
C. East Asia and Pacific.
D. Sub-Saharan Africa.
Question 25
Which of the following represents a fundamental understanding of road injury prevention
and control
A. The traffic systems cannot help to cope with increasingly demanding conditions.
B. Road crash injury should not be a social equity issue.
C. Road crash injury is preventable and predictable.
D. Road safety is the responsibility of police traffic only.

Question 26
Which of the following is the role of public health sector campaigns in the field of road
injury prevention that has encompassed a wide range of measures?
A. Enforcement of road traffic law
B. Mandatory laws on helmet wearing
C. Mandatory child restraint laws.
D. Education, information, and publicity
Question 27
What socioeconomic status is at the greatest risk of being killed or injured as a result of a
road traffic crash?
A. High-class individuals.
B. Individuals living in poorer areas.
C. Individuals from advantaged socioeconomic groups
D. Middle-class individuals.
Question 28
Which of the following speeds is defined as a vehicle exceeding the relevant speed limit?
A. Suitable speed.
B. Appropriate speed.
A. Low speed.
C. Excess speed.
Question 29
Which one of the following belongs to the 7 areas of traffic law enforcement?
Drivers work hours
Question 30
Why is it important to have an effective data system for RTIs?
Data can be a tool to show the magnitude of a problem.
Question 31
Which of the following is effective way to reduce traffic fatalities?
Increasing seat belt use
Question 32
Which one of the following are important to achieving better performance of RTIs
prevention?
Acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility

Question 33
What is the implication of integrated models in public health?
They better reflect the idea that disability is a complex and interrelated phenomena
Question 34
Which of the following is an important tool for measuring the magnitude of a problem and
for setting targets and assessing performance?
Indicators
Question 35
What is the purpose of delivering high quality of post crash care?
To reduce severity of injuries
Question 36
What is the benefit of knowing disability models for public health professionals?
Better interact with disabled community
Question 37
Which one of the following models is example of integrated models of disability?
Nagi model
Question 38
Which one of the following is considered by society impact of RTIs?
Increased poverty
Question 39
Who of the following road users majorly died due to road traffic accidents in low and
middle income countries?
Pedestrian and two wheeler users
Question 40
Which of the following is a key objective in the planning and design of road traffic systems?
Provision of safe, sustainable and affordable means of travel.
Question 41
Which of the following strategies is the least used of all road safety intervention strategies?
Those that aim to reduce exposure to risk

Question 42
What is the main focus of the medical model of disability?
Finding cure
Question 43
The main focus of the social model of disability?
What problems people encounter in their environment
Question 44
Which of the following are important to Achieving better performance of RTIS prevention?
Targets to motivate professionals
Question 45
Which of the following models look at what functions that people with disabilities cannot
perform?
Functional Model
Question 46
What do we call the models that take elements of medical, functional, and social approaches
and integrate them?
Integrated model
Question 47
Which one of the following could contribute to makes vehicles safer?
Using electronic stability should be mandatory in all cars
Question 48
What is the effective road crash injury prevention approach?
System approach
Question 49
Which of the following risk factors influencing vehicle crash which associated with long
distance driving and sleep deprivation?
driver fatigue
Question 50
Which of the following roads are often designed to achieve very low speeds, where the speed
limits usually supported by physical selfenforcing measures to encourage compliance, that
normally around 30 km/h?
Residential access roads

Question 51
Which of the following is still a significant and widespread factor in road crashes?
Alcohol
Question 52
Why new cars are subjected to crash tests?
To check safety performance
Question 53
Which of the following is considered a common indicator for the road traffic injury
problem?
Number of injuries
Question 54
Which of the following creates visual, auditory and cognitive distractions?
Mobile phone use
Question 55
Which intervention can be used to improve the visibility of non-motorized vehicles such
pedestrians?
Wearing clothing that increases their visibility
Question 56
What is the role of Road Traffic Injuries Legislation (Law), which has to provide wide
useful information or awareness for road users?
Laws improve driving behavior
Question 57
Which of the following factors influences exposure to risk in road traffic injury?
Rapid motorization
Question 58
Which of the following technology/technique has reduced driver deaths in purely frontal
crashes ranging from 22% to 29%?
Driver airbags
Question 59
What are the other major factors of crashes, besides the human error?
Poor design of roads and car

Question 60
Which of the following travel mode has the less opportunity to increase exposure to risk?
Public Transport Journey

ESSAY
List any two of the databases and websites of various international and national
organizations that compile road transport statistics?
1) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
2) International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD).
3) Department for Transport, United Kingdom
List any two of the legislation and road user behavior to reduce RTIs?
1) Increasing helmet use.
2) Reducing speed.
3) Increasing seat belt use.
4) Reducing drug-driving.
Mention any two if the care delivering post-crash to avoid preventable death and disability?
1) Pre-hospital care
2) Hospital care
3) Rehabilitation
List any two of the WHO regions in the world that were included in the report on road
traffic injuries and prevention in 2002?
1) African region.
2) South-East Asia region.
3) European region.
4) Region of the Americans.
List any four of the ten risk factors influencing crash involvements?
1) Speed.
2) Young drivers and riders.
3) Drivers fatigue.
4) Hand-held mobile devices.
Mention two main models for predicting future trends in road traffic fatalities?
1) The WHO global burden of disease (GBD).
2) The world bank’s traffic fatalities and economic growth(TFEC).

Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN)
❖ Defined as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, development,
behavioral or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or
amount beyond that required by children generally.”
distribution of injury in population
Injuries could equal more than 50 million a year.
Injuries represent
❖ 12% of the global burden of disease
❖ third most prominent cause of overall mortality
❖ main cause of death for 1 – 40 year olds
In low income countries, road traffic fatalities is among pedestrians, cyclists, occupants of
buses, occupants of two-wheeled vehicles.
In high income countries, fatalities are among occupants of cars.
Models of Health Promotion for People with Disabilities:
❖ Patrick model – Four planes of experience are used to describe the
context(Environment, opportunity, the disabiling process, and quality of life) .
❖ Stuifbergen model – Contextual, attitudinal and behavioral factors influence quality of
life.
Legal rights model
❖ protection of basic individual rights
Minority group model
❖ similar experience of racial minorities

Ahad
New Midterm Second Term 2023 PHC313
MCQ:
Which of the following is a major public health issue worldwide unless
appropriate action is taken urgently?
A. Transmission of the diseases.
B. Prevention of vector-borne diseases.
C. Treatment of communicable diseases.
D. Road traffic injuries and deaths.
Which of the following represents the pre-requisite for target setting in road
safety plans?
A. Strategy for media coverage.
B. Industry support.
C. Insurance data.
D. Availability of data on deaths, injuries, and traffic trends.
Which of the following injury data from the GBD 2002 project represents almost
a quarter of those required admissions to a
health facility?
A. Internal injuries.
B. Fractured ankle.
C. Open wound.
D. Intracranial injury or traumatic bram injury.
Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) levels, represents the
point that starts to increase significantly crash
risk?
A. 0.03 g/dr.
B. 0.04 g/dr.
C. 0.01 g/di.
What is the leading cause of death in the workplace in the United States?
A. Road traffic and transport crashes.
B. Bicycle accidents crashes.
C. Pedestranian accident.

Ahad
D. Motor vehicle crashes.
Which one of the following risk factors is related to trees, poles, and road signs!
A. Young drivers and riders.
B. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
Which of the following are frequently used to separate traffic or to prevent it
from leaving the road?
A. Lebra crossings.
B. Traffic lights.
C. Seat-belts.
D. Safety barriers.
What indicator shows the impact of road traffic crashes on the human
population?
A. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)?
B. A number of deaths.
C. A number of injuries.
D. Fatalities per 100 000 population.
Why may transport systems developed in high-income countries not fit well with
the safety needs of low-income and middle-
income countries?
A. Differences in the traffic mix.
B. Differences in the behaviors.
C. Differences in peoples.
D. Differences in attitudes.
Which of the following trips' road characteristics is essential for an efficient road
network that minimizes exposure to crash risk?
A. Low-way routes.
B. One-way routes.
C. Short, quickest, and direct route.
D. Railway routes.

Ahad
Why may transport systems developed in high-income countries
Which of the following are frequently used to separate traffic or to prevent it
from leaving the road?
A. Safety barriers.
B. Traffic lights.
C. Zebra crossings.
D. Seat-belts.
Why may transport systems developed in high-income countries not
Which one of the following risk factors is related to trees, poles, and road signs
that influence injury severity?
A. Roadside objects.
B. Young drivers and riders.
C. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
D. Rehabilitative psychosocial care
Which one of the following risk factors is related to trees, poles, and road signs
that influence injury severity?
A. Roadside objects.
B. Young drivers and riders.
C. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
Which of the following are important tools for measuring the magnitude of a
problem?
A. Indicators.
B. Efficiently.

Ahad
C. Availability.
D. Facts.
What socioeconomic status is at the greatest risk of being killed or injured as a
result of a road traffic crash?
A. High-class individuals.
B. Individuals living in poorer areas.
C. Individuals from advantaged socioeconomic groups
D. Middle-class individuals.
Which of the following is designed to provide protection for belted and unbelted
occupants in frontal crashes?
A. Reducing drink-driving.
B. Reducing drug-driving.
C. Driver airbags
D. Reducing distracted driving.
Which of the following speeds is defined as a vehicle exceeding the relevant speed
limit?
A. Suitable speed.
B. Appropriate speed.
c. Low speed.
D. Excess speed.
Which route management technique, can be applied to achieve the use of
shorter, quickest and safer roads?
A. Decreasing travel times on un-desired routes.
B. Increasing travel times on un-desired routes.
C. Increasing travel times on desired routes
D. Directing Traffic
In which of the following countries, the systematic efforts to collect road traffic
data are not well developed, and underreporting of deaths and
serious injuries is common?
A. High-income countries
B. European countries.
c. Developed countries.

Ahad
D. low-income countries.
Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations (HAC) levels, represents
the point that starts to increase significantly crash risk?
A-003 g/dl
B-6.0.01 g/dl
C- 0.02 g/dl
D-0.004 g/dl
Which of the following groups suffered the most severe injuries due to motor
vehicle collisions?
A.Car Drivers
B. Motorcyclists
C. Truck drivers
D. Children
Which of the following is the role of public health sector campaigns in the field
of road injury prevention that has encompassed a wide range of measures?
A. Enforcement of road traffic law
B. Mandatory laws on helmet wearing
C. Mandatory child restraint laws.
D. Education, information, and publicity
Which of the following represents a fundamental understanding of road injury
prevention and control
A. The traffic systems cannot help to cope with increasingly demanding
conditions.
B. Road crash injury should not be a social equity issue.
C. Road crash injury is preventable and predictable.✅
D. Road safety is the responsibility of police traffic only.
Which of the following is one of the main factors contributing to the increase in
global road crash injuries??
A. Increase socioeconomic status.
B. Increase alcohol drinking among drivers.
D. Growing number of motor vehicles.

Ahad
Which of the following data is used by the WHO Global Burden of
Disease (GBD) project to predict road traffic deaths?
A. Personal data.
B. Health data.
C. Commercial data.
D. Geographic data.
What is the role of the car industry in road injury prevention?
A. Designing safe vehicles.
B. Providing ambulances.
C. Donating to the government.
D. Designing modern vehicles.
Which of the following countries has the lowest road traffic fatality rate?
A. African countries
B. European countries.
C. Developing countries.
D. Asian countries.
Which of the following is an environmental-related factor that affects
drivers' choice of speed?
A. Sex of the driver.
B. Weather condition.
C. Attitudes.
D. Age of the driver.
What is the important reason for the historical neglect of road crash injuries in
public health?
A. Lack of financial resources
B. Weakness of road network
C. A comprehensive view of accidents
D. The traditional view of accidents as a random event
Which of the following cause of injury deaths worldwide represents the highest
percentage?
A. Violence.
B. Drowning.

Ahad
C. Suicide.
D. Road traffic injuries.
What region recorded the largest growth in road traffic deaths between 2000-
2020?
A. Middle East and North Africa.
B. South Asia.
C. East Asia and Pacific.
D. Sub-Saharan Africa.
In which of the following countries, the systematic efforts to collect road traffic
data are not well developed, and underreporting of deaths common!
A. European countries.
B. High-income countries.
C. Developed countries.
D. low-income countries.
Which of the following age groups represent Over 50% of the global mortality
due to road traffic injury?
A. 15 to 44 years
B.5 to 14 years
C. 50 to 65 years
D.60 to 70 years
Which of the following risk factors influence post-crash injury outcome?
A. Non-use of seat-belts.
B. Driver fatigue.
C. Non-use of crash helmets.
D. Lack of trained expertise in trauma care.
Which of the following groups are vulnerable road users?
A. Motorcyclists.
B. Bus driver.
C. Airplane driver.
D. Private driver

Ahad
Essay Questions :
1-Write down any two of the best strategies to tackle the problem of roadside
objects like trees, poles, and road signs.
1-Protecting roadsides objects with barriers to absorb part of the impact energy.
2-Introducing a clear zone at the side of the road.
3-Designing roadside objects so that they are more “forgiving”.
4-Protecting vehicle occupants from the consequences of collisions with roadside
object, through better vehicle design.
2- Write down any two of the care delivering post-crash to avoid preventable
death and disability.
-Pre-hospital
-Hospital care
-Rehabilitation
3- What are the four main purposes for developing a new system approach to
road crash injury prevention?
1-Identify problems.
2-Formulate strategy.
3-Set targets.
4-Monitor performance.
4- List any two of the databases and websites of various international and
national organizations that compile road transport statistics.
1-United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
2-International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD).
3-Department for Transport, United Kingdom.
5- List any two of the WHO regions in the world that were included in the report
on road traffic injuries and prevention in 2002.
1-African region.
2-South-East Asia region.
3-European region.
4-Region of the Americans.

Ahad
6- Mention, two main models for predicting future trends in road traffic
fatalities.
1-the WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
2- the World Bank’s Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth (TFEC)
project (1), using transport, population and economic data.
7-List any two of the Legislation and road user behavior to reduce RTIs.
1-Reducing speed
2-Increasing helmet use
3-Reducing drink-driving
4-Increasing seat belt use
5-Reducing drug-driving
8- List any four of the ten risk factors influencing crash involvement.
1-Speed
2-Young drivers and riders
3-Alcohol
4-Driver fatigue
5-Hand-held mobile devices
9- Write down any Two, impacts of road traffic injuries on the health, society,
and economy.
1-Loss of productivity
2-Increase poverty.
3-Human capital lost.
4-Victim emotional pain.
5-Medical treatment cost
6-Cost of long-term care and rehabilitation

Test Bank PHC 313
Quiz 1
Which of the following refer to risk factors influencing injury severity?
Roadside objects
What is the aim of WHO / world bank report on road traffic injury prevention?
Increase awareness of road traffic
All of the following are an impacts of RTIs on society except one?
Decreased Poverty
How many people killed every year due to road traffic crashes?
1.2 million
What is the percentage of road traffic death in high income countries?
10%
Which of the following can distract driver while driving?
Mobile use
Why is it important to have an effective data system for RTIs?
Data can be a tool to show the magnitude of a problem
Which of the following road users are experiencing greater risk when they are
using roads?
pedestrians and cyclists
Why Road traffic injury is a public health concern?
It is the third main reason of overall mortality
Which of the following transportation is far safer than car travel?
public transportation
What is the most region in the world in mortality rate due to RTI?
Africa
What is the sector can be a responsible for increasing awareness about the need
for better data collection system?
Health sector

Which of the following is the fundamental problem of road traffic injuries?
Speed
Which of the following risk factors has very little impact on crash cause?
Vehicle related factors.
Which one of the following is a risk factors influences post-crash injury
outcome?
Hospital care
Which of the following is the only region where high-income countries have a
higher road traffic death rate than low-income and middle-income countries?
Eastern Mediterranean
Why road traffic injuries declined in high-income countries?
Safety measures.
Which of the following is not objective of WHO/ world bank report on road
traffic injuries?
Encourage professionals from the fields of health.
what is the factors associated with driver fatigue?
Sleep deprivation.
Declines in RTIS in high-income countries is attributed to one of the following?
Safety measures
Which of the following are important to Achieving better performance of RTIS
prevention?
What is the lowest region in mortality rate due RTI?
European

Quiz 2
What does "eligibility based on functioning” mean when providing services for
disabled individuals?
Eligibility based on day-to-day performance.
Which of the following refer to disability prevalence?
Number of cases of disability in a population
Which level of prevention is associated with early detection?
Secondary level
What is the general goal of disability epidemiology?
Discovering prevalence and distribution of disability
Which of the following can be thought of as an example of positive exposure as
related to prevention of disability?
Exposure to educational programs
Which one of the following is refer to study of the occurrence and distribution of
health-related states in specified populations?
Epidemiology
Which of the following is a main category of Social Environment?
Employment
Which of the following variables are studied in disability epidemiology?
Independent or dependent variables
What is "healthy people 2010"
federal agenda for improving the health of the U.S. population
What of the following social environment programs focus on subsidized housing
that provided for people with disabilities?
Housing program
What do we mean by biology domain?
Genetics or other attributes someone is born with
Which of the following is a study design used in disability epidemiology?
Cohort studies

How the health promotion different in the general population from the disability?
Health promotion in disability will provide education and environmental changes
according to the health needs of disabled people.
Which of the following is defined as population-specific differences in the presence
of disease health outcomes, or access to health care?
Health disparities
Why eligibility for services is a challenging issue, with regard to disability?
Because different definitions for disability are used
How are Federal Policies and Programs for People with Disabilities described?
Complicated
Which of the following factors influences distribution of disability in a population?
Definition of disability and population being measured
Which of the following is considered as part of historic efforts to develop policies
and Programs for People with Disabilities?
Passing and endorsing Acts related to disability
What do we call the other factors to consider in study such as age of onset, duration
of disability?
Covariates
Which of the following is considered part of the social environment?
Friends and families

Midterm First Semester
1-What is most effective model, according to you, that could be used to define
disability?
Functional Model of Disability
General Approach
This model also has the focus that the disabled person is lacking in some way.
Social Models of Disability
General Approach
Shift in focus from the disabled person's deficits to what problems people
encounter in their environment.
2-Mention any four of the important roles that public health play in road
injuries prevention?
1 -the collection and analysis of data in order to demonstrate the
health and economic impact of road traffic crashes
2 -research on risk factors
3 -the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions
4 -the delivery of appropriate primary prevention, care and
rehabilitation for injured people
5 -advocacy for greater attention to the problem.
3-Recall the most commonly cited definition of a road traffic fatality.
Any person killed immediately or dying within 30 days as a result of an injury
accident
4-List four from ten factors influencing crash involvement:
1-Speed
3-Alcohol - Crash risk,
4-Medicinal and recreational drugs

5-In your own words, explain the risk factors influencing post-crash injury
outcome.
Pre-hospital - In low-income countries, access to emergency medical service is
almost non-existent.
Lack of health insurance or social security in those countries also puts crash care
out of reach.
Hospital care - Lack of trained personnel and lack of equipment negatively impact
the quality of crash care.
6-What is the effective road crash injury prevention approach?
System approach
7-What is the role of car industry in road injury prevention?
Designing safe vehicles
8-Which of the following risk factors influencing vehicle crash which associated
with long distance driving and sleep deprivation?
driver fatigue
9-Which of the following roads are often designed to achieve very low speeds,
where the speed limits usually supported by physical self-enforcing measures to
encourage compliance, that normally around 30 km/h?
Residential access roads
10-Which of the following is still a significant and widespread factor in road
crashes?
Alcohol
11-Why new cars are subjected to crash tests?
To check safety performance
12-Which of the following is considered a common indicator for the road traffic
injury problem?
Number of injuries
13-Which of the following creates visual, auditory and cognitive distractions?
Mobile phone use

14-Which intervention can be used to improve the visibility of non-motorized
vehicles such pedestrians?
Wearing clothing that increases their visibility
15-What is the role of Road Traffic Injuries Legislation (Law), which has to
provide wide useful information or awareness for road users?
Laws improve driving behavior
16-Which of the following factors influences exposure to risk in road traffic
injury?
Rapid motorization
17-Which of the following technology/technique has reduced driver deaths in
purely frontal crashes ranging from 22% to 29%?
Driver airbags
18-What are the other major factors of crashes, besides the human error?
Poor design of roads and cars
19-Which of the following travel mode has the less opportunity to increase
exposure to risk?
Public Transport Journey
20-Which of the following interventions has attributed to the reduction in road
traffic fatalities in High-income countries?
Implementation of a wide range of road safety measure

New Midterm ( Second Semester )
MCQ
What is the important reason for historical neglect of road crash injuries in
public health?
A-Comprehensive view of accidents
B-Lack of financial resources
C-Traditional view of accidents as random event
D-Weakness of road network
What is the critical factor in road safety to reduce road ?crashes, injuries, and
deaths?
A-Road network
B-Road user behavior
C-Vehicle capacity
D-Vehicle model
A-Double-disciplined
B-Multidisciplinary
C-Single-disciplined
D-They can't be described
Which of the following region shown highest mortality rate according to the
"World Health Organization" (WHO?
A-African region
B-Eastern Mediterranean region
C-South east asian region
D-European region
Which of the following is more neglected by planners of road infrastructure in
developing countries?
A-Bus Station
B-Cycle path
C-Highway
D-Traffic light

Which of the following is traffic and environmental factor affecting drivers*
choice of speed?
A-Age of the driver
B-Maximum speed of the vehicle
C-Prevailing speed
D-Sex of the driver
Which of the following model shift the concept of disability from categorizing
deficits impairments
within an individual to a focus on barriers people face interacting with the
environment?
A-Functional Model
B-Medical Model
C-Social Model
D-Traditional Model
Which of the following describes what Affirmation Model is?
A- Positive identify rather than a personal tragedy
B-Protection of basic individual rights
C-Similar experience of racial Majorities
D-Similar experience of racial Minorities
Who are the most vulnerable road users?
A-Bus occupants
B-Car drivers
C-Pedestrians and cyclists
D-Truck riders
Essay
1-List four of the factors influencing crash severity?,
-Human tolerance factors
-Inappropriate or excessive speed
-Seatbelts and child restraints not used
-Crash helmets not worn by users of two-wheeled vehicles,

-Roadside objects not crash protective
- Insufficient vehicle crash protection for occupants and for those hit by vehicles,
and
-Presence of alcohol and other drugs
2-Give 3 examples for social models of disability?
•Legal rights model
•Minority group model, and
-Affinnation model
3-Write the definition of disability as defined by United States Social Security
Acl?.
Inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically
determinable
physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which
has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12
months
4 -Which any four of the Key Characteristics of Public Health and Disability?,
Public Health Key Characteristics
1 -One field, many disciplines.
2-Political Nature
3-Resource Allocation.
4- Public Health Economics and Measurement.
5-Broad and Changing Agenda.
6-Prevention Emphasis.
7-Values Base in Social Justice .
5 -List four from ten factors influencing crash involvement?
(‫وتحفظونها‬ ‫أصفر‬ ‫المحدد‬ ‫من‬ 4 ‫(تختارون‬
1. Speed – The fundamental problem of road traffic injuries
2. Pedestrians and cyclists – More pedestrian and cyclist crashes in low income
countries. Risks are many more times higher for these road users.
3. Young drivers and riders – RTIs is the leading cause of death for these road
users. Crash risks are greater for teenagers than any other group.
4. Alcohol – Crash risk, age of drivers and severity of crashes are major factors in
alcohol use by road users. Research has shown that the best deterrent is to
increased the perceived risk of being caught.

5. Medicinal and recreational drugs – Much less well understood than alcohol’s
effect. Difficult to study. Needs more research.
6. Driver fatigue – Associated with long distance driving and sleep deprivation.
Three high-risk groups: the young, shift workers, sleep apnea sufferers.
7. Hand-held mobile devices – The use of these devices has increased dramatically.
Drivers take longer to react when they are talking on a phone.
8. Inadequate visibility – Vehicles on the side of the road, fog, difficulty seeing
pedestrians and bikes inadequate lights are all visibility problems.
9. Road-related factors – Accidents are not evenly distributed through a network.
Certain areas or road features cause more accidents. Poor engineering increases
crash risk.
10. Vehicle-related factors – Vehicle design has very little impact on crash cause,
although it does help reduce injury.
6- write two examples for Integrated models of disability.?
Examples of Other Social Models
1. Legal rights model - protection of basic individual rights
2. Minority group model - similar experience of racial minorities
3. Affirmation model - positive identity rather than a personal tragedy

Old Midterm
What are the other major factors of crashes, besides the human error?
Poor design of roads and cars
Which of the following refers to speed of motor vehicles?
Fundamental problem of road traffic injuries
Which one of the following belongs to the 7 areas of traffic law enforcement?
Drivers work hours
Which of the following age group according to who data account form are than
half of all RTIs and death?
15-44
Which of the following countries are almost not accesses to an emergency
medical service during post crash injury outcome?
Low income countries
Which of the following is effective way to reduce traffic fatalities?
Increasing seat belt use
Which one of the following are important to achieving better performance of
RTIs prevention?
Which region has the lowest traffic related mortality rates?
European
What is the benefit of knowing disability models for public health professionals?
Better interact with disabled community
They better reflect the idea that disability is a complex and interrelated
phenomena
Which of the following is an important tool for measuring the magnitude of a
problem and for setting targets and assessing performance?
Indicators
What is the purpose of delivering high quality of post crash care?
To reduce severity of injuries

Which one of the following models is example of integrated models of disability?
Nagi model
Which of the following interventions has attributed to the reduction in road
traffic fatalities in high income countries?
Implementation of a wide range of road safety measures
How many annual injured cases of road traffic crashes reported by World health
organization WHO?
20-50 Million
Which one of the following is considered by society impact of RTIs?
Increased poverty
Which of the following is considered one of the risk factors influencing post
crash injury outcome?
Lack of medical specialties and equipment in hospital
Which of the following social factors more probable to four fold increase in
death rates for car occupants with an eleven fold increase for those?
Young Age ( 18 – 20 years )
Who of the following road users majorly died due to road traffic accidents in low
and middle income countries?
Which one of the following drivers are most at risk to death from RTIs?
Teenagers driver
Which of the following is still a significant and widespread factor in road
crashes?
Alcohol
Which of the following is a key objective in the planning and design of road
traffic systems?
Provision of safe, sustainable and affordable means of travel.
Which of the following can contribute in improving visibility?
High mounted stop lamps in cars

When does the risk of crashes related to fatigues increased?
During driving at night
What is main risk factor for motorized two-wheeler users?
Non-use of crash helmets
Which of the following strategies is the least used of all road safety intervention
strategies?
Those that aim to reduce exposure to risk
What is the main focus of the medical model of disability?
Finding cure
Who of the following road users majorly died due to road traffic accidents in low
and middle-income countries?
Which of the following region shown highest mortality rate according to the
“World Health Organization” (WHO) report in road traffic crashes?
Africa region
Which one of the following refer to primary prevention of disability?
Health promotion for people with disabilities
Who are more "vulnerable road users" have occurred in road accidents in low
and middle-income countries worldwide?
Pedestrians, pedal cyclists and motorcyclists
The main focus of the social model of disability?
What problems people encounter in their environment
Which of the following are important to Achieving better performance of RTIS
prevention?
Which of the following models look at what functions that people with
disabilities cannot perform?
Functional Model
Better reflect the idea that disability is a complex and interrelated phenomena

What do we call the models that take elements of medical, functional, and social
approaches and integrate them?
Integrated model
Which one of the following could contribute to makes vehicles safer?
Using electronic stability should be mandatory in all cars
Multidisciplinary
-It is the third main reason of overall mortality.
-Main cause of death for 1-40 year old.
Which of the following belongs to three prime elements of road traffic systems?
Vehicles, road users, and road infrastructure

Q1.. Which of the following provides most of the data used in road traffic injury
prevention and road safety?
A) Police department and hospitals
B) Published articles
C) Surveillance agencies
D) World Health Organization
Q2.. which of the following strategies can be used to decrease the exposure to
road injury risk?
A) Encouraging people to switch from higher-risk to lower-risk modes of
transport
B) Increase the volume of motor vehicle traffic
C) No more restrictions on motor vehicle users, or on the road infrastructure
D) Providing efficient networks specifying the quickest routes
Q3.. which intervention can be used to improve the visibility of non-motorized
vehicles such pedestrians?
A) Using bicycle lamps
B) Using brake lights
C) Using signals light
D) Wearing clothing that increases their visibility
Q4.. what does ( daytime running lights ) refer to?
A) Using a brake lights of a vehicle while it is running during daylight hours
B) Using of lights on the front of a vehicle while it is running during daylight
hours
C) Using of lights in the front of a vehicle while it is running during night-time
hours
D) Using of signal lights of a vehicle while it is running during daylight hours
Q5.. which of the following is vital to the success of road traffic laws?
A) Enforcement
B) Post-crash care
C) Road network
D) Road users behavior

Q6.. which of the following age group peoples has faced more Road Traffic
Injuries in worldwide incidents?
A) 15-44 years
B) 45-50 years
C) 51-60 years
D) 61-70 years
Q7.. which of the following is the basic fundamental problem of road traffic
injuries?
A) Gender
B) Number of passengers
C) Speed
D) Vehicle size
Q8.. which of the following social factors more probable to four-fold increase in
death rates for car occupants, with an eleven-fold increase for those?
A) Middle Age ( 21 - 40 years )
B) Race Blank
C) Race White
D) Young Age ( 18 – 20 years(
Q9.. which of the following does not have access to an emergency medical service
during post-crash injury outcome?
A) Developed countries
B) High-income countries
C) Industrial countries
D) Low-income countries
Q10- which of the following roads are often designed to achieve very low speeds,
where the speed limits usually supported by physical self-enforcing measures to
encourage compliance, that normally around 30 km/h
B) flow roads
(C) residential access roads
D) trip roads

Q11.. which of the following strategies is the least used of all road safety
intervention strategies?
A) Those that aim to reduce exposure to risk
B) Those that aim to reduce motor vehicle traffic
C) Those that aims to reduce crash involvement
D) Those that aims to reduce severity of injury
Q12.. which of the following interventions has attributed to the reduction in road
traffic fatalities in High-income countries?
A) Implementation of a wide range of road safety measures
B) Increase the number of pedestrians’ road users
C) Increase two-wheeler road users
D) Reduce the size of vehicles
Q13.. which of the following creates visual, auditory, and cognitive distractions?
A) Mobile phone use
B) Road design
C) Seat-belt use
D) Traffic lights
Q14.. which of the following region shown highest mortality rate according to the
“World
Health Organization” (WHO) report in road traffic crashes?
A) Africa region
B) Asia region
C) Atlantic region
D) European region
Q15.. what is maximum urban speed limits showed best practice?
A) 100 km/h B)
30 km/h
C) 50 km/h
D) 80 km/h

Q16.. which of the following risk factors influencing vehicle crash which
associated with long distance driving and sleep deprivation?
A) Driver fatigue
B) Hand-held mobile device
C) Inadequate visibility
D) Road-related factors
Q17.. what are the annual injured cases of road traffic crashes reported by
World Health Organization (WHO)?
A) 1-5 million
B) 10-20 million
C) 20-50 million
D) 5-10 million
Q18.. which stage is preferred to consider planning decisions for transport or
land use of the road network to avoid unintended, adverse consequences for the
road safety?
A) After road network completion
B) At any stage with the possible resources
C) At early stage of the road planning
D) During the road construction project
Q19.. which of the following represents a fundamental understanding for road
injury prevention and control?
A) Road crash injury is preventable and predictable
B) Road crash injury should not be a social equity issue
C) Road safety is the responsibility of police traffic only
D) Traffic system cannot help to cope with increasingly demanding conditions
Q20.. which of the following is proven method in traffic safety management?
A) Acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility
B) Apply key political leaders management approach
C) Central agency with primary responsibility
D) Motivate car users to reduce their mobility

Q21.. what percentage of death was reported by WHO, in Low and
Middleincome countries, which due to the road traffic crashes each year?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 90%
Which of the following refer to risk factors influencing injury severity?
Roadside objects.
Use of seat belts.
Pre-hospital.
Old drivers.
Find the solution by talking with engineers alone
Update the infrastructure of some cities
Taking care of air pollution
All of the following are an impacts of RTIs on society except one?
Decreased Poverty
Lost economic opportunity
Loss of productivity
Medical treatment cost
How many people killed every year due to road traffic crashes?
1.2 million
1.5 .million
1.4 million
7 .Million
What is the percentage of road traffic death in high income countries?
40%
30%
20%
10%

Which of the following can distract driver while driving?
Helmet
Mobile use
Seat belt use
Which of the following road users are experience greater risk when they using
road?
pedestrians and cyclists
Occupants of two-wheeled vehicles.
Occupants of trains
Occupants of buses
It is the third main reason of overall mortality
It is the first reason of mortality
It is the second reason of mortality
It is main reason for people who over 50-year-old
Which of the following transportation is far safer than car travel?
Cycle
Motorcycles
Pedestrian walking
public transportation
What is the most region in the world in mortality rate due to RTI?
Africa
What is the sector can be a responsible for increasing awareness about the need
for better data collection system?
Health sector
Which of the following is the fundamental problem of road traffic injuries?
Speed
Which of the following risk factors has very little impact on crash cause?
Vehicle related factors.

Which one of the following is a risk factors influences post-crash injury
outcome?
Health care
Hospital care
Which of the following is the only region where high-income countries have a
higher road traffic death rate than low-income and middle-income countries?
Eastern Mediterranean
Why road traffic injuries declined in high-income countries?
Safety measures.
Which of the following is not objective of WHO/ world bank report on road
traffic injuries?
Encourage professionals from the fields of health.
What is the factors associated with driver fatigue?
Sleep deprivation.
Which of the following refer to resource allocation in public health and
disability?
Criteria for how public health issues should get prioritized is always debated.
Which of the following is a major intervention that can make roads and vehicles
safer?
Proper road network, post- crash care and land use policies.
Which of the following is an important measurement tool for public health and
disability?
Epidemiology.
What is the meaning of deliver high quality of post-crash care?
Hospital, prehospital care and rehabilitation.
Which one of the following is a basic characteristic of public health and
disability?
Disability is multidisciplinary.
Which one of the following governmental agencies have impact on people with
disability?
Many federal agencies and government policies.

What is the meaning of social justice as applied to the field of public health?
equal access to health services.
What is the usefulness of cost-benefit analysis to decision makers who work to
solve the issues of disability and public health?
Give chance to comparing a cross different actions.
The road safety is a shared responsibility between which of the following bodies?
Government, public health professionals, vehicle manufacturers.
What does “making traffic system sustainable” means?
Making the road safer for all users.
What is the purpose of delivering post-crash care?
To reduce fatalities and severity.
What is the role of rehabilitation?
To minimizing future disabilities.
How do you describe the road traffic injuries as a public health issue?
Preventable.
What is the reason to use public health economics and measurement on
disability?
To determine the magnitude of a disability.
Why it is necessary that, money be spent according to priorities, i.e. good
resource allocation for solving public health issues and disability?
money is always finite.
What is the role of lay bystanders who arrive first at the scene of a crash, in
postcrash care?
provide emergency services and response.
What vehicle manufacturers can do?
Ensure designing safe vehicles.
Which one of the following can used in prevention for disabilities?
Health promotion.
What is the reason behind the argument that, disability is a political issue?
Its connection with civil rights and empowerment.

Which of the following considered as one of the strategies for manager expose to
risk through transport and land-use policies?
Reducing the volume of motor vehicle traffic by means of better land use.
Which level of prevention is associated with early detection?
Secondary level.
Which of the following refer to physical environment domain for people with
disabilities?
Air, water and food.
Which of the following is defined as third variable in a study that impacts the
relationship between an exposure and an outcome?
Effect modification.
Which of the following is true about access to quality health care for people with
disabilities?
Financial access to care.
Which of the following refer to biological determinants of health for people with
disabilities?
Genetics.
Which of the following refer to dependent variable in study design?
Not free to vary.
Which of the following refer to those who have or are at increased risk for a
chronic physical, development, behavioral or emotional condition and who also
require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by
children generally?
Children with special health care needs.
Which of the following can be thought as an example of positive exposure related
to prevention of disability?
Exposure to educational programs.
What is the main aim of federal policies and programs in the area of biological
determinants?
Medical research.

Which one of the following is refer to study of the occurrence and distribution of
health related states or events in specified populations, including the study of
determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to
control the health problems?
Epidemiology.
Which of the following is a main category of social environment?
Employment.
What is the general goal of disability epidemiology?
Discovering prevalence and distribution of disability in population.
What is the goal of children with special health care needs program?
Provide well-coordinated systems of care for children who at risk.
Which of the following is defined as “number of new cases that occur during a
given time period in a specific population?.
Incidence.
Which of the following refer to behavior domain for people with disabilities?
Individual’s response to stimuli.
What do we call the other factors that to be considered in study such as age of
onset, duration of disability, etc?.
Covariates.
Which of the following is a study design used in disability epidemiology?
Cohort study.
Which of the following refer to disability prevalence?
How much cases of disability in a population
Which of the following is the methods of finding cases?
Surveillance reports.
Which of the following defined as “a complete state of physical, mental and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?”.
WHO definition of health.

Which of the following refer to conditions that disabled people experience at a
higher rate than the general population for example, ulcers, depression, bowel
obstruction?.
Secondary condition.
Which of the following refer to disparities in health outcomes for people with
disabilities?
Early mortality.
What one of the following perspective is defined disability as ‘’ Minority
Population?’’
Contemporary perspective.
Which one of the following perspective takes into account the idea that disability
has a social impact that affects health?
Emerging perspective.
Which of the following refer to social factors that impact on the health of people
with disabilities?
Education.
Which one of the following refer to social, economic, and political resources and
structures that influence health outcomes?
Social determents.
Which of the following refer to conditions that are associated with but unrelated
to the disability?
Comorbid condition.
Which of the following exist when populations experience differences in health
because of differences in socioeconomic status or when the differences are
avoidable or unjust?
Health disparities.
Which one of the following perspectives of disability is defined as ‘’disability as a
Health Outcome?’’
Traditional perspective.

Which of the following is example of disparities in health behaviors of Persons
with Disabilities?
Less physical activity.
Which of the following model’s premise is that a person’s behaviors are
influenced by the person’s relationships, culture, and physical environment?.
Ecological models of health behavior.
How the health promotion different in the general population from the
disability?
Health promotion in disability will provide education and environmental
changes according to the health needs of disabled people.
Which of the following refer to actions taken to prevent disease?
Disease prevention.
Which of the following program is an example of environmental and policy
interventions that result in health behavior changes for people with disabilities?
Smoking cessation programs.
Which of the following theory has three components: social environment, a
person’s cognition, and present behavior?
Social cognitive theory.
Which of the following models are motivational model that integrates stages of
change and processes of change?
Trans-theoretical model.
Which of the following refer to concept of health Promotion?
Ability of people to control and improve their health.
All of the following are theories used in programs for people with disabilities
Except one?
Innovation theory.
Which of the following terms defined as space outside the person?
Environment.
Which one of the following models used for people with disabilities?
Patrick’s model.

Final
having led to the which of the following refers to medical conditions that are regarded
as impairment in functioning for a person with a disability ?
a . Associated health conditions
b . Comorbid Conditions
c . Good health conditions
d . Secondary Conditions
Which one of the following considered as the most important models
of disability ?
a . Cultural and medical models
b . Engineering, physiologic models
c. Economic , social and natural models
d. Medical , functional and social models
Which of the following refer to dependent variable in study design ?
a . Free to vary
b . Predictor
c . Important for cases treatment
d . Not free to vary
which of the following is the WHO framework for health and people with
disability ?
a . International Center for Functioning
b . International Classification forum
c . International Classification of Functioning
d . International Forum of Classification
Which one of the following terms refer to study of the occurrence and distribution
of health related states or events in specified populations, including the study of
determinants influencing such states , and the application of this knowledge to
control the health problems?
a . Epidemiology
b . Incident
c . Public health
d. Prevalence

Post - crash care can be improved through improving the quality of the following
types of care ?
a . Hospital care only
b . Hospital, prehospital care and rehabilitation
c. Primary health care
d . Rehabilitation
Which of the following is one of studies design that used in disability epidemiology
?
a . Clinical trials.
b. Cohort studies
c . Experimental studies
d . Quasi experimental studies
Which one of the following applications of health promotion for people with
disabilities ?
a . Change the strategy goal that health policy would need in future
b . Health behavior theory
c. improves the person skills
d. Maximize the outcomes of the system
which of the following is an example of disparities in health outcome?
a . Early mortality
b. Health survey
c . Healthy behaviors
d. Social services
Which of the following terms is defined as the phenomenon that describes the
association between exposure of interest and outcome of interest ?
a . Exposure odds ratio
b . Incident odds ratio
c . Odds Ratio
d . Prevalence odds ratio
What is the reason to use public health economics and measurement on disability
?
a . To built a favorable environment for people with disability

b . To create jobs for the patients
c . To determine the magnitude of a disability
d . To determine the needs of patients
which public health model measures health outcomes?
a . Contemporary
b . Emerging
c. Traditional
d . National health prospective
Which of the following characteristics describe the current federal policies and
programs for people with disabilities?
a . Cheap and accessible
b . Consistent and cohesive
c . Expensive and complex
d . Productive and simple
Which of the following categories of people is explained as "those who have or are
at increased risk for a chronic physical, development, behavioral or emotional
condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount
beyond that required by children generally" ?
a . Adult people who work in government
b . Children with Special Health Care Needs
c . Fit children who enjoy services
d . Teenagers who live in good houses.
Which of the following is a proven method in traffic safety management ?
a . Acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility
b . Apply key political leaders management approach
c . Central agency with primary responsibility
d . Motivate car users to reduce their mobility
What is the name for medical conditions that are regarded as having led to
impairment in functioning for a person with a disability ?
a . Associated health conditions
b . Children conditions
c . Social conditions

d. Secondary conditions
How are Federal Policies and Programs for People with Disabilities described ?
a . Complicated
b . Destroyed
c . Frustrated
d . Not complicated
Which public health model for disability in public health can help create health
promotion opportunities for the disabled community , physical activity program
results in adapted program , equipment and facility ?
a . Advanced model
b . Functional model
c . Medical model
d. Social model
Which public health tool for change involves the principles of empowerment,
participation, pluralism, collaboration and coalition building?
a . Community engagement
b . Developing political agendas and public policy
c . Developing public strategies campaigns
d . Research such as epidemiologic studies
which of the following is a critical component of road safety efforts ?
a . Evidence - based intervention
b . Improve health behavior to increase road safety
c. Locally controlled and adapted
d . Single action plan to be implemented worldwide
The Change Agent Process for Disability begins by one of the following ?
a . Identifying and defining the problem
b . Mobilizing Resources
c . Public Awareness
d . Research
Why eligibility for services is a challenging issue , with regard to disability ?
a . Because different definitions for disability are used

b . Because one definition for disability is used
c . Because of high motivation from politicians
d . Because service is not available at all
What is the role of lay bystanders who arrive first at the scene of a crash , in post
- crash care ?
a . Have no role to play
b . Provide special medical treatment
c . Provide emergency services and response
d . Providing advanced medical care
which public health model measures health outcomes in terms of morbidity and
mortality ?
a . Belive perspective
b . Contemporary perspective
c . Emerging perspective
d . Traditional perspective
which of the following is true after the September 11 attack in the United States
?
a . A decrease focus on disaster preparedness .
b. An increased focus on disaster preparedness .
c . Never focus on disaster preparedness .
d . Same focus on disaster preparedness .
Which one of the following belongs to the 7 areas traffic law enforcement ?
a . Front / side impact protection
b . Car occupant protection
c. Seat belts
d. Safer bus and truck fronts
What is the aim of WHO / world bank report on road traffic injury prevention ?
a . Increase awareness of road traffic
b . Update new model for traffic management
c . Update the infrastructure of some cities
d . Taking care of air pollution

Which of the following region has the lowest mortality rate in road traffic
accidents ?
a . African region
b . Asian region
c . Australian region
d . European region
Which of the following comes as an advantage of the Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA) in 19907
a . Prohibit discrimination based on specialties
b . Prohibit employment of people with disabilities
c . Provide books for the blind
d . Provide inclusive definition of "disability"
which of the following types of eligibility criteria focus on the day to day
functioning of the person?
a . Categorical eligibility
b . Functioning eligibility
c . Income eligibility
d . Political eligibility
Which of the following defined as the process of burning people to increase control
over , and to improve their health. ?
a . Health promotion
b . Health measures
c. Health area
d . Health activities
Which one of the following options justifies the use of speed cameras on the road
?
a . Automatic speed enforcement
b . Random Speed testing
c . Research and data analysis
d. Collect data
Which of the following is the methods of finding cases
a . Administration report

b . Direct observation
c . Direct discussion
d . Economic report
Why interventions should be evaluated in the change agent process?
a . For proper allocation of resources
b . For the treatment of the patient
c . To generate the resources
d . To make control strong
Which of the following is known as "social, economic, and political determinants
and structures that influence health outcomes?
a. Primary perspective
b. Health perspective
c. Social disparities
d. Social determinants of health.
How the health promotion different in the general population from the disability
?
a . Health promotion in disability will provide education and environmental
changes according to the health needs of disabled people.
b . Health promotion in the general population and in disabled population not
differ
c . Health promotion in disabled community is not important
d . Health promotion will not make the disabled community take control and
improve their health
Which of the following is considered part of the social environment?
a . Adaptation
b . Drugs
c. Education
d. Historical reports
Which of the following Social Models promotes disability as a positive individual
and collective identity rather than a personal tragedy?
a . Affirmation Model

b . Human Rights Model
c. Legal Rights Model
d. Minority Group Model
Which of the following is considered as part of historic efforts to develop policies
and Programs for People with Disabilities ?
a . Engineering, physiologic theories
b. Passing Acts related to aviation safety
c . Passing and endorsing acts related to disability
d . Political debates
Which of the following is the most common method for monitoring health status
of the general population ?
a . Institute of Medicine ( IOM )
b . Population potential
c . Population classification
d . Population surveillance
which one of the following perspective takes into account the idea that disability
has a social impact that affects health?
a.Emerging perspective
b . Function perspective
c . medical perspective
Which of the following variables are studied in disability epidemiology?
a . Constant variables.
b . Frist variable .
c . Independent or dependent variables .
d . Third variable.
Which of the following practices plays an important role in reducing the tension
in the disability community regarding disaster preparation and emergency
response ?
a . Personal engagement

b . Read the safety ticket
c . Use correct terminology
d. Use the right equipments
Which one of the following governmental agencies has impact on people with
disability ?
a . Many federal agencies and government policies
b . MOH
c . WHO
d . World bank
Which of the following model states that disability derives from a disease, trauma,
or health condition that impairs or disrupts physiological or cognitive functioning
?
a . Functional Model .
b . General Model
c . Medical Model
d . Social Model
What is the role of Rehabilitation ?
a . Emergency response
b . Improvements in equipment
c . Pre - hospital care
d . To minimizing future perspectives
which one of the following takes into account the idea that disability has a social
impact that affects health?
a . Clinical perspective
b . Emerging perspective
c . Function perspective
Which of the following factors influences distribution of disability in a population
?
a . Behavior patterns
b . Definition of disability
c . Definition of disability and population being measured

d . Population under study
What is the true about Functional Approaches to Disaster Planning ?
a . Concerned about emergencies program
b . Puts the characteristics of disability in the environment rather than with the
person
c. Puts the characteristics of disability in the persons rather than in the
environment
d . Put National program during disaster responses
What one of the following perspective is defined disability as "Minority
Population" ?
a . Contemporary Perspective
b . Epidemiology perspective
Which of the following refer to physical environment domain for people with
disabilities ?
a . Genetic
b . Job , income
c . Population
d. Water and food
Which of the following is an example of a categorical eligibility definition of
disability ?
a . 150% of federal poverty level
b . Person with Blindness
c . Person with severe cerebral palsy
d . Substantial gainful activity
What is " healthy 2010 " ?
a . A federal agenda for improving the health of the U.S. population
b . Global convention on climate change
c . International trade agreement
d . State programs related to social development

which of the following is an example of Integrated Models Disability ?
a . The Colin Model
b . The David Model .
c. The Nagi Model
d . The Peden Model
Which of the following is known as "social, economic, and political resources and
structures that influence health outcomes?
a . Biology perspective
b . Contemporary perspective
c . Health disparities
d . Social determinants of health
which one of the following age group" according to WHO data account for more
than half of all RTIs and death?
a .15-44
b .10-20
c .30-60
d .10-25
Which of the following refer to disability ?
a . How many cases of disability in a population
b . How many diseases individuals in a population
c . How many cases of disease in children
d . Number of new cases of disability in population
which of the following public health tools for change help for raising awareness
and changing behavior ?
a . Community change
b . Framing the issue for legislation
c. Public awareness
d . Research
What is the Objectives of WHO / world bank report on road traffic injury
prevention ?
a . Describe the problems of RTIS
b . Describe the infrastructure of some cities

c . Find the solution of traffic jams by talking with engineers
d . Taking care of environmental pollution
Which of the following refer to process of collaborating with groups of people who
are "geographic proximity, special interests or similar situations affecting their
well-being?
a. Community engagement
b. Community management
c. Developing political agendas and public policy
d . Research such outcomes as epidemiologic studies
Which public health prospective measures health in terms of morbidity and
mortality ?
a . Contemporary
b . Emerging prospective
c . Health belief model
d . Traditional prospective
What is the Objective of WHO/world bank report on road Traffic injury
prevention ?
a. Describe interventions and strategies to address RTIs problems
b. Describe the infrastructure of some cities
c. Find the solution of traffic jams by talking with engineers
d. Taking care of environmental pollution
What is the meaning of social justice as applied to the field of public health ?
a . Easy access to food
b . Equal access to health services
c . Equal access to recreational facilities
d . Easy access to technology
Which model of the following is a conceptual model for health promotion and
disease prevention interventions for people with disabilities across the life span
through four planes of experience are used to describe the context (environment,
opportunity, the disabling process , and quality of life) ?
a.Ecological Models of Health Behavior
b . Patrick's model
c . Social Cognitive Theory

d . Trans - theoretical model
Which of the following is an example of disparities in health behaviors for persons
with disabilities?
a . High productivity
b . High economic status
c . Health insurance coverage
d . Higher rates of cigarette smoking
which of the following defined as "a complete state of physical , mental and social
well - being , and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ?
a . Diseases definition
b . Disability definition
c . Prevention definition
d . WHO Definition of health .
Which one of the following institutions describes disability as a dynamic process
that results from an individual's interactions with his/her environment ?
a . Public health organization.
b . Red Cross .
c. The institute of Medicine
d. World health organization.
Which of the following refer to risk factors influencing injury severity ?
a . Appropriate care in the hospital emergency rooms
b . Inadequate roadside protection
c . Pre - hospital
d . Use of seat belts
What is the purpose of delivering post - crash care ?
a .Investigating the
b. healthcare cost
c . Preventing occurrence of crash

d . To reduce fatalities and incision
which of the following is not belonging to the e ssential services of public health
for people with disabilities in disaster Preparedness ?
a . Diagnose and investigate health problem and health hazards in the community
b . Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health
efforts
c. Improve economic status for people
d . Inform , educate and empower people about health issues
What is the usefulness of cost - benefit analysis to decision makers who work to
solve the issues of disability and public health ?
a . Give opportunity for capacity building
b . Give a chance for comparing different actions
c . Provide extra time
d . Provide social support
Which of the following refer to those conditions that persons with preexisting
disabilities experience at higher rates than the general population and that are
generally regarded as preventable?
a . Comorbid condition
b . General condition
c . Health prospective
d . Secondary conditions
The abbreviation " ICF " stands for what ?
a . International cooperation for food services
b . Integrated code of functions
c . International Classification of Functioning . Disability and Health
d. International classification of fairness
Which social models suggest that the most important issue for people with
disabilities is the protection of their basic individual rights?
a . Affirmation model
b . Minority group model
c . Major model

d. Legal rights model
Which of the following model's premise is that a person's behaviors are influenced
by the person's relationships, culture , and physical environment ?
a . Ecological Models of Health Behavior
b . Health people models
c . Social cognitive models of health
d. Trans theoretical model
Inconsistent definitions of disability had an impact on which of the following ?
a . Community health determinants
b . Mortality & morbidity in the population
c . Programs simplicity and availability
d . Public health research of disabilities
which of the following is the only region where high - income countries have a
higher road traffic death rate than low- and middle - income countries ?
a . African
b . Eastern Mediterranean
c . South America
d . European
Which of the following agencies responsible for create specific plans at the state
level that incorporate people with disability into disaster preparedness plans
through their innovative state office of disability and health program ?
a . Federal Emergency Management Agency
b . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
c. National Institute of Health
d . U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Which of the following is example of disparities in health care access ?
a . Environmental services
b. Health insurance coverage
c . Healthy behaviors
d. Social services
Which of the following conditions refer to conditions that disabled people
experience at a higher rate than the general population ?

a . Associated health condition
b . Comorbid condition
c . General condition
d . Secondary conditions
Which of the following region has the highest mortality rate in road traffic
accidents ?
a . African region
b . Asian Region
c . Australian Region
d. European region
Which stage preferred to consider planning decisions for transport or land use of
the road network to avoid unintended , adverse consequences for road safety ?
a . After road network completion .
b . At any stage with the possible resources
c . At the early stage of road planning
d . During the road construction project routes
which of the following public health model considers persons with disabilities as a
minority subgroup within the population ?
a . Behavior model
b . Contemporary model
c . Emerging model
d . Traditional model
Which of the following perspective refers to disability status as a social factor
impacting the health of all the population within their life span ?
a. Contemporary perspective model .
b. Emerging perspective model
c . Health belief perspective model
d . Traditional perspective model
Which of the following agencies is responsible for " disaster preparation and
emergency response issues for people with disabilities ?
a . Federal Emergency Management Agency
b . University Initiatives in emergency preparedness

c . National Institute of information system
d .National Institute of research .
Which of the following is a federal agency that makes impact in the disability and
emergency preparedness ?
a . Center of cancer and health promotion
b . Center of physical health promotion
c . Center to prevent addiction of drugs
d . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Which of the following is defined as the number of new cases that occur during a
given time period in a specific population ?
a . Prevalence
b . Outcome
c . Morbidity
d. Incidence
Which of the following roads are often designed to achieve very low speeds , where
the speed limits usually supported by physical self - enforcing measures to
encourage compliance , that normally around 30 km/h ?
a . Distributor roads
b . Flow roads ( or through - roads )
c. Residential access roads
d . Trip roads
Which one of the following theories of Health Behavior Change and Health
promotion is defined as "a motivational model that integrates stages of change and
processes of change"?
b . Natural theory
d. Transtheoretical Model
Which of the following refer to independent variable in study design ?
a . Free to vary
b . Important for case definition
c . Outcome

d . Not free to vary
What does "eligibility based on functioning" mean when providing services for
disabled individuals ?
a . Eligibility based on day - to - day performance
b . Eligibility based on household income
c . Eligibility based on medical conditions
d . Eligibility based on the disability category
Which of the following terms refer to "how closely a study measures what it
intends to measure ." ?
a . Modification
b . Reliability
c . Validity
d. Variable
Which of the following defined as changing individual and social perceptions,
attitudes, norms, definitions, policies, and practice?
a . American with disabilities act ( ADA )
b . Change information
c. Change agenda
d . Change agent process
Which of the following intervention programs that has wide and long-lasting
impact on the behavioral change for people with disabilities?
a . Environmental and policy interventions
b. Individual level intervention
c. Life style intervention
d. Societal intervention
a . It is the first reason of mortality in all countries
b . It is the second reason of mortality in all countries
c . It is the main reason of death for people who over 60 year old
d . It is main cause of death for 1-40 year old s
which of the following refer to incidence definition ?
a . How many cases of disability in a population

b . How many diseases individuals in a population
c . How many cases of disease in childem
d . How many new cases that occur during given time in specific population
Which of the following is the WHO framework for health and people with
disability ?
a . International Center for Functioning
b . International Classification forum
c . International Classification of Functioning
d . International Forum of Classification
Post - crash care can be improved through improving the quality of the following
types of care ?
a . Hospital , pre - hospital care and rehabilitation
b . Pre - hospital care
c . Primary health care
d . Rehabilitation
What is the proper action that needs to be applied on breast cancer screening
materials for a woman with intellectual disabilities?
a . Dependent on the caregiver desire
b . Dependent on the examiner's opinion
c. No changes should be applied on the screening material
d. The screening material needs to be modified
Which of the following can distract driver while driving ?
a . age
b . Mobile use
c . Seat belt use
d . Sunglasses
What is the role of Baylor College during Emergency Preparedness for people
with disabilities ?
a . Created a training approach
b . Created policies
c . Develop network family assist
d . Diagnose people

How you may describe the guideline that specifies the underlying conceptual or
theoretical framework which should be used for implementing community-based
health promotion programs for people with disabilities?
a . Accessibility Guidelines
b . Involvement Guidelines
c. Operational Guidelines
d. Participation Guidelines
What one of the following perspective is defined disability as "Minority
Population" ?
a . Contemporary Perspective
b . Epidemiology perspective
Which of the following refer disparities in Health Promotion Programs for people
with disabilities?
a . Availability and accessibility to health promotion programs
b . Lack of availability and accessibility to health promotion programs
c. Lack of availability and accessibility of treatment
d . Lack of availability and accessibility to screening program
which of the following is the fundamental problem of road traffic injuries and it is
influences both risk crash and crash consequence ?
a . Driver fatigue
b . Old drivers
c . Rapid motorization
d. speed
Which of the following technology / technique has reduced driver deaths in purely
frontal crashes ranging from 22 % to 29 % ?
a . Driver airbag
b . Helmets
c. Reducing distracted driving
d . Seat belts

Which of the following research areas used routinely as the public health tools for
change ?
a . Studies of community engagement
b. Studies of individual development
c . Studies of community management
d. Study of economic status
Which of the following is defined as population - specific differences in the
presence of disease health care , or access to health care ?
a . Health disparities
b . Health insurance
c . Health needs
d. Health well - being
Which of the following is refer triadic component of the Social Cognitive Theory
?
a.Person's cognition , economic situation , and environment
b . Personality, motivation , and perceive persons
c . Social environment , economic situation
d . Social environment , a person's cognition , and present behavior
which of the following is defined as the number of instances of disability in a given
population at a designated time ?
a . Disability Incident
b . Disability Outcome
c. Disability Prevalence
d. Disability Surveillance
What is the name for medical conditions that are regarded as having led to
impairment in functioning for a person with a disability ?
a . Secondary conditions
b . Social conditions
c. Emerging prospective
d . Associated health conditions
What of the following social environment programs focus on subsidized housing
that provided for people with disabilities to solve the issue of living?

a . Compensation program
b . Counselling program
c . Housing program
d. Rehabilitation program
which of the following is an important impact of Road Traffic Incident on
society ?
a . Disability
b . Epiphyseal injuries
c . Increased tax Burden
d. Lost productivity
What is the purpose of health promotion in people with disabilities?
a . To enable people to increase control over and improve their health .
b . To Enhancing Health care services .
c . To Improve the quality of higher education medical programs .
d. To Prevent the occurrence of disease .
among the leading causes of the global burden of disease, to what rank order life
years (DALYS) are road crash injuries expected to rise by 2020?
a . Eighth
b . Fifth
c . Second
d . Third
Which of the following terms refer "the degree of stability exhibited when a
measurement is repeated under identical conditions ?
a . Modification
b . Reliability
c . Validity
d . Variable
What is the main focus of the medical model of disability ?
a . Finding prevention
b . Finding cure
c . Provide mental care

d . Providing counseling
which of the following could disasters be even more life threatening for ? a .
General population
b . Men
c . People with disabilities
d . Women
which of the following is refer to risk factors influencing crash involvement ?
a. Delay in detecting crash
b. Economic factors
c. Increased need for travel
d. Vehicle - related factors
Which of the following is the methods of finding cases ?
a. Administration report
b. Physician reports
c. Direct discussion
d .Economic report
Which of the following refer to tertiary level of prevention ?
a . Health promotion for people with disabilities
b . Health education for people with disabilities
c . Occupational therapy for someone who has just had a stroko
d . Smoking cessation programs
What is the meaning of resource allocation in public health and disability ?
a . It's almost impossible to prioritize Public Health concerns regarding Disability
b . Prioritizing in public health intervention concerned with disability is always
important
c. Resource Allocation is insignificant in Public Health and Disability
d . There is always enough money for Public Health interventions
Which of the following is defined as the conditions that are associated with but
unrelated to the disability ?
a . Associated health condition
b . Comorbid condition

c . Secondary conditions
d . Emerging perspectives
Which of the following groups are at greater risk of the incidence of drinking and
driving ?
a . Adult drivers
b . School drivers
c . Public drivers
d . Young and commercial drivers
How do you describe the road traffic injuries as a public health issue ?
a . Chronic unsolvable
b . Incurable
c. Preventable
d. Unsolvable
What do we mean by biology domain ?
a . Behavior of people
b . Genetics or other attributes someone is born with
c . The physical and built environment
d . The atmosphere
Which one of the following is an essential service of public health for people with
disabilities?
a . Building capacity to people with disability
b . Building confidence regardless of any health issue
c . Increase the happiness
d . Monitor health status to identify community health problem
which of the following is considered main data source of road traffic injuries
prevention ?
a . Focus group discussion
b . Hospital and police department
c . Observations
d . Schools

Which one of the following considered society impact of RTIS ?
a . Increased economic opportunity
b . Increased productivity
c . Improved emotional status
d . Increased poverty
What is the reason behind the argument that , disability is a political issue ?
a . Its connection with civil rights and capabilities
b . Its connection with culture
c . Its connection with private sector
d . Its connection with the environment
which of the following is defines as the process of working collaboratively with
groups of people who are affiliated by geographic proximity, special interests, or
similar situations affecting their well being ?
a . Community engagement
b . Medical treatment
c . Proper construction
d . Resource dispersion
Which of the following term defined as space outside the person ?
a . Disease
b . Environment
c . Health
d. People
What is the reason for mobilize community partnerships for people with
disabilities ?
a . Decrease people awareness about health issues
b . Develop policies programs
c . Create booklets and newsletters
d . Identify and solve health problems
which one of the following holds the responsibility to reduce the health disparities
of people who live with disabilities?
a . Disability association
b . Human rights commission

c . Public health
d. Transport department
Giving occupational therapy to a person who recently had a stroke attack is an
example of which level of prevention ?
a . Primary
b . Primordial
c . Secondary
d . Tertiary
Which of the following is one of the four constituents of an equitably distributed
health right under values base in social justice?
a . Development the outcomes of services
b . Enhance the family relation
c. Equal access to services
d. Improve health behavior
which of the following explained as other factors to consider in study - age of onset,
duration of disability?
a . Bias
b . Variables .
c. Covariates
d . Public health
What is the base that should guide the practice of public health to prevent road
traffic injuries?
a . The public health approach should be based on health concerns
b . The public health approach should be based on road safety engineering
c . The public health approach should be based on traffic regulations
d. The public health approach should be on facts and science
Which of the following is an essential indicator of the scale of any health problem
including injury ?
a . Accidents
b . Disease
c. Morbidity
d . Mortality

What is the purpose of adopting function based approach to Disaster Planning ?
a . To create a favorable environment around people .
b. To improve reading in emergency planning
c . To improve the skills of people with disability
d . To put some obstacles for challenging professional
which of the following refer to the factors influencing exposure risk?
a . Demographic factors
b . Pre hospital care factors
c . Inadequate visibility factors .
d . Speed.
Which model of the following is a conceptual model for health promotion and
disease prevention interventions for people with disabilities across the life span
through four planes of experience are used to describe the context (environment,
opportunity, the disabling process, and quality of life ) ?
b . Patrick's model
d . Trans - theoretical model
Which one of the following institutions defines health as "a state of complete
physical, mental and social well - being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity" ?
a . ADA
b . CDC
c. UNICEF
d . WHO
Which level of prevention associated with early detection ? a . Primordial level
b. Primary level
c . Secondary level
d . Tertiary level .
Which of the following does no have access to an emergency medical service during
post - crash injury outcome?
a . Developed countries

b . High - income countries
c . Industrial countries
d . Low - income countries
Which of the following is considered part of the social environment ?
a . Historical reports
b . Health status
c . The build environment
d . Friends and families
Which of the following is one of studies design that used disability
epidemiology ?
a . Clinical trials
b. Cross sectional studies
c . Experimental studies
d . Quasi experimental studies
which of the following risk factors such as smoking and obesity have been shown
to be more prevalent among people with disabilities?
a . Behavioral risk factors
b . Demographic risk factors
c . Genetic risk factors
d . Physiological risk factors
What is the role of rehabilitation ?
a . Improve medical equipment
b . Provide Pre - hospital care
c . Provide emergency response
d . Minimizing future specialties
Which of the following defined as " systematic error in an epidemiologic study
that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between the exposure ?
a . Bias
b . Effect modification

Essay Question's
Question 3
List four from ten factors influencing crash involvement?
1-Speed
2-Pedestrians and cyclists
4-Alcohol – Crash risk
5-Medicinal and recreational drugs
6-Driver fatigue
Question 9
Using Ansari’s Public Health model, list 4 of social factors that impact the
health of people with disabilities.
Socioeconomic determinants Education
Employment
Income
Psychosocial
Community and Societal
Determinants Transportation
Question 21
Write the models and approaches to disability.
•Disabilities have
existed as long as people have existed.
•Disability is somewhat of a social construct.
•How people with disabilities are labeled and how people think of disability
changes with time and across societies.

Question 26
List two of the theories/models of health behavior change and health promotion
programs for people with disabilities .
1-Transtheoretical Model
2-Social Cognitive Theory
3-Ecological Models of Health Behavior
Question 30
List 4 of the ten essential services of public health.
1 .Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
2 .Diagnose and investigate health problem and health hazards in the
community.
3 .Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
4 .Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health
efforts.

Reema,Majdoleen
Mid 2021-2022 (PHC313 )
Q1:What is the main risk factor for motorized two-wheeler user?
A. Use of crash helmets
B. Non-use of seat belt
C. Non-use of crash helmets
D. Pre-hospitaltal care
Q2: Which one of the following drivers is more at risk of death from ?
A. Teenagers driver
B. Older driver
C. Adults drivers
D. Women driver
Q3: Post - crash care can be improved through improving the quality of the following types of care?
a . Hospital care only
b . Hospital, prehospital care and rehabilitation
c. Primary health care
d . Rehabilitation
Q4: Which country of the following has a successful program in road safety system?
A. Sweden
B. Japan
C.USA
D. France
Q5: What is the reason for using Public Health Economics and Measurement on disability?
A. To build a favorable environment for people with disability
B. To create jobs for the patient's
C. To determine the magnitude of a disability

Reema,Majdoleen
D. To determine the needs of patients
Q6: Which one of the following could contribute to making vehicles safer?
A. Using electronic stability control should be mandatory in all cars
.
B. Provide the finances and people to enact the plan
.
C. Be an advocate for national capacity and international efforts
D.Conducting school health promotion programs
.
Q7: What is the role of Rehabilitation?
A. Pre-hospital care
B. Improvements in equipment
C. To minimize future disabilities
D. Emergency response
Q8: What is the meaning of social justice as applied to the field of public health?
A. Easy access to food
B. Easy access to technology
C. Equal access to health services
D. Equal access to recreational facilities
Q9: Which of the following belongs to the three prime elements of road traffic systems?
A Electronic system
B. Flexibility in law
C. Road infrastructure
D. Public health interventions
Q10: When does the risk of crashes related to fatigue increase?
A. Driving while eating
B. During driving at night
C. Driving while talking
D. During driving in the daytime

Reema,Majdoleen
Q11: Which of the following is a risk factor influencing post-crash injury outcome?
A. Lack of knowledge about road traffic crashes
B. Lack of medical specialities and equipments in the hospital
C. Availability of medical equipment in hospital D. Lack of data on road traffic crashes
Q12: Which of the following interventions can contribute to improving visibility?
A. Reducing the volume of traffic through land use design
B. Moving from high to low-risk forms of transportation
C. High-mounted stop lamps in cars
D. Making efficient networks where the shortest routes coincide with the safest routes
Q13: Which of the following people are more likely to suffer from an RTI?
A. Elder people
B. People who are socioeconomically advantaged
C. People who are living in poor area
D. People who are working
Q14: Which one of the following is true about the speed of motor vehicles?
A. Speed is a fundamental cause of driver fatigue
B. Speed is a fundamental problem of road traffic injuries
C. Speed is a fundamental problem for older drivers
D. Speed is a fundamental problem in European countries
Q15: According to WHO data, which one of the following age group account for more than 50% of all
RTIs and death?
A.15-44
B 10-25
C. 30-60
D.10-20

Reema,Majdoleen
Q16: Why does Ward argues that disability and public health are inherently political?
A. Because it has a social approach
B. Because it has good literature C. Because it has a complicated nature
C. Because it connects to civil rights
Short answer
Q1.What are the Objectives of report on road injuries prevention prepared by WHO and World
Bank?
Describe the problem
-
-
Examine the reasons and factors
-
-Describe interventions and strategies to address the problem
Make recommendations for action at all levels of society
-
Q2.Achieving better performance?
:
Management based on outcome or results
-
–
Partnerships between central and local government
-
Partnership involving other concerned bodi
-
Q3.What is the impact of RTIs on society?
-Diverted institutional resources.
2-Lost productivity and lost economic opportunity .
3-Medical treatment cost (lost “human capital”) .
4-Cost of long-term care and rehabilitation.
5-Increased poverty.
6-Victim emotional pain.

Reema,Majdoleen
Q4.Risk factors influencing crash involvement?
1
- Speed.
2
- Pedestrians and cyclists .
3
- young drivers .
4
- Alcohol .
5
- Hand-held mobile devices .
6
- Driver fatigue.
Q5.Risk factors influencing post-crash injury outcome?
⁃Pre-hospital factors.
⁃Hospital care factors.
Q6.Driver fatigue is associated with:
⁃Long distance driving.
⁃Sleep deprivation.
Q7:Interventions that can contribute to making the road safer?
1- A road traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use.
2- Managing exposure to risk through transport and land-use policies.
3- Shaping the road network for road injury prevention.
4- Providing visible, crash-protective, “smart" vehicles.
5- Setting and securing compliance with key road safety rules.
6- Delivering post-crash care.
Q8:Describe two strategies for managing exposure to risk Rti?
Risk exposure can be reduced by:
1- Reducing the volume of traffic through land use design.
2- Making efficient networks where shortest routes coincide with the safest routes.
3- Moving from high to low-risk forms of transportation.
4- Restrictions on motor vehicle users, vehicles and on road infrastructure.

Reema,Majdoleen
Q9: Main messages from the report?
• RTI probability should be considered.
• Road safety takes contributions from government, public health professionals, vehicle
manufacturers.
• Learn from successful programs in Sweden and the Netherlands.
• Public health has important role to play in road safety.

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