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Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern

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Ch-10 Disaster Preparedness, People with Disabilities and Then Essential Services of Public Health Review the ten services: 1. Monitor health status 2. Diagnose and investigate health problem 3. Inform, educate and empower people 4. Mobilize community partnerships 5. Develop policies and plans 6. Enforce laws and regulations 7. Link people to needed personal health services 8. Assure a competent public health 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal population-based health services. 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. What Do We Know about Disaster Preparedness and Disability? 1. Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA :is responsible for “disaster preparation and emergency response issues for people with disabilities. 2. National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research – Part of U.S :Department of Education. Included disaster preparedness into its 2005-2009 long range plan. 3. Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities – The ICC is made up of leaders from federal agencies and departments 4. National Council on Disability The NCD: keeps disaster preparedness on its agendas and in its public hearings. Table 1. Individual Disaster Preparedness Checklist for and by Persons with Mobility Impairments: اضافه مهمه من الكتاب -Do create an individualized emergency plan. -Don't wait until it happens to you. -Don't leave out those who can assist you in the planning process. -Do develop a network of family, friends, and neighbors to assist -Don't think it won't happen to you. Table 2. Community Disaster Preparedness Checklist for and by Persons with Mobility :Impairments -Do share the plan with all those in the building and practice it. -Do learn about disasters and disabilities and share that knowledge. -Do talk to local emergency managers and Red Cross about ADA. -Don't wait to educate and train others on the plan procedures. -Do develop a network of supporters who can assist you Ch-11 WHO’s Definition of Health: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The Change Agent Process: 1. Problem Definition 2. Defining the Magnitude of the Problem 3. Mobilizing Resources Implementing ,Planning – Intervening 4. Public Health Tools for Change : 1. Research 2. Public Awareness 3. Community Engagement 4. Framing the Issue for Legislation Legal Rights to Health in the United States : 1. Fundamental Interests :the rights protected under the Constitution 2. Rights Recognized but not Included in the Constitution :The right to privacy 3. State Powers :police power as it relates to people with disabilities. Ethical Dilemmas in Public Health’s Past : 1. Disabilities Prevention 2. Eugenics 3. Burden of Disease National Organizations and Consortia : 1. The American Association on Health and Disability 2. American Public Health Association Disability Section 3. American Red Cross

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1 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Chapter 1: The fundamentals ‫األساسيات‬
2 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road traffic injuries are a major health and development crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been aware of this public health issue for 40 years. In 2000, the WHO’s Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention was established. The United Nations (UN) has also increased their road safety efforts in the last 10 years. ‫تعد‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫األزمات‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫واإلنمائية‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ . ‫كانت‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ (WHO) ‫على‬ ‫دراية‬ ‫بقضية‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫منذ‬ 40 ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫عا‬ ‫في‬ ‫عام‬ 2000 ، ‫أنشئت‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫والعنف‬ ‫التابعة‬ ‫لمنظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫قامت‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫المتحدة‬ (UN) ‫بزيادة‬ ‫جهود‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫العشر‬ ‫الماضية‬ . Introduction
3 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Aims of this report Goals • Increase awareness of how serious road traffic collisions are • Point out how preventable this problem is • Encourage a coordinated effort across a variety of groups to address this problem ‫أهداف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بمدى‬ ‫خطورة‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق؟‬ ‫نشير‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة؟‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫جه‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫منس‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ Introduction
4 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Objectives of the report • Describe the problem • Examine the reasons and factors • Describe interventions and strategies to address the problem • Make recommendations for action at all levels of society ‫أهداف‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫المشكلة؟‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫والعوامل؟‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫واالستراتيجيات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تقديم‬ ‫توصيات‬ ‫للعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ Introduction
5 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention How the report was developed Professionals from the fields of health, transport, engineering, law enforcement, and education as well as the private sector and nongovernmental organizations contributed to the development of this report. ‫كيف‬ ‫تم‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫ساهم‬ ‫المهنيون‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫والنقل‬ ‫والهندسة‬ ‫وتطبيق‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫والتعليم‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫والمنظمات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ . Introduction
6 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention RTIs are a major public health concern. Almost 1.2 million people are killed a year in road traffic crashes. Injuries could equal more than 50 million a year. RTIs attracts less media attention than tragedies with less fatalities. There’s an urgent need to address this problem. RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫قلق‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫ما‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫من‬ 1.2 ‫مليون‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫يقتلون‬ ‫كل‬ ‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 50 ‫مليون‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنة‬ . ‫تجذب‬ ‫أجهزة‬ RTI ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫اهتما‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫اإلعالم‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمآسي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫عنها‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ملحة‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ . The fundamentals
7 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The report has three goals: • Create a greater level of awareness. • Provide justification for the change in thinking so that significant research about the nature of RTIs can continue to be undertaken. • Strengthen institutions and create partnerships to deliver safer roads. ‫يحتوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوعي‬ . ‫تقديم‬ ‫مبررات‬ ‫للتغيير‬ ‫في‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫مواصلة‬ ‫القيام‬ ‫ببحث‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫حول‬ ‫طبيعة‬ RTIs. ‫تعزيز‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫وإقامة‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫لتوفير‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ن‬‫أما‬ . The fundamentals
8 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention A public health concern Injuries represent • 12% of the global burden of disease • third most prominent cause of overall mortality • main cause of death for 1 – 40 year olds In low income countries, road traffic fatalities is among pedestrians, cyclists, occupants of buses, occupants of two-wheeled vehicles. In high income countries, fatalities are among occupants of cars. ‫قلق‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ 12 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫العبء‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫للمرض‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫أبرز‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ‫الشاملة‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫بين‬ 1 - 40 ‫سنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫تقع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫الحافالت‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫تكون‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ركاب‬ ‫السيارات‬ . The fundamentals
9 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Social and economic costs of RTIs RTIs cost countries around 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low income countries. In high income countries, it’s 1.5% of GNP. RTIs are a burden on countries as well as households. ‫التكاليف‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫واالقتصادية‬ ‫من‬ RTIs ‫ﻟﮐﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺳؤﻣف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺑطﺗﻟ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲﺟوﻟوﻧﮐﺗﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻟواﺣدان‬ 1 ٪‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺟ‬ ‫ﺞﺗﺎﻧﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻣوﻘﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟا‬ ‫ﺔﺿﻔﺧﻧﻣدان‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫يكون‬ 1.5 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬. ‫تمثل‬RTI ‫عبئا‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫األسر‬ . The fundamentals
10 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention To spite the serious economic and societal cost of RTIs, there has been a relatively small investment in efforts to combat the problem compared with other health risks. Solutions to RTI problems exists, but funding is scarce. ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫والمجتمعية‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫استثمار‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫المبذولة‬ ‫لمكافحة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمخ‬ ‫اطر‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫توجد‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫لمشاكل‬ RTI ، ‫لكن‬ ‫التمويل‬ ‫نادر‬ . The fundamentals
11 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Changing fundamental perceptions This report hopes to communicate current knowledge and thinking about RTI prevention. The thinking behind RTI prevention has changed significantly in the last 40 years. ‫تغيير‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫يأمل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫في‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫والتفكير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI. ‫لقد‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫األربعين‬ ‫الماضية‬ The fundamentals
12 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road safety paradigm shift 1. RTIs are largely predictable and preventable. 2. Road safety is a public health issue and is the responsibility of many sectors of society. 3. Every day driving and walking errors should not lead to death or serious injury. The road system should help prevent them. 4. The human body and its vulnerability should be a limiting factor in road and vehicle design. 5. Equal protection for all road users should be the goal. 6. Technology should be modified from high income conditions to low income conditions. 7. Local knowledge should be used for local solutions. The fundamentals
13 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ RTIs ‫يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫بها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ . ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫قضية‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫مسؤولية‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطاعات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أال‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخطاء‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫والمشي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫الخطيرة‬. ‫نظام‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫منعهم‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫وضعفه‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫عام‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫مقي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والمركبات‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫المتساوية‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهدف‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫التكنولوجيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫للحلول‬ ‫المحلية‬ . The fundamentals
14 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The need for good data and a scientific approach Policy decisions for RT safety need to be based on data and objective information. In low-income and middle-income countries, data collection is under-developed. The health sector can be responsible for increasing awareness about the need for better data collection systems. ‫الحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫جيدة‬ ‫ونهج‬ ‫علمي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تستند‬ ‫قرارات‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫بسالمة‬ RT ‫إلى‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والمعلومات‬ ‫الموضوعية‬. ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫ضعي‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الصحي‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫مسؤو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بالحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫أفضل‬ . The fundamentals
15 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road safety agencies and research institutes In the 1960s, traffic safety agencies were set up, but often their efforts were not coordinated with each other. Around the same time, national and scientific agencies developed. Sometimes these agencies are at cross purposes – environmental concerns versus greater mobility, for example. ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ومعاهد‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫في‬ ‫ستينات‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الماضي‬ ، ‫تم‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫لم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تنسيق‬ ‫جهودها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫البعض‬ . ‫في‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ، ‫تطورت‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والعلمية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫أغراض‬ ‫متقاطعة‬ - ‫مثل‬ ‫المخاوف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫التنقل‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ . The fundamentals
16 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The new model To advance road safety, key elements that were missing from previous efforts need to be included. Efforts need to be made across a range of interlinking sectors. ‫النموذج‬ ‫الجديد‬ ‫لتعزيز‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫مفقودة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫بذل‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ . The fundamentals
17 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Systems approach • Identify problems • Formulate strategy • Set targets • Monitor performance • ‫نهج‬ ‫النظم‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫المشاكل‬ ‫صياغة‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫االهداف‬ ‫عالمه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫أمرأة‬ The fundamentals
18 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Achieving better performance • “management based on outcome or results • targets to motivate professionals • acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility • partnerships between central and local government • Partnerships involving other concerned bodies” (page 18) • ‫تحقيق‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫أفضل‬ " ‫اإلدارة‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫لتحفيز‬ ‫المهنيين‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫والمحلية‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫الهيئات‬ ‫المعنية‬ ‫األخرى‬ ( ‫صفحة‬18) The fundamentals
19 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Shared responsibility Depends on the idea that RTIs can be reduced by having a culture of safety that involves all the key players, which makes sure that safety measures are used more. Setting targets Determining a goal for reducing the number of RTIs increases the likelihood that those goals will be moved up on the list of priorities for a government. ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ RTIs ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ثقافة‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الالعبين‬ ‫الرئيسيين‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يضمن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ RTI ‫يزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫في‬ ‫قائمة‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الحكومة‬ . The fundamentals
20 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Partnerships in public and private sectors Much can be learned from the examples of countries where successful partnerships within and between government agencies and the public and private sectors exist. ‫الشراكات‬ ‫في‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫التي‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫وفيما‬ ‫بينها‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ . The fundamentals
21 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ROAD INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL – THE NEW UNDERSTANDING Road crash injury is largely preventable and predictable; it is a human-made problem amenable to rational analysis and countermeasure Road safety is a multisectoral issue and a public health issue – all sectors, including health, need to be fully engaged in responsibility, activity and advocacy for road crash injury prevention Common driving errors and common pedestrian behaviour should not lead to death and serious injury – the traffic system should help users to cope with increasingly demanding conditions The vulnerability of the human body should be a limiting design parameter for the traffic system and speed management is central ‫من‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫اإلضافة‬ ‫من‬ ( ‫الكت‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫اب‬ ) ‫اجتهاد‬ ‫ي‬ ‫شخص‬ The road safety paradigm shift
22 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The vulnerability of the human body should be a limiting design parameter for the traffic system and speed management is central Road crash injury is a social equity issue – equal protection to all road users should be aimed for since non-motor vehicle users bear a disproportionate share of road injury and risk Technology transfer from high-income to low-income countries needs to fit local conditions and should address research-based local needs Local knowledge needs to inform the implementation of local solutions Cont ,,,,, The road safety paradigm shift
23 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Targets must be quantitative, time-dependent, easily intelligible and possible to evaluate. Among their main purposes are: — to provide a rational means for identifying and carrying out interventions; — to motivate those working in road safety; — to raise the level of commitment to safety in the wider community; — to encourage the ranking of safety measures (and their implementation) according to their value in reducing casualties; — to encourage authorities with responsibilities for road safety to set their own targets; — to allow assessments at different stages of a programme and to identify the scope for further activity. Setting targets
24 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫كمية‬ ، ‫تعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوقت‬ ، ‫سهلة‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫وممكنة‬ ‫التقييم‬ . ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫أغراضها‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ : - ‫توفير‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫عقالنية‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫وتنفيذ‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫تحفيز‬ ‫العاملين‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫لرفع‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫االلتزام‬ ‫بالسالمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫األوسع‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫التشجيع‬ ‫على‬ ‫ترتيب‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ (‫)وتنفيذها‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫وفق‬ ‫لقيمتها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫تشجيع‬ ‫السلطات‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫على‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫أهدافها‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫للسماح‬ ‫بالتقييمات‬ ‫في‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫البرنامج‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫اإلضافي‬. ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Chapter 1: The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Road traffic injuries are a major health and development crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been aware of this public health issue for 40 years. In 2000, the WHO’s Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention was established. The United Nations (UN) has also increased their road safety efforts in the last 10 years. Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Aims of this report on road injury prevention prepared by the World Health Organization and World Bank Goals 1. Increase awareness of how serious road traffic collisions are 2. Point out how preventable this problem is 3. Encourage a coordinated effort across a variety of groups to address this problem ‫األهداف‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بمدى‬ ‫خطورة‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫أشر‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫جه‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫منس‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Objectives of the report on road injury prevention prepared by the World Health Organization and World Bank 1. Describe the problem 2. Examine the reasons and factors 3. Describe interventions and strategies to address the problem 4. Make recommendations for action at all levels of society ‫أهداف‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫والعوامل‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫واالستراتيجيات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تقديم‬ ‫توصيات‬ ‫للعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 How the report was developed Professionals from the fields of health, transport, engineering, law enforcement, and education as well as the private sector and nongovernmental organizations contributed to the development of this report. ‫كيف‬ ‫تم‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫ساهم‬ ‫المهنيون‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫والنقل‬ ‫والهندسة‬ ‫وتطبيق‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫والتعليم‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫والمنظمات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ . Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 RTIs are a major public health concern. Almost 1.2 million people are killed a year in road traffic crashes. Injuries could equal more than 50 million a year. RTIs attracts less media attention than tragedies with less fatalities. There’s an urgent need to address this problem. RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫قلق‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫ما‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫من‬ 1.2 ‫مليون‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫يقتلون‬ ‫كل‬ ‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 50 ‫مليون‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنة‬ . ‫تجذب‬ ‫أجهزة‬ RTI ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫اهتما‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫اإلعالم‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمآسي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫عنها‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ملحة‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 The report has three goals: • Create a greater level of awareness. • Provide justification for the change in thinking so that significant research about the nature of RTIs can continue to be undertaken. • Strengthen institutions and create partnerships to deliver safer roads. ‫يحتوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫أهداف‬ : ‫خلق‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوعي‬ . ‫تقديم‬ ‫مبررات‬ ‫للتغيير‬ ‫في‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫مواصلة‬ ‫القيام‬ ‫ببحث‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫حول‬ ‫طبيعة‬ RTIs. ‫تعزيز‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫وإقامة‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫لتوفير‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 A public health concern Injuries represent • 12% of the global burden of disease • third most prominent cause of overall mortality • main cause of death for 1 – 40 year olds In low income countries, road traffic fatalities is among pedestrians, cyclists, occupants of buses, occupants of two-wheeled vehicles. In high income countries, fatalities are among occupants of cars. ‫ثالث‬ ‫أبرز‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ‫الشاملة‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫بين‬ 1 - 40 ‫سنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫تقع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫الحافالت‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫تكون‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ركاب‬ ‫السيارات‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 Social and economic costs of RTIs RTIs cost countries around 1% in low income countries of gross national product (GNP). In high income countries, it’s 1.5% of GNP. RTIs are a burden on countries as well as households. ‫التكاليف‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫واالقتصادية‬ ‫من‬ RTIs ‫وتكلف‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫نحو‬ 1 ‫في‬ ‫المائة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫فانه‬ 1.5 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬ . ‫ويشكل‬RTI ‫عبئا‬ ‫علي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫وعلي‬ ‫األسر‬ ‫المعيشية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 34 To spite the serious economic and societal cost of RTIs, there has been a relatively small investment in efforts to combat the problem compared with other health risks. Solutions to RTI problems exists, but funding is scarce. ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫والمجتمعية‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫استثمار‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫المبذولة‬ ‫لمكافحة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمخاطر‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫توجد‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫لمشاكل‬ RTI ، ‫لكن‬ ‫التمويل‬ ‫نادر‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 Changing fundamental perceptions This report hopes to communicate current knowledge and thinking about RTI prevention. The thinking behind RTI prevention has changed significantly in the last 40 years. ‫تغيير‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫يأمل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫في‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫والتفكير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI. ‫لقد‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫األربعين‬ ‫الماضية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 36 Road safety paradigm shift 1. RTIs are largely predictable and preventable. 2. Road safety is a public health issue and is the responsibility of many sectors of society. 3. Every day driving and walking errors should not lead to death or serious injury. The road system should help prevent them. 4. The human body and its vulnerability should be a limiting factor in road and vehicle design. 5. Equal protection for all road users should be the goal Road safety paradigm shift 6. Technology should be modified from high income conditions to low income conditions. 7. Local knowledge should be used for local solutions. ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ RTIs ‫يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫بها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ . ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫قضية‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫مسؤولية‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطاعات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أال‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخطاء‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫والمشي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ . ‫نظام‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫منعهم‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫وضعفه‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫عام‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫مقي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والمركبات‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫المتساوية‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهدف‬ . ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫التكنولوجيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫للحلول‬ ‫المحلية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 37 The need for good data and a scientific approach Policy decisions for RT safety need to be based on data and objective information. In low-income and middle-income countries, data collection is under- developed. The health sector can be responsible for increasing awareness about the need for better data collection systems. ‫الحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫جيدة‬ ‫ونهج‬ ‫علمي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تستند‬ ‫قرارات‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫بسالمة‬ RT ‫إلى‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والمعلومات‬ ‫الموضوعية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫ضعي‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الصحي‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫مسؤو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بالحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫أفضل‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 38 Road safety agencies and research institutes: In the 1960s, traffic safety agencies were set up, but often their efforts were not coordinated with each other. Around the same time, national and scientific agencies developed. Sometimes these agencies are at cross purposes – environmental concerns versus greater mobility, for example. ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ومعاهد‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫في‬ ‫ستينات‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الماضي‬ ، ‫تم‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫لم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تنسيق‬ ‫جهودها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫البعض‬. ‫في‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ، ‫تطورت‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والعلمية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫أغراض‬ ‫متقاطعة‬ - ‫مثل‬ ‫المخاوف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫التنقل‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 39 The new model – To advance road safety, key elements that were missing from previous efforts need to be included. – Efforts need to be made across a range of interlinking sectors. ‫النموذج‬ ‫الجديد‬ ‫لتعزيز‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫مفقودة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫بذل‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 40 Systems approach ‫نهج‬ ‫النظم‬ 1. Identify problems 2. Formulate strategy ‫صياغة‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ 3. Set targets ‫ضع‬ ‫االهداف‬ 4. Monitor performance ‫مراقبة‬ ‫األداء‬ Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 41 Achieving better performance: • “management based on outcome or results • targets to motivate professionals • acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility • partnerships between central and local government • Partnerships involving other concerned bodies” (page 18) ‫تحقيق‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫أفضل‬ " ‫اإلدارة‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫لتحفيز‬ ‫المهنيين‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫والمحلية‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫الهيئات‬ ‫المعنية‬ ‫األخرى‬ “ Adapted from Peden et al (2004) Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 42 Shared responsibility: Depends on the idea that RTIs can be reduced by having a culture of safety that involves all the key players, which makes sure that safety measures are used more. Setting targets: Determining a goal for reducing the number of RTIs increases the likelihood that those goals will be moved up on the list of priorities for a government. ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ RTIs ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ثقافة‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الالعبين‬ ‫الرئيسيين‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يضمن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ RTI ‫يزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫في‬ ‫قائمة‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الحكومة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 43 Partnerships in public and private sectors Much can be learned from the examples of countries where successful partnerships within and between government agencies and the public and private sectors exist. ‫الشراكات‬ ‫في‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫التي‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫وفيما‬ ‫بينها‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 44 Chapter 2: The global impact Section 1: The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 45 For RTIs, the magnitude of the problem includes both fatalities and injuries. Data shows that in 2002, close to 1.2 million died from RTIs. 20 to 50 million are injured. 10% of road traffic deaths occurred in high income countries Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 46 Regional Distribution – The six WHO regions show variation in the number of RTIs. The African region has the highest mortality rate. The European region has the lowest mortality rate. Countries also show variation. Although the African region has the highest overall fatality rate, the highest country rates are found in Latin America. ‫تظهر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫االختالف‬ . ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫األفريقية‬ ‫لديها‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫إجمالى‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ، ‫إال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫للبلد‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فى‬ ‫أمريكا‬ ‫الالتينية‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 47 Trends in RTIs Since the 1960s, there has been a decrease in fatalities in high-income countries. During the same time, there has been a marked increase in fatalities in lower-income countries. It’s important to note that when analyzing data, there’s a difference between regional and national statistics. It’s important not to assume that what is true for a region is also true for a country in that region. ‫االتجاهات‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ‫منذ‬ ‫الستينات‬ ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المرتفعة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫وخالل‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ، ‫حدثت‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫ملحوظة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ . ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫عند‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫البيانات‬ ، ‫هناك‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫بين‬ ‫اإلحصاءات‬ ‫اإلقليمية‬ ‫والوطنية‬ . ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫أال‬ ‫نفترض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ينطبق‬ ‫على‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ينطبق‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫على‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المنطقة‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 48 Declines in RTIs in high-income countries is attributed to road safety measures, but it’s important to note that it may also be due to less exposure, especially among pedestrians and cyclists. For low and middle-income countries, RTIs are predicted to increase in the next 20 years. The WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and the World Bank Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth (TFEC) models both predict a significant increase in RTIs if policies and actions do not change. ‫يعزى‬ ‫االنخفاض‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫قد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫تعرض‬ ‫أقل‬ ، ً ‫ا‬‫ة‬‫خاص‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ . ‫ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟﻟ‬ ‫ﺔﺿﻔﺧﻧﻣدان‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔطﺳوﺗﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻊﻗوﺗﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﺗأن‬ ‫ﺷؤﻣزداد‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﻣوﻟﻌﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﻲﻓت‬ ‫ﻧﺳﻟا‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾرﺷﻌﻟ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔﻣدﺎﻘﻟ‬ ‫ويتوقع‬ ‫كل‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبء‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫لألمراض‬ (GBD) ‫ونماذج‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫والنمو‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫في‬ ‫البنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـ‬ RTI ‫إذا‬ ‫لم‬ ‫تتغير‬ ‫السياسات‬ ‫واإلجراءات‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 49 RTIs could become the third leading cause of DALYs – Disability adjusted life years lost. Assisting middle and low-income countries address road traffic safety has to be a priority. Motorization, development and RTIs is a complex relationship. Cleary there is a link between the number of vehicles, a country’s development and RTIs. ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تصبح‬ RTIs ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫لـ‬ DALYs - ‫سنوات‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫المصححة‬ ‫بعجز‬ - ‫المفقودة‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫مساعدة‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المتوسطة‬ ‫والمنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ‫أولوية‬ . ‫تعد‬ ‫المحركات‬ ، ‫والتطوير‬ ، ‫و‬ RTIs ‫عالقة‬ ‫معقدة‬ . ‫كليري‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ، ‫وتطوير‬ ‫البلد‬ ‫و‬ RTIs. Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 50 Development in high income countries in the past shows that greater mobility and an increase in motorization does not have to lead to increased RTIs. Smeed was the first major attempt to model fatality rates and mortality, but there were significant flaws. A more recent World Bank report was able to account for the flaws to gain a more accurate picture of RTIs and development. ‫يظهر‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫وزيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـ‬ RTIs. ‫كانت‬ ‫سبيد‬ ‫أول‬ ‫محاولة‬ ‫كبرى‬ ‫لنمذجة‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫والوفيات‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫عيوب‬ ‫كبيرة‬ . ‫وتمكن‬ ‫تقرير‬ ‫حديث‬ ‫للبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫من‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫العيوب‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫على‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫دقة‬ ‫عن‬ RTIs ‫والتنمية‬. Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 51 Profile of people affected by RTIs The impacts to road users are different according to how they use the road. As would be expected, pedestrians and cyclists experience a greater risk when using roads. Passengers in buses and other public transport systems, in low or middle-income countries, also experience higher RTI risk. ً‫الملفًالشخصيًلألشخاصًالمتضررينًمن‬ RTIs ‫تختلفًتأثيراتًمستخدميًالطريقًباختالفًطريقةًاستخدامهمًللطريق‬ . ‫ًيتعرضًالمشاةًوراكبيًالدراجاتًلخطرًأكبرًعندًاستخدامًالطرق‬،ً‫كماًهوًمتوقع‬ . ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﮐﺎ‬ ً‫ب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺣﺎﻓﻼ‬ ‫تًو‬ ‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫ره‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫نًأ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫لًا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎ‬ ً‫م‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟ‬ ‫دانًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫أوًذاتًا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫لًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ً‫ط‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ن‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎ‬ ‫طرًار‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎ‬ ‫عًأ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎ‬ ً‫ر‬ RTI. Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 52 Occupational RTIs are a significant problem, too. In the United States, RTIs are the leading cause of death in the workplace. Gender and age – More than half of RTIs occur among those aged 15 to 44 years old. In 2002, 73% of all road traffic deaths were men. Socioeconomic status and location – People who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or living in poor areas are more likely to suffer from RTI. ‫تعتبر‬RTIs ‫المهنية‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الواليات‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ، ‫تعتبر‬ RTIs ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫العمل‬ . ‫ﻧ‬ ‫وع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﺟﻟ‬ ‫س‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻟ‬ ‫ر‬- ‫ﺣﯾ‬ ‫دث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺛﮐ‬ ‫ﻣر‬ ‫ﺻﻧن‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻣف‬ ‫ﺎﻣوﻟﻌﻣطق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻼطﻹ‬ ‫ق‬RTIs ‫ﯾﺑ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﺧﺷﻷ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾذﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺗن‬ ‫راوح‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻋ‬ ‫ﯾﺑرهم‬ ‫ن‬15 ‫و‬44 ‫ًﻣﺎﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬. ‫في‬ ‫عام‬ 2002 ، ‫كان‬ 73 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرجال‬ . ‫الوضع‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫والموقع‬ - ‫األشخاص‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحرمان‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫يعيشون‬ ‫في‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫الفقيرة‬ ‫هم‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫للمعاناة‬ ‫من‬ RTI. Chapter 2 – The global impact Imp
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention What other RTI impacts are there to society? 1. Lost productivity and lost economic opportunity 2. Diverted institutional resources 3. Medical treatment cost, lost “human capital”, 4. Cost of long-term care and rehabilitation 5. Victim emotional pain 6. Increased poverty ً‫ماًهيًتأثيرات‬RTI‫األخرىًعلىًالمجتمع؟‬ ‫فقدتًاإلنتاجيةًوفرصًاقتصاديةًضائعة‬ ‫المواردًالمؤسسيةًالمحولة‬ ً‫ًفقدت‬،ً‫تكلفةًالعالجًالطبي‬ " ‫رأسًالمالًالبشري‬ " ، ‫تكلفةًالرعايةًعلىًالمدىًالطويلًوإعادةًالتأهيل‬ ‫الضحيةًاأللمًالعاطفي‬ ‫زيادةًالفقر‬ Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 54 Data and evidence for RTI prevention Without reliable data, it’s impossible to determine the priorities for prevention so that public health, medical and community organizations can work effectively to prevent injuries in the future. Sources and types of data – From police departments, hospitals, and previous studies. Data comes from – injury surveillance systems, surveys. ‫البيانات‬ ‫واألدلة‬ ‫لمنع‬ RTI ‫بدون‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫موثوقة‬ ، ‫من‬ ‫المستحيل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتمكن‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫والطبية‬ ‫والمجتمع‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫بفعالية‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إصابات‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستقبل‬ . ‫مصادر‬ ‫وأنواع‬ ‫البيانات‬ - ‫من‬ ‫أقسام‬ ‫الشرطة‬ ‫والمستشفيات‬ ‫والدراسات‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫البيانات‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫من‬ - ‫نظم‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫االصابات‬ ، ‫والدراسات‬ ‫االستقصائية‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Data analysis, issues and concerns Data systems need to allow access to outside entities. Indicators in data sets work as tools to show the magnitude of a problem as well as help set goals and determine results. Definitions and standardization of data – Be sure to check that terms are used consistently across reports. Data can be significantly off or underreported if data terms are not standardized across countries and entities. ‫تحليل‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والقضايا‬ ‫واالهتمامات‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫بالوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الكيانات‬ ‫الخارجية‬ . ‫تعمل‬ ‫المؤشرات‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫كأدوات‬ ‫إلظهار‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫النتائج‬ . ‫تعاريف‬ ‫وتوحيد‬ ‫البيانات‬ - ‫تأكد‬ ‫من‬ ‫التحقق‬ ‫من‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المصطلحات‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫متسق‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫التقارير‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫معطلة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫لم‬ ‫تكن‬ ‫شروط‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫َّدة‬‫ح‬‫مو‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫والكيانات‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The data shows that efforts to slow the increase in RTI has been effective since 2007, when RT fatality rates plateaued. While this statistic is encouraging, there is no sign of a decline in RTIs. If the goals of the Decade of Action and Sustainable Development Goal are to be realized, more attention, work and collaborative effort are needed. ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫تًأنًا‬ ‫ﻟﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺑ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻹﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ءًا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ً‫دة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ RTI ‫ﮐﺎﻧ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ً‫ذ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ً‫م‬ 2007 ً، ‫ﻋﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫تًا‬ ‫ﻹﻣﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Rt ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘ‬ ‫رة‬ . ً‫ًفليسًهناكًماًيشيرًإلىًانخفاضًفي‬،ً‫فيًحينًأنًهذهًاإلحصائيةًمشجعة‬ RTIs. ‫ًفالًبدًمنًالمزيدًمنًاالهتمامًوالعملًوالجهدًالتعاوني‬،ً‫إذاًأريدًتحقيقًأهدافًالعقدًمنًالعملًوالهدفًمنًأهدافًالتنميةًالمستدامة‬ . . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Low- and middle-income countries bear a bigger proportion of the RTI burden. 90% of road traffic deaths still occur in low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic death rates are double in low- and middle-income than what they are in high-income countries. ‫تتحمل‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبء‬ RTI. ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ 90 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫معدالت‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ضعف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المتدني‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ‫عما‬ ‫هي‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The African Region has the highest risk of road traffic death. “The Eastern Mediterranean Region is the only region where high-income countries have a higher road traffic death rate than low- and middle-income countries.” (page 6) ‫المنطقة‬ ‫األفريقية‬ ‫لديها‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫الموت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . " ‫إن‬ ‫إقليم‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫المتوسط‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫الوحيدة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتمتع‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫بمعدل‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ". Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention RTIs are too high among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Around 50% of road traffic deaths on the world’s roads is among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Decade of Action’s goal of increasing non-motorized transportation must reconcile its goal with the risks. Safety of among these kinds of road users must be a priority. RTIs ‫عالية‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫النارية‬ . ‫حوالي‬50 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫هي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫النارية‬ . ‫ويجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يوفق‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫المتمثل‬ ‫في‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫د‬ َّ‫المزو‬ ‫بمحركات‬ ‫هدفه‬ ‫من‬ ‫المخاطر‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫األنواع‬ ‫من‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫أولوية‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Data needs to be standardized across reporting countries. Data in some countries needs to be more robust. Cross-country comparisons of non-fatal road traffic injuries are even more inconsistent. ‫تحتاج‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توحيدها‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المبلغة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫قوة‬ . ‫المقارنات‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البالد‬ ‫لإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المميتة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تناق‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Emergency care after an injury is inconsistent causing gross disparities in injury outcomes for victims. The quality of care at the scene of an accident is also widely inconsistent. Training health-care staff in emergency care improves outcomes. ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫متناسقة‬ ‫مما‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تفاوت‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫في‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫للضحايا‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫الحادث‬ ‫غير‬ ‫متناسقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫واسع‬ . ‫تدريب‬ ‫موظفي‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫في‬ ‫رعاية‬ ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫يحسن‬ ‫النتائج‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Coordinating road safety efforts across entities will increase public health efforts to decrease RTIs greatly. An agency singly in charge of leading national road safety efforts exists in 162 countries. ‫ﺳ‬ ً‫وف‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ً‫ؤدي‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺳﯾ‬ ً‫ق‬ ‫ﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻋﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ً‫طرق‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﮭﯾﺋﺎ‬ ‫تًإ‬ ‫ﻟﯽ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ً‫دة‬ ‫ﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﻟﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ً‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﺟﺎ‬ ‫زًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻌﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﺟﺔ‬ ‫رة‬ . ً‫توجدًوكالةًمنفردةًمسؤولةًعنًقيادةًالجهودًالوطنيةًللسالمةًعلىًالطرقًفي‬ 162 ‫دولة‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Target-setting is important to reducing RTIs. Countries with a long-term vision and defined objectives will achieve greater results in road safety. “While a national strategy is essential to defining the vision behind a road safety programme, its implementation requires tangible objectives and, in particular, intermediate targets…Target-setting is a valuable means to get – and keep – traffic safety on the political agenda.” (page 16) ‫إعداد‬ ‫الهدف‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫لتقليل‬ RTIs. ‫سوف‬ ‫تحقق‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫األجل‬ ‫واألهداف‬ ‫المحددة‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . " ‫في‬ ‫حين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫االستراتيجية‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫ضرورية‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تقف‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫للسالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫إال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تنفيذها‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫أهداف‬ ‫ملموسة‬ ، ‫وعلى‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫الخصوص‬ ، ‫األهداف‬ ‫الوسيطة‬ ... ‫يعد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫وسيلة‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ‫في‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫األعمال‬ ‫السياسي‬ ‫والحفاظ‬ ‫عليها‬ . " Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 64 Chapter 3 – Risk factors
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 65 Risk in road traffic is a function of four things: 1. Exposure ‫تعرض‬ 2. Underlying probability of a crash, given a particular exposure ‫االحتمال‬ ‫الكامن‬ ‫لالنهيار‬ ‫نظرا‬ ‫لتعرض‬ ‫معين‬ 3. Probability of injury, given a crash ‫احتمال‬ ‫االصابة‬ ، ‫نظرا‬ ‫لتحطم‬ ‫الطائرة‬ 4. Outcome of the injury ‫نتيجة‬ ‫االصابة‬ Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 66 Risk comes as a result of various factors: 1. Human error within the traffic system ‫خطأ‬ ‫بشري‬ ‫في‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫المرور‬ 2. Size and nature of the kinetic energy of the impact ‫حجم‬ ‫وطبيعة‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫الحركية‬ ‫للتأثير‬ 3. Tolerance of the individual to the impact ‫تحمل‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫للتأثير‬ 4. Quality and availability of care after the accident ‫الجودة‬ ‫وتوافر‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫الحادث‬ Review Figure 1 for a complete list of risk factors. Introduction
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 67 1- Rapid motorization ‫سرعة‬ ‫السيارات‬ Motor vehicles • Growing number of vehicles on the roads Motorized two-wheeled vehicles • Most of the increase in motor vehicles on the road is in two-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicles. Non-motorized traffic • In developing countries, pedestrian and cyclist traffic has increased without an increase in the quality of road accommodation for them. ‫السيارات‬: ‫تزايد‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫المزودة‬ ‫بمحركات‬ : ‫معظم‬ ‫الزيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫في‬ ‫عربات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫وثالث‬ ‫عجالت‬ . ‫حركة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مزودة‬ ‫بمحركات‬ : ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫زادت‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫والدراجين‬ ‫دون‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫اإلقامة‬ ‫لهم‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 68 2- Demographics • Fluctuations in the size of different population groups has a strong impact on road traffic tolls. • Young or old drivers obviously have an impact on road safety. • In developed countries, more drivers will be over 65 in the coming years. • In developing countries, older drivers rely on public transportation or are pedestrians and cyclists. ‫التركيبة‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫التقلبات‬ ‫في‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫قوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫رسوم‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الواضح‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫الصغار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫القدامى‬ ‫لديهم‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ، ‫سيكون‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 65 ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫القادمة‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫يعتمد‬ ‫السائقون‬ ‫األقدم‬ ‫على‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 69 3- Transport, land use and road network planning • How roads are planned have a profound effect on a community’s health and safety. • It can affect property values, economic activity, crime and health. • Without it, roads and traffic patterns develop haphazardly, contributing to a lack of safety and inefficiency. • In developing countries, special care needs to be taken in traffic planning to account for the wide variety of road users. ‫النقل‬ ، ‫استخدام‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫وتخطيط‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫إن‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫المخطط‬ ‫لها‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫عميق‬ ‫على‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫وسالمته‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫قيم‬ ‫الممتلكات‬ ‫والنشاط‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫والجريمة‬ ‫والصحة‬ . ‫وبدون‬ ‫ذلك‬ ، ‫تتطور‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫وأنماط‬ ‫المرور‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫عشوائي‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يسهم‬ ‫في‬ ‫انعدام‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫وعدم‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫أخذ‬ ‫رعاية‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫لمراعاة‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 70 4- Increased need for travel • All growing cities experience a shift in populations from inside the city center to suburbs. • This is true in developed countries as well as developing ones. • City and road planners need to take this trend into consideration as they plan so that it can be accounted for in designs. ‫زيادة‬ ‫الحاجة‬ ‫للسفر‬ ‫تشهد‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫النامية‬ ‫تحوال‬ ‫في‬ ‫أعداد‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫من‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الضواحي‬ . ‫هذا‬ ‫صحيح‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫النامية‬ . ‫يتعين‬ ‫على‬ ‫مخططي‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫والطرق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يأخذوا‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫االتجاه‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫حسابه‬ ‫في‬ ‫التصاميم‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 71 5- Choice of less safe forms of travel • Road travel is far less safe than other forms of travel. • Within road travel, the risks vary greatly country to country. In developed countries, the most dangerous form of travel is as a rider on a two-wheeler. • Public transportation is far safer than car travel. ‫اختيار‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫سفر‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ ‫إن‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫في‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫تختلف‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫آلخر‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ، ‫يكون‬ ‫أخطر‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫بمثابة‬ ‫راكب‬ ‫على‬ ‫عربة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫عجلتين‬ . ‫وسائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫هي‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫أمنا‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫بالسيارة‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 72 10 factors. Review all Tables and Figures in detail in this section. 1. Speed – The fundamental problem of road traffic injuries 2. Pedestrians and cyclists – More pedestrian and cyclist crashes in low income countries. Risks are many more times higher for these road users. ‫السرعة‬- ‫المشكلة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫لإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ - ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫السير‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫تزداد‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫لمستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هؤالء‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 73 3. Young drivers and riders – RTIs is the leading cause of death for these road users. Crash risks are greater for teenagers than any other group. 4. Alcohol – Crash risk, age of drivers and severity of crashes are major factors in alcohol use by road users. Research has shown that the best deterrent is to increased the perceived risk of being caught. 5. Medicinal and recreational drugs – Much less well understood than alcohol’s effect. Difficult to study. Needs more research. ‫السائقون‬ ‫والناشطون‬ ‫الشباب‬ - RTIs ‫هو‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫لمستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هؤالء‬ . ‫مخاطر‬ ‫التصادم‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫للمراهقين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أي‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫أخرى‬ . ‫الكحول‬- ‫يعد‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫التصادم‬ ‫وعمر‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫ّة‬‫د‬‫وح‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫من‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تعاطي‬ ‫الكحول‬ ‫من‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫وقد‬ ‫أظهرت‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫رادع‬ ‫هو‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫للقبض‬ ‫عليهم‬ . ‫العقاقير‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫والترويحية‬ - ‫أقل‬ ‫إدراكا‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫الكحول‬ . ‫صعب‬ ‫للدراسة‬ . ‫يحتاج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫البحث‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 74 6. Driver fatigue – Associated with long distance driving and sleep deprivation. Three high-risk groups: the young, shift workers, sleep apnea sufferers. 7. Hand-held mobile devices – The use of these devices has increased dramatically. Drivers take longer to react when they are talking on a phone. 8. Inadequate visibility – Vehicles on the side of the road, fog, difficulty seeing pedestrians and bikes inadequate lights are all visibility problems. ‫التعب‬ ‫سائق‬ - ‫يرتبط‬ ‫مع‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫لمسافات‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫والحرمان‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوم‬ . ‫ثالث‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫المخاطر‬ : ‫الشباب‬ ، ‫عمال‬ ‫المناوبة‬ ، ‫الذين‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫انقطاع‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫النوم‬ . ‫األجهزة‬ ‫المحمولة‬ ‫باليد‬ - ‫ازداد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ . ‫يستغرق‬ ‫السائقون‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫وق‬ ‫أطول‬ ‫للرد‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫يتحدثون‬ ‫على‬ ‫الهاتف‬ . ‫عدم‬ ‫كفاية‬ ‫الرؤية‬ - ‫إن‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫والضباب‬ ‫وصعوبة‬ ‫رؤية‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المالئمة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫كلها‬ ‫مشكالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرؤية‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 75 9. Road-related factors – Accidents are not evenly distributed through a network. Certain areas or road features cause more accidents. Poor engineering increases crash risk. 10. Vehicle-related factors – Vehicle design has very little impact on crash cause, although it does help reduce injury. ‫ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا‬ ‫ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا‬ ‫ﺮﻄﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ق‬- ‫ﻮﺤﻟا‬ ‫ﺮﻴﻏادث‬ ‫ﺔﻋزﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻦﻣوي‬ ‫ﻼﺧ‬ ‫ﺔﻜﺒﺷل‬. ‫بعض‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ميزات‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحوادث‬ . ‫الهندسة‬ ‫السيئة‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫االصطدام‬ . ‫العوامل‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫بالمركبة‬ - ‫تصميم‬ ‫السيارة‬ ‫له‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫ضئيل‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫على‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫التصادم‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 76 1. Lack of in-vehicle crash protection – If all cars were designed to the best standard available, 50% of fatal/disabling injuries could be prevented (EC states). Vehicle design impacts different road users in different ways. 2. Non-use of helmets for two-wheeler riders – Helmets reduce serious and fatal injury risk in two-wheeler riders by 20 to 45%. Head injury is the main cause of death for these road users. ‫عدمًوجودًحمايةًمنًاالصطدامًفيًالسيارة‬ - ً‫ًيمكنًمنع‬،ً‫إذاًتمًتصميمًجميعًالسياراتًإلىًأفضلًمعيارًمتاح‬ 50 ً‫ًمنًاإلصابات‬٪ ‫المميتة‬ / ً‫المعطلة‬ ( ً‫دولًالجماعة‬ ‫االوروبيه‬ .) ً‫تصميمًالمركباتًيؤثرًعليًمختلفًمستخدميًالطرقًبطرق‬ ‫مختلفه‬ . ‫عدمًاستخدامًخوذاتًلراكبيًعجالت‬ - ً‫الخوذاتًتقللًمنًخطرًاإلصاباتًالخطيرةًوالمميتةًفيًالدراجينًعجالتًبنسبه‬ 20 ً‫إلى‬ 45 ٪ . ً‫أصابه‬ ‫الراسًهيًالسببًالرئيسيًللوفاةًلهؤالءًالمستخدمينًالطريق‬ . Risk factors influencing injury severity
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 77 3. Non-use of seat belts – Not using a seat belt significantly increases your risk of death or injury in an accident. Rate of seat belt use varies greatly country to country. 4. Roadside objects – 18 to 42% of fatal accidents have roadside objects as a contributing factor. The road environment needs to be designed to minimize to eliminate the likelihood of a head-on collision with roadside objects. ‫عدم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫أحزمة‬ ‫األمان‬ - ‫عدم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫في‬ ‫حادث‬ . ‫يختلف‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫آخر‬ . ‫األشياء‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ - ‫من‬18 ‫إلى‬42 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫المميتة‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫كائنات‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫كعامل‬ ‫مساهم‬ . ‫ﺟﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺻﺗب‬ ‫ﺔﺋﯾﺑم‬ ‫ﻟا‬ ‫ﯾﻟﻘﺗﻟﻟطرق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﯽﻟ‬ ‫ﯽﻧأد‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿﻘﻟﻟد‬ ‫ﯽﻟﻋء‬ ‫ﺎﻣﺗﺣا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﺻﺗﻟ‬ ‫دم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﻊﻣر‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺟﻷا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺟوﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﯽﻟﻋودة‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قﯾطرﻟ‬. Risk factors influencing injury severity
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 78 1. Pre-hospital – In low-income countries, access to emergency medical service is almost non-existent. Lack of health insurance or social security in those countries also puts crash care out of reach. 2. Hospital care – Lack of trained personnel and lack of equipment negatively impact the quality of crash care. ‫ما‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫المستشفى‬ - ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫يكاد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫الطارئة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫موجود‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫االفتقار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التأمين‬ ‫الصحي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التأمين‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعطال‬ ‫بعيدة‬ ‫المنال‬ . ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستشفيات‬ - ‫يؤثر‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫الموظفين‬ ‫المدربين‬ ‫ونقص‬ ‫المعدات‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تأثير‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫سلبي‬ ‫على‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫العناية‬ ‫باألعطال‬ . Review the Conclusion section. Risk factors influencing post-crash injury outcome.
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 79 Section 2 – Legislation and road user behavior
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 80 • Laws improve driving behavior. ‫القوانين‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫سلوك‬ ‫القيادة‬ • This section reviews legislation in five behavioral risk factors. ‫يستعرض‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫القسم‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫في‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫عوامل‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫سلوكية‬. • Enforcement of laws is key to the success of the laws. ‫إنفاذ‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫هو‬ ‫مفتاح‬ ‫نجاح‬ ‫القوانين‬ . • Review the Figures in this section. Legislation
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 81  Reducing speed • Since speed is a critical factor in road traffic accidents, national speed limits are fundamental to effective speed management. A pedestrian’s risk of dying increases greatly with a driver’s speed. Speed limits must be enforced to be effective.  Increasing helmet use • The use of motorized two wheeled vehicles has increased greatly in the last few years. Using a helmet can reduce the risk of death by 40%. Laws need to address helmet quality and make clear where and when it must be used. ‫تقليل‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫بما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫حاسم‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫فإن‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫إلدارة‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الفعالة‬ . ‫يزيد‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫موت‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫السائق‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫فرض‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫لتكون‬ ‫فعالة‬ . ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫الخوذة‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫القليلة‬ ‫الماضية‬ . ‫استخدام‬ ‫خوذة‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫الموت‬ ‫بنسبة‬ 40 ٪. ‫تحتاج‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫الخوذة‬ ‫وتوضيح‬ ‫أين‬ ‫ومتى‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدامها‬ . Driving behaviors ‫سلوكياتيالقيادة‬
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 82  Reducing drink-driving • Legislation and enforcement greatly reduces the incidence of drink-driving. The young and commercial drivers are at greater risk. Better data collection is needed for this behavior.  Increasing seat belt use • Wearing a seat belt reduces the risk of a fatality by 45-50%. Again, legislation plus enforcement equals an effective way to reduce traffic fatalities. ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫المشروبات‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫والتشريعات‬ ‫تقلل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتشار‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫الكحول‬ . ‫السائقين‬ ‫الشباب‬ ‫والتجاري‬ ‫معرضون‬ ‫لخطر‬ ‫أكبر‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫السلوك‬ . ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ارتداء‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫بنسبة‬ 45-50٪. ‫مرة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ، ‫تساوي‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التنفيذ‬ ‫وسيلة‬ ‫فعالة‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . Driving behaviors
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 83  Increasing child restraint use • Since seat belts are not useful for protecting small children, child restraints are needed. Sitting in the back of the car greatly reduces a child’s death or injury risk in an accident. As with all other measures, legislation and enforcement reduces injuries in this scenario. Compliance is especially low.  Reducing drug-driving • A new issue. Difficult to assess. Countries are beginning to legislate based on evolving evidence. ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫لألطفال‬ ‫بما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أحزمة‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫لحماية‬ ‫األطفال‬ ‫الصغار‬ ، ‫فإن‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تقييد‬ ‫األطفال‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫الجلوس‬ ‫في‬ ‫مؤخرة‬ ‫السيارة‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫موت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إصابة‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حادث‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫التدابير‬ ‫األخرى‬ ، ‫تقلل‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫واإلنفاذ‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫السيناريو‬ . ‫االمتثال‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫خاص‬ . ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قيادة‬ ‫المخدرات‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫جديدة‬ . ‫صعب‬ ‫التقييم‬ . ‫بدأت‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫التشريع‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫األدلة‬ ‫المتطورة‬ . Driving behaviors
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 84  Reducing distracted driving • This threat grows bigger with each passing week. Mobile device use makes distracted driving a common occurrence with deadly results. This threat is still being researched for effective legislation. ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫مشتتة‬ ‫يزداد‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التهديد‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫كل‬ ‫أسبوع‬ . ‫استخدام‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫المحمول‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫مشتتة‬ ‫لحدوث‬ ‫شائعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫مميتة‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫يجري‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التهديد‬ ‫للتشريعات‬ ‫الفعالة‬ . Driving behaviors
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 85 Chapter 4 – Interventions
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 86 Like cancer, heart disease, and stroke, road traffic injuries“ RTI” are a preventable public health issue. It’s possible to address both safety and congestion, noise, air pollution, etc., in road design. ‫مثل‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫وأمراض‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫والسكتة‬ ‫الدماغية‬ ، ‫تعتبر‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫القضايا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫من‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫واالزدحام‬ ، ‫والضوضاء‬ ، ‫وتلوث‬ ‫الهواء‬ ، ‫وما‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ، ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطريق‬ . A road traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 87 Vehicles, road users and road infrastructure are the three prime elements that need to be considered for traffic systems. This chapter addresses a wide range of interventions for road safety. ‫تعد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ومستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والبنية‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫اعتبارها‬ ‫في‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫المرور‬. ‫يتناول‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . A road traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 88 Risk exposure can be reduced by 1. Reducing the volume of traffic through land use design 2. Making efficient networks where shortest routes coincide with the safest routes 3. Moving from high to low risk forms of transportation 4. Restrictions on motor vehicle users, vehicles and on road infrastructure ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫للمخاطر‬ ‫بنسبة‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫الفعالة‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫أقصر‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫تتزامن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المسارات‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫أمانا‬ ‫االنتقال‬ ‫من‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫المفروضة‬ ‫على‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫والسيارات‬ ‫والبنية‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫للطرق‬ Managing risk exposure through transport and land-use policies
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 89 • Incorporating safety features into road design – Engineering can lead to safer road user behavior. 1. Higher speed roads 2. Single-lane carriagewaysًً‫الطرقًالسريعةًأحاديهًالمسار‬ 3. Residential access roadsًًًً‫طرقًالدخولًالسكنية‬ 4. Area-wide urban safety management Shaping the road network for RTI prevention 5. Safer routes for pedestrians/cyclists 6. Traffic calming measures ً‫تدابيرًتهدئه‬ ‫حركهًالمرور‬ 7. Safety audits 8. Crash-protective roadsides
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 90 Improving visibility – daytime running lights ‫تحسين‬ ‫الرؤية‬ - ‫أضواء‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫نهارية‬ High-mounted stop lamps in cars ‫مصابيح‬ ‫توقف‬ ‫مرتفعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ Day time lights for two-wheelers ‫أضواء‬ ‫النهار‬ ‫لمركبة‬ ‫بعجلتين‬ Crash-protective vehicle design ‫تصميم‬ ‫سيارة‬ ‫واقية‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعطال‬ Review Box 4.4 Providing visible, crash-protective, “smart” vehicles
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 91 • Safer bus and truck fronts ‫واجهات‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أكث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أمانا‬ ‫للحافالت‬ ‫والشاحنات‬ • Car occupant protection ‫حماية‬ ‫اكب‬‫ر‬ ‫السيارة‬ • Front/side impact protection ‫حماية‬ ‫الصدمات‬ ‫األمامية‬ / ‫الجانبية‬ • Occupant restraints ‫قيود‬ ‫كاب‬ ‫ر‬‫ال‬ • Protection against roadside objects • Vehicle-to-vehicle compatibility • Design of non-motorized vehicles • “Intelligent” vehicles • Front, rear and side under-run guards on trucks • “Smart”, audible seat-belt reminders • Speed adaptation • On-board electronic stability programms • Alcohol interlocks Review 9 other categories Providing visible, crash-protective, “smart” vehicles
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 92 • Traffic law enforcement is an essential part of road safety • Review the 7 areas of enforcement and their sub-categories: 1. Speed limit 2. Alcohol impairment 3. Drugs 4. Drivers’ work hours 5. Traffic light cameras 6. Seatbelts 7. Helmets Setting and securing compliance with key road safety rules
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 93 High quality post-crash care diminishes fatalities and the severity of injuries. • Pre-hospital care – The role of bystanders, emergency response, and emergency services ‫دورًالمارةًواالستجابةًللطوارئًوخدماتًالطوارئ‬ • Hospital care – Improvements in equipment and organization in trauma care has reduced fatalities significantly • Rehabilitation – Essential to minimizing future disabilities ‫التقرير‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫والبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ . ‫أنظمة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫معقدة‬ ‫وخطيرة‬ ‫بطبيعتها‬ . RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫صحية‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫ضخمة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫الموثوقة‬ ، ‫وبدونها‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ RTIs ‫بشكل‬ ‫صحيح‬ . Delivering post-crash care‫تقديميالرعايةيبعدياالصطداميييييييييي‬
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 94 Chapter 5 – Conclusions
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 95 First joint report between the WHO and World Bank. • Road systems are complex and dangerous by nature. • RTIs are a huge public health problem. • Reliable data is difficult to find, and without it, RTIs cannot be addressed properly. ‫التقرير‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫األول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫والبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ . ‫أنظمة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫معقدة‬ ‫وخطيرة‬ ‫بطبيعتها‬ . RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫صحية‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫ضخمة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫الموثوقة‬ ، ‫وبدونها‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ RTIs ‫بشكل‬ ‫صحيح‬ . Main messages from the report
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 96 • RTI probability should be considered. • Road safety takes contributions from government, public health professionals, vehicle manufacturers, etc. See Box 5.1 • Learn from successful programs in Sweden and the Netherlands. • Public health has important role to play in road safety. ‫ينبغي‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫في‬ ‫احتمال‬ RTI. ‫تأخذ‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫مساهمات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫ومهنيي‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫ومصنعي‬ ‫السيارات‬ ، ‫إلخ‬ . ‫تعلم‬ ‫من‬ ‫البرامج‬ ‫الناجحة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السويد‬ ‫وهولندا‬ . ‫تلعب‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫دور‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫ها‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . Main messages from the report
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 97 1. Identify an agency in the government to oversee road traffic safety. 2. Determine the problem, policies, and institutions related to road traffic safety and the capacity for prevention in each country. 3. Create a road safety strategy and an action plan to go with it. ‫تحديد‬ ‫وكالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫لإلشراف‬ ‫على‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫والسياسات‬ ‫والمؤسسات‬ ‫المتعلقة‬ ‫بأمان‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والقدرة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بلد‬ . ‫إنشاء‬ ‫إستراتيجية‬ ‫للسالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫وخطة‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫لتتوافق‬ ‫معها‬ . Recommended actions
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 98 4. Provide the finances and people to enact the plan. 5. Act to prevent crashes and minimize injuries, and evaluate the impact of these actions. 6. Be an advocate for national capacity and international efforts. ‫توفير‬ ‫األموال‬ ‫والشعب‬ ‫لسن‬ ‫الخطة‬ . ‫التصرف‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫وتقليل‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫وتقييم‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫اإلجراءات‬ . ‫كن‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫مدافع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫القدرات‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والجهود‬ ‫الدولية‬ . Recommended action, continued
PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 99 Section 3 – Safer vehicles and roads
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern
Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern

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Road Traffic Injuries Report Outlines Major Public Health Concern

  • 1. 1 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Chapter 1: The fundamentals ‫األساسيات‬
  • 2. 2 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road traffic injuries are a major health and development crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been aware of this public health issue for 40 years. In 2000, the WHO’s Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention was established. The United Nations (UN) has also increased their road safety efforts in the last 10 years. ‫تعد‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫األزمات‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫واإلنمائية‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ . ‫كانت‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ (WHO) ‫على‬ ‫دراية‬ ‫بقضية‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫منذ‬ 40 ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫عا‬ ‫في‬ ‫عام‬ 2000 ، ‫أنشئت‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫والعنف‬ ‫التابعة‬ ‫لمنظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫قامت‬ ‫األمم‬ ‫المتحدة‬ (UN) ‫بزيادة‬ ‫جهود‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫العشر‬ ‫الماضية‬ . Introduction
  • 3. 3 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Aims of this report Goals • Increase awareness of how serious road traffic collisions are • Point out how preventable this problem is • Encourage a coordinated effort across a variety of groups to address this problem ‫أهداف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بمدى‬ ‫خطورة‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق؟‬ ‫نشير‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة؟‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫جه‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫منس‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ Introduction
  • 4. 4 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Objectives of the report • Describe the problem • Examine the reasons and factors • Describe interventions and strategies to address the problem • Make recommendations for action at all levels of society ‫أهداف‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫المشكلة؟‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫والعوامل؟‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫واالستراتيجيات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تقديم‬ ‫توصيات‬ ‫للعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ Introduction
  • 5. 5 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention How the report was developed Professionals from the fields of health, transport, engineering, law enforcement, and education as well as the private sector and nongovernmental organizations contributed to the development of this report. ‫كيف‬ ‫تم‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫ساهم‬ ‫المهنيون‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫والنقل‬ ‫والهندسة‬ ‫وتطبيق‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫والتعليم‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫والمنظمات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ . Introduction
  • 6. 6 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention RTIs are a major public health concern. Almost 1.2 million people are killed a year in road traffic crashes. Injuries could equal more than 50 million a year. RTIs attracts less media attention than tragedies with less fatalities. There’s an urgent need to address this problem. RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫قلق‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫ما‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫من‬ 1.2 ‫مليون‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫يقتلون‬ ‫كل‬ ‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 50 ‫مليون‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنة‬ . ‫تجذب‬ ‫أجهزة‬ RTI ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫اهتما‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫اإلعالم‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمآسي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫عنها‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ملحة‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ . The fundamentals
  • 7. 7 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The report has three goals: • Create a greater level of awareness. • Provide justification for the change in thinking so that significant research about the nature of RTIs can continue to be undertaken. • Strengthen institutions and create partnerships to deliver safer roads. ‫يحتوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوعي‬ . ‫تقديم‬ ‫مبررات‬ ‫للتغيير‬ ‫في‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫مواصلة‬ ‫القيام‬ ‫ببحث‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫حول‬ ‫طبيعة‬ RTIs. ‫تعزيز‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫وإقامة‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫لتوفير‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ن‬‫أما‬ . The fundamentals
  • 8. 8 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention A public health concern Injuries represent • 12% of the global burden of disease • third most prominent cause of overall mortality • main cause of death for 1 – 40 year olds In low income countries, road traffic fatalities is among pedestrians, cyclists, occupants of buses, occupants of two-wheeled vehicles. In high income countries, fatalities are among occupants of cars. ‫قلق‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ 12 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫العبء‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫للمرض‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫أبرز‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ‫الشاملة‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫بين‬ 1 - 40 ‫سنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫تقع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫الحافالت‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫تكون‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ركاب‬ ‫السيارات‬ . The fundamentals
  • 9. 9 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Social and economic costs of RTIs RTIs cost countries around 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low income countries. In high income countries, it’s 1.5% of GNP. RTIs are a burden on countries as well as households. ‫التكاليف‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫واالقتصادية‬ ‫من‬ RTIs ‫ﻟﮐﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺳؤﻣف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾﺑطﺗﻟ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲﺟوﻟوﻧﮐﺗﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻟواﺣدان‬ 1 ٪‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺟ‬ ‫ﺞﺗﺎﻧﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻣوﻘﻟا‬ ‫ﻲﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟا‬ ‫ﺔﺿﻔﺧﻧﻣدان‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫يكون‬ 1.5 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬. ‫تمثل‬RTI ‫عبئا‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫األسر‬ . The fundamentals
  • 10. 10 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention To spite the serious economic and societal cost of RTIs, there has been a relatively small investment in efforts to combat the problem compared with other health risks. Solutions to RTI problems exists, but funding is scarce. ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫والمجتمعية‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫استثمار‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫المبذولة‬ ‫لمكافحة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمخ‬ ‫اطر‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫توجد‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫لمشاكل‬ RTI ، ‫لكن‬ ‫التمويل‬ ‫نادر‬ . The fundamentals
  • 11. 11 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Changing fundamental perceptions This report hopes to communicate current knowledge and thinking about RTI prevention. The thinking behind RTI prevention has changed significantly in the last 40 years. ‫تغيير‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫يأمل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫في‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫والتفكير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI. ‫لقد‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫األربعين‬ ‫الماضية‬ The fundamentals
  • 12. 12 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road safety paradigm shift 1. RTIs are largely predictable and preventable. 2. Road safety is a public health issue and is the responsibility of many sectors of society. 3. Every day driving and walking errors should not lead to death or serious injury. The road system should help prevent them. 4. The human body and its vulnerability should be a limiting factor in road and vehicle design. 5. Equal protection for all road users should be the goal. 6. Technology should be modified from high income conditions to low income conditions. 7. Local knowledge should be used for local solutions. The fundamentals
  • 13. 13 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ RTIs ‫يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫بها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ . ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫قضية‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫مسؤولية‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطاعات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أال‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخطاء‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫والمشي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫الخطيرة‬. ‫نظام‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫منعهم‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫وضعفه‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫عام‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫مقي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والمركبات‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫المتساوية‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهدف‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫التكنولوجيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫للحلول‬ ‫المحلية‬ . The fundamentals
  • 14. 14 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The need for good data and a scientific approach Policy decisions for RT safety need to be based on data and objective information. In low-income and middle-income countries, data collection is under-developed. The health sector can be responsible for increasing awareness about the need for better data collection systems. ‫الحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫جيدة‬ ‫ونهج‬ ‫علمي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تستند‬ ‫قرارات‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫بسالمة‬ RT ‫إلى‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والمعلومات‬ ‫الموضوعية‬. ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫ضعي‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الصحي‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫مسؤو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بالحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫أفضل‬ . The fundamentals
  • 15. 15 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Road safety agencies and research institutes In the 1960s, traffic safety agencies were set up, but often their efforts were not coordinated with each other. Around the same time, national and scientific agencies developed. Sometimes these agencies are at cross purposes – environmental concerns versus greater mobility, for example. ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ومعاهد‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫في‬ ‫ستينات‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الماضي‬ ، ‫تم‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫لم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تنسيق‬ ‫جهودها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫البعض‬ . ‫في‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ، ‫تطورت‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والعلمية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫أغراض‬ ‫متقاطعة‬ - ‫مثل‬ ‫المخاوف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫التنقل‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ . The fundamentals
  • 16. 16 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The new model To advance road safety, key elements that were missing from previous efforts need to be included. Efforts need to be made across a range of interlinking sectors. ‫النموذج‬ ‫الجديد‬ ‫لتعزيز‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫مفقودة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫بذل‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ . The fundamentals
  • 17. 17 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Systems approach • Identify problems • Formulate strategy • Set targets • Monitor performance • ‫نهج‬ ‫النظم‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫المشاكل‬ ‫صياغة‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫االهداف‬ ‫عالمه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫أمرأة‬ The fundamentals
  • 18. 18 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Achieving better performance • “management based on outcome or results • targets to motivate professionals • acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility • partnerships between central and local government • Partnerships involving other concerned bodies” (page 18) • ‫تحقيق‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫أفضل‬ " ‫اإلدارة‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫لتحفيز‬ ‫المهنيين‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫والمحلية‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫الهيئات‬ ‫المعنية‬ ‫األخرى‬ ( ‫صفحة‬18) The fundamentals
  • 19. 19 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Shared responsibility Depends on the idea that RTIs can be reduced by having a culture of safety that involves all the key players, which makes sure that safety measures are used more. Setting targets Determining a goal for reducing the number of RTIs increases the likelihood that those goals will be moved up on the list of priorities for a government. ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ RTIs ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ثقافة‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الالعبين‬ ‫الرئيسيين‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يضمن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ RTI ‫يزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫في‬ ‫قائمة‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الحكومة‬ . The fundamentals
  • 20. 20 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Partnerships in public and private sectors Much can be learned from the examples of countries where successful partnerships within and between government agencies and the public and private sectors exist. ‫الشراكات‬ ‫في‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫التي‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫وفيما‬ ‫بينها‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ . The fundamentals
  • 21. 21 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ROAD INJURY PREVENTION AND CONTROL – THE NEW UNDERSTANDING Road crash injury is largely preventable and predictable; it is a human-made problem amenable to rational analysis and countermeasure Road safety is a multisectoral issue and a public health issue – all sectors, including health, need to be fully engaged in responsibility, activity and advocacy for road crash injury prevention Common driving errors and common pedestrian behaviour should not lead to death and serious injury – the traffic system should help users to cope with increasingly demanding conditions The vulnerability of the human body should be a limiting design parameter for the traffic system and speed management is central ‫من‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫اإلضافة‬ ‫من‬ ( ‫الكت‬ ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫اب‬ ) ‫اجتهاد‬ ‫ي‬ ‫شخص‬ The road safety paradigm shift
  • 22. 22 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The vulnerability of the human body should be a limiting design parameter for the traffic system and speed management is central Road crash injury is a social equity issue – equal protection to all road users should be aimed for since non-motor vehicle users bear a disproportionate share of road injury and risk Technology transfer from high-income to low-income countries needs to fit local conditions and should address research-based local needs Local knowledge needs to inform the implementation of local solutions Cont ,,,,, The road safety paradigm shift
  • 23. 23 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Targets must be quantitative, time-dependent, easily intelligible and possible to evaluate. Among their main purposes are: — to provide a rational means for identifying and carrying out interventions; — to motivate those working in road safety; — to raise the level of commitment to safety in the wider community; — to encourage the ranking of safety measures (and their implementation) according to their value in reducing casualties; — to encourage authorities with responsibilities for road safety to set their own targets; — to allow assessments at different stages of a programme and to identify the scope for further activity. Setting targets
  • 24. 24 PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫كمية‬ ، ‫تعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوقت‬ ، ‫سهلة‬ ‫الفهم‬ ‫وممكنة‬ ‫التقييم‬ . ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫أغراضها‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ : - ‫توفير‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫عقالنية‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫وتنفيذ‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫تحفيز‬ ‫العاملين‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫لرفع‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫االلتزام‬ ‫بالسالمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫األوسع‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫التشجيع‬ ‫على‬ ‫ترتيب‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ (‫)وتنفيذها‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫وفق‬ ‫لقيمتها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫تشجيع‬ ‫السلطات‬ ‫المسؤولة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫على‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫أهدافها‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫للسماح‬ ‫بالتقييمات‬ ‫في‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫البرنامج‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫النشاط‬ ‫اإلضافي‬. ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬
  • 25. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Chapter 1: The fundamentals
  • 26. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Road traffic injuries are a major health and development crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been aware of this public health issue for 40 years. In 2000, the WHO’s Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention was established. The United Nations (UN) has also increased their road safety efforts in the last 10 years. Introduction
  • 27. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Aims of this report on road injury prevention prepared by the World Health Organization and World Bank Goals 1. Increase awareness of how serious road traffic collisions are 2. Point out how preventable this problem is 3. Encourage a coordinated effort across a variety of groups to address this problem ‫األهداف‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بمدى‬ ‫خطورة‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫أشر‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫شجع‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫جه‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫منس‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ Introduction
  • 28. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 Objectives of the report on road injury prevention prepared by the World Health Organization and World Bank 1. Describe the problem 2. Examine the reasons and factors 3. Describe interventions and strategies to address the problem 4. Make recommendations for action at all levels of society ‫أهداف‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫والعوامل‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫واالستراتيجيات‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تقديم‬ ‫توصيات‬ ‫للعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫مستويات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ Introduction
  • 29. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 2 How the report was developed Professionals from the fields of health, transport, engineering, law enforcement, and education as well as the private sector and nongovernmental organizations contributed to the development of this report. ‫كيف‬ ‫تم‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫ساهم‬ ‫المهنيون‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫والنقل‬ ‫والهندسة‬ ‫وتطبيق‬ ‫القانون‬ ‫والتعليم‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫والمنظمات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ . Introduction
  • 30. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 RTIs are a major public health concern. Almost 1.2 million people are killed a year in road traffic crashes. Injuries could equal more than 50 million a year. RTIs attracts less media attention than tragedies with less fatalities. There’s an urgent need to address this problem. RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫قلق‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫ما‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫من‬ 1.2 ‫مليون‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫يقتلون‬ ‫كل‬ ‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 50 ‫مليون‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنة‬ . ‫تجذب‬ ‫أجهزة‬ RTI ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫اهتما‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫اإلعالم‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمآسي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫عنها‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫ملحة‬ ‫لمعالجة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المشكلة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 31. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 The report has three goals: • Create a greater level of awareness. • Provide justification for the change in thinking so that significant research about the nature of RTIs can continue to be undertaken. • Strengthen institutions and create partnerships to deliver safer roads. ‫يحتوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫على‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫أهداف‬ : ‫خلق‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوعي‬ . ‫تقديم‬ ‫مبررات‬ ‫للتغيير‬ ‫في‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫مواصلة‬ ‫القيام‬ ‫ببحث‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫حول‬ ‫طبيعة‬ RTIs. ‫تعزيز‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫وإقامة‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫لتوفير‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 32. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 A public health concern Injuries represent • 12% of the global burden of disease • third most prominent cause of overall mortality • main cause of death for 1 – 40 year olds In low income countries, road traffic fatalities is among pedestrians, cyclists, occupants of buses, occupants of two-wheeled vehicles. In high income countries, fatalities are among occupants of cars. ‫ثالث‬ ‫أبرز‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ‫الشاملة‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫بين‬ 1 - 40 ‫سنة‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫تقع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫الحافالت‬ ‫وشاغلي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫تكون‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ركاب‬ ‫السيارات‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 33. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 Social and economic costs of RTIs RTIs cost countries around 1% in low income countries of gross national product (GNP). In high income countries, it’s 1.5% of GNP. RTIs are a burden on countries as well as households. ‫التكاليف‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫واالقتصادية‬ ‫من‬ RTIs ‫وتكلف‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫نحو‬ 1 ‫في‬ ‫المائة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ، ‫فانه‬ 1.5 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الناتج‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫اإلجمالي‬ . ‫ويشكل‬RTI ‫عبئا‬ ‫علي‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫وعلي‬ ‫األسر‬ ‫المعيشية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 34. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 34 To spite the serious economic and societal cost of RTIs, there has been a relatively small investment in efforts to combat the problem compared with other health risks. Solutions to RTI problems exists, but funding is scarce. ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫والمجتمعية‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫استثمار‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫نسب‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫المبذولة‬ ‫لمكافحة‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ً ً‫مقارنة‬ ‫بالمخاطر‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫توجد‬ ‫حلول‬ ‫لمشاكل‬ RTI ، ‫لكن‬ ‫التمويل‬ ‫نادر‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 35. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 3 Changing fundamental perceptions This report hopes to communicate current knowledge and thinking about RTI prevention. The thinking behind RTI prevention has changed significantly in the last 40 years. ‫تغيير‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫يأمل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التقرير‬ ‫في‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫والتفكير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI. ‫لقد‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫من‬ RTI ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫األربعين‬ ‫الماضية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 36. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 36 Road safety paradigm shift 1. RTIs are largely predictable and preventable. 2. Road safety is a public health issue and is the responsibility of many sectors of society. 3. Every day driving and walking errors should not lead to death or serious injury. The road system should help prevent them. 4. The human body and its vulnerability should be a limiting factor in road and vehicle design. 5. Equal protection for all road users should be the goal Road safety paradigm shift 6. Technology should be modified from high income conditions to low income conditions. 7. Local knowledge should be used for local solutions. ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ RTIs ‫يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫بها‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ . ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫قضية‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫مسؤولية‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطاعات‬ ‫المجتمع‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أال‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫كل‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أخطاء‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫والمشي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫الخطيرة‬ . ‫نظام‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫منعهم‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫وضعفه‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫عام‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫مقي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والمركبات‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫الحماية‬ ‫المتساوية‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الهدف‬ . ‫التحول‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫تعديل‬ ‫التكنولوجيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫للحلول‬ ‫المحلية‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 37. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 37 The need for good data and a scientific approach Policy decisions for RT safety need to be based on data and objective information. In low-income and middle-income countries, data collection is under- developed. The health sector can be responsible for increasing awareness about the need for better data collection systems. ‫الحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫جيدة‬ ‫ونهج‬ ‫علمي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تستند‬ ‫قرارات‬ ‫السياسة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫بسالمة‬ RT ‫إلى‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والمعلومات‬ ‫الموضوعية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫ضعي‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫الصحي‬ ً ً‫ال‬‫مسؤو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫بالحاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫أفضل‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 38. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 38 Road safety agencies and research institutes: In the 1960s, traffic safety agencies were set up, but often their efforts were not coordinated with each other. Around the same time, national and scientific agencies developed. Sometimes these agencies are at cross purposes – environmental concerns versus greater mobility, for example. ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ومعاهد‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫في‬ ‫ستينات‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الماضي‬ ، ‫تم‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫وكاالت‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫لم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تنسيق‬ ‫جهودها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫البعض‬. ‫في‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫تقريب‬ ، ‫تطورت‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والعلمية‬ . ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫أغراض‬ ‫متقاطعة‬ - ‫مثل‬ ‫المخاوف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫التنقل‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 39. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 39 The new model – To advance road safety, key elements that were missing from previous efforts need to be included. – Efforts need to be made across a range of interlinking sectors. ‫النموذج‬ ‫الجديد‬ ‫لتعزيز‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫مفقودة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫بذل‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 40. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 40 Systems approach ‫نهج‬ ‫النظم‬ 1. Identify problems 2. Formulate strategy ‫صياغة‬ ‫استراتيجية‬ 3. Set targets ‫ضع‬ ‫االهداف‬ 4. Monitor performance ‫مراقبة‬ ‫األداء‬ Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 41. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 41 Achieving better performance: • “management based on outcome or results • targets to motivate professionals • acceptance of the idea of shared responsibility • partnerships between central and local government • Partnerships involving other concerned bodies” (page 18) ‫تحقيق‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫أفضل‬ " ‫اإلدارة‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫لتحفيز‬ ‫المهنيين‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫المركزية‬ ‫والمحلية‬ ‫الشراكات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫الهيئات‬ ‫المعنية‬ ‫األخرى‬ “ Adapted from Peden et al (2004) Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 42. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 42 Shared responsibility: Depends on the idea that RTIs can be reduced by having a culture of safety that involves all the key players, which makes sure that safety measures are used more. Setting targets: Determining a goal for reducing the number of RTIs increases the likelihood that those goals will be moved up on the list of priorities for a government. ‫المسؤولية‬ ‫المشتركة‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ RTIs ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ثقافة‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الالعبين‬ ‫الرئيسيين‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يضمن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ RTI ‫يزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫احتمال‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫في‬ ‫قائمة‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الحكومة‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 43. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 43 Partnerships in public and private sectors Much can be learned from the examples of countries where successful partnerships within and between government agencies and the public and private sectors exist. ‫الشراكات‬ ‫في‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫تعلم‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫التي‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫شراكات‬ ‫ناجحة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الوكاالت‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫وفيما‬ ‫بينها‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫القطاعين‬ ‫العام‬ ‫والخاص‬ . Chapter 1 – The fundamentals
  • 44. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 44 Chapter 2: The global impact Section 1: The current state of global road safety
  • 45. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 45 For RTIs, the magnitude of the problem includes both fatalities and injuries. Data shows that in 2002, close to 1.2 million died from RTIs. 20 to 50 million are injured. 10% of road traffic deaths occurred in high income countries Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 46. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 46 Regional Distribution – The six WHO regions show variation in the number of RTIs. The African region has the highest mortality rate. The European region has the lowest mortality rate. Countries also show variation. Although the African region has the highest overall fatality rate, the highest country rates are found in Latin America. ‫تظهر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫االختالف‬ . ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫األفريقية‬ ‫لديها‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫إجمالى‬ ‫للوفيات‬ ، ‫إال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫للبلد‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫فى‬ ‫أمريكا‬ ‫الالتينية‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 47. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 47 Trends in RTIs Since the 1960s, there has been a decrease in fatalities in high-income countries. During the same time, there has been a marked increase in fatalities in lower-income countries. It’s important to note that when analyzing data, there’s a difference between regional and national statistics. It’s important not to assume that what is true for a region is also true for a country in that region. ‫االتجاهات‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ‫منذ‬ ‫الستينات‬ ، ‫كان‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المرتفعة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫وخالل‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫الوقت‬ ، ‫حدثت‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫ملحوظة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المنخفض‬ . ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫عند‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫البيانات‬ ، ‫هناك‬ ‫فرق‬ ‫بين‬ ‫اإلحصاءات‬ ‫اإلقليمية‬ ‫والوطنية‬ . ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫أال‬ ‫نفترض‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ينطبق‬ ‫على‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ينطبق‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫على‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المنطقة‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 48. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 48 Declines in RTIs in high-income countries is attributed to road safety measures, but it’s important to note that it may also be due to less exposure, especially among pedestrians and cyclists. For low and middle-income countries, RTIs are predicted to increase in the next 20 years. The WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and the World Bank Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth (TFEC) models both predict a significant increase in RTIs if policies and actions do not change. ‫يعزى‬ ‫االنخفاض‬ ‫في‬ RTIs ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تدابير‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫قد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫تعرض‬ ‫أقل‬ ، ً ‫ا‬‫ة‬‫خاص‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ . ‫ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟﻟ‬ ‫ﺔﺿﻔﺧﻧﻣدان‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔطﺳوﺗﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﺧدﻟا‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻊﻗوﺗﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﺗأن‬ ‫ﺷؤﻣزداد‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﻣوﻟﻌﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﻲﻓت‬ ‫ﻧﺳﻟا‬ ‫وات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾرﺷﻌﻟ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔﻣدﺎﻘﻟ‬ ‫ويتوقع‬ ‫كل‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبء‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫لألمراض‬ (GBD) ‫ونماذج‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫والنمو‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫في‬ ‫البنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـ‬ RTI ‫إذا‬ ‫لم‬ ‫تتغير‬ ‫السياسات‬ ‫واإلجراءات‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 49. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 49 RTIs could become the third leading cause of DALYs – Disability adjusted life years lost. Assisting middle and low-income countries address road traffic safety has to be a priority. Motorization, development and RTIs is a complex relationship. Cleary there is a link between the number of vehicles, a country’s development and RTIs. ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تصبح‬ RTIs ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫لـ‬ DALYs - ‫سنوات‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫المصححة‬ ‫بعجز‬ - ‫المفقودة‬. ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫مساعدة‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المتوسطة‬ ‫والمنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ‫أولوية‬ . ‫تعد‬ ‫المحركات‬ ، ‫والتطوير‬ ، ‫و‬ RTIs ‫عالقة‬ ‫معقدة‬ . ‫كليري‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ، ‫وتطوير‬ ‫البلد‬ ‫و‬ RTIs. Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 50. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 50 Development in high income countries in the past shows that greater mobility and an increase in motorization does not have to lead to increased RTIs. Smeed was the first major attempt to model fatality rates and mortality, but there were significant flaws. A more recent World Bank report was able to account for the flaws to gain a more accurate picture of RTIs and development. ‫يظهر‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الماضي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫قدر‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫وزيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـ‬ RTIs. ‫كانت‬ ‫سبيد‬ ‫أول‬ ‫محاولة‬ ‫كبرى‬ ‫لنمذجة‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫والوفيات‬ ، ‫ولكن‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫عيوب‬ ‫كبيرة‬ . ‫وتمكن‬ ‫تقرير‬ ‫حديث‬ ‫للبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ ‫من‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫العيوب‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫على‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫دقة‬ ‫عن‬ RTIs ‫والتنمية‬. Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 51. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 51 Profile of people affected by RTIs The impacts to road users are different according to how they use the road. As would be expected, pedestrians and cyclists experience a greater risk when using roads. Passengers in buses and other public transport systems, in low or middle-income countries, also experience higher RTI risk. ً‫الملفًالشخصيًلألشخاصًالمتضررينًمن‬ RTIs ‫تختلفًتأثيراتًمستخدميًالطريقًباختالفًطريقةًاستخدامهمًللطريق‬ . ‫ًيتعرضًالمشاةًوراكبيًالدراجاتًلخطرًأكبرًعندًاستخدامًالطرق‬،ً‫كماًهوًمتوقع‬ . ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﮐﺎ‬ ً‫ب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺣﺎﻓﻼ‬ ‫تًو‬ ‫ﻏﯾ‬ ‫ره‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫نًأ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻘ‬ ‫لًا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎ‬ ً‫م‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻟ‬ ‫دانًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬ ‫أوًذاتًا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫لًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ً‫ط‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ن‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎ‬ ‫طرًار‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎ‬ ‫عًأ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎ‬ ً‫ر‬ RTI. Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 52. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 52 Occupational RTIs are a significant problem, too. In the United States, RTIs are the leading cause of death in the workplace. Gender and age – More than half of RTIs occur among those aged 15 to 44 years old. In 2002, 73% of all road traffic deaths were men. Socioeconomic status and location – People who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or living in poor areas are more likely to suffer from RTI. ‫تعتبر‬RTIs ‫المهنية‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫اا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الواليات‬ ‫المتحدة‬ ، ‫تعتبر‬ RTIs ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫العمل‬ . ‫ﻧ‬ ‫وع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﺟﻟ‬ ‫س‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻟ‬ ‫ر‬- ‫ﺣﯾ‬ ‫دث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺛﮐ‬ ‫ﻣر‬ ‫ﺻﻧن‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻣف‬ ‫ﺎﻣوﻟﻌﻣطق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻼطﻹ‬ ‫ق‬RTIs ‫ﯾﺑ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﺧﺷﻷ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾذﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺗن‬ ‫راوح‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻋ‬ ‫ﯾﺑرهم‬ ‫ن‬15 ‫و‬44 ‫ًﻣﺎﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬. ‫في‬ ‫عام‬ 2002 ، ‫كان‬ 73 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرجال‬ . ‫الوضع‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫والموقع‬ - ‫األشخاص‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحرمان‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫يعيشون‬ ‫في‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫الفقيرة‬ ‫هم‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫عرضة‬ ‫للمعاناة‬ ‫من‬ RTI. Chapter 2 – The global impact Imp
  • 53. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention What other RTI impacts are there to society? 1. Lost productivity and lost economic opportunity 2. Diverted institutional resources 3. Medical treatment cost, lost “human capital”, 4. Cost of long-term care and rehabilitation 5. Victim emotional pain 6. Increased poverty ً‫ماًهيًتأثيرات‬RTI‫األخرىًعلىًالمجتمع؟‬ ‫فقدتًاإلنتاجيةًوفرصًاقتصاديةًضائعة‬ ‫المواردًالمؤسسيةًالمحولة‬ ً‫ًفقدت‬،ً‫تكلفةًالعالجًالطبي‬ " ‫رأسًالمالًالبشري‬ " ، ‫تكلفةًالرعايةًعلىًالمدىًالطويلًوإعادةًالتأهيل‬ ‫الضحيةًاأللمًالعاطفي‬ ‫زيادةًالفقر‬ Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 54. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 54 Data and evidence for RTI prevention Without reliable data, it’s impossible to determine the priorities for prevention so that public health, medical and community organizations can work effectively to prevent injuries in the future. Sources and types of data – From police departments, hospitals, and previous studies. Data comes from – injury surveillance systems, surveys. ‫البيانات‬ ‫واألدلة‬ ‫لمنع‬ RTI ‫بدون‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫موثوقة‬ ، ‫من‬ ‫المستحيل‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫أولويات‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتمكن‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫للصحة‬ ‫والطبية‬ ‫والمجتمع‬ ‫من‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫بفعالية‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إصابات‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستقبل‬ . ‫مصادر‬ ‫وأنواع‬ ‫البيانات‬ - ‫من‬ ‫أقسام‬ ‫الشرطة‬ ‫والمستشفيات‬ ‫والدراسات‬ ‫السابقة‬ . ‫البيانات‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫من‬ - ‫نظم‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫االصابات‬ ، ‫والدراسات‬ ‫االستقصائية‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 55. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Data analysis, issues and concerns Data systems need to allow access to outside entities. Indicators in data sets work as tools to show the magnitude of a problem as well as help set goals and determine results. Definitions and standardization of data – Be sure to check that terms are used consistently across reports. Data can be significantly off or underreported if data terms are not standardized across countries and entities. ‫تحليل‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫والقضايا‬ ‫واالهتمامات‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫بالوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الكيانات‬ ‫الخارجية‬ . ‫تعمل‬ ‫المؤشرات‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫كأدوات‬ ‫إلظهار‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫النتائج‬ . ‫تعاريف‬ ‫وتوحيد‬ ‫البيانات‬ - ‫تأكد‬ ‫من‬ ‫التحقق‬ ‫من‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫المصطلحات‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫متسق‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫التقارير‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫معطلة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ملحوظ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫لم‬ ‫تكن‬ ‫شروط‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫َّدة‬‫ح‬‫مو‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫والكيانات‬ . Chapter 2 – The global impact
  • 56. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The data shows that efforts to slow the increase in RTI has been effective since 2007, when RT fatality rates plateaued. While this statistic is encouraging, there is no sign of a decline in RTIs. If the goals of the Decade of Action and Sustainable Development Goal are to be realized, more attention, work and collaborative effort are needed. ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫تًأنًا‬ ‫ﻟﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺑ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫ﻹﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ءًا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ً‫دة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ RTI ‫ﮐﺎﻧ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ً‫ذ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ً‫م‬ 2007 ً، ‫ﻋﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫تًا‬ ‫ﻹﻣﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Rt ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘ‬ ‫رة‬ . ً‫ًفليسًهناكًماًيشيرًإلىًانخفاضًفي‬،ً‫فيًحينًأنًهذهًاإلحصائيةًمشجعة‬ RTIs. ‫ًفالًبدًمنًالمزيدًمنًاالهتمامًوالعملًوالجهدًالتعاوني‬،ً‫إذاًأريدًتحقيقًأهدافًالعقدًمنًالعملًوالهدفًمنًأهدافًالتنميةًالمستدامة‬ . . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 57. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Low- and middle-income countries bear a bigger proportion of the RTI burden. 90% of road traffic deaths still occur in low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic death rates are double in low- and middle-income than what they are in high-income countries. ‫تتحمل‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبء‬ RTI. ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ 90 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫معدالت‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ضعف‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المتدني‬ ‫والمتوسط‬ ‫عما‬ ‫هي‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 58. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention The African Region has the highest risk of road traffic death. “The Eastern Mediterranean Region is the only region where high-income countries have a higher road traffic death rate than low- and middle-income countries.” (page 6) ‫المنطقة‬ ‫األفريقية‬ ‫لديها‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫الموت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . " ‫إن‬ ‫إقليم‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫المتوسط‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫الوحيدة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتمتع‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الدخل‬ ‫المرتفع‬ ‫بمعدل‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫والمتوسطة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ". Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 59. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention RTIs are too high among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Around 50% of road traffic deaths on the world’s roads is among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Decade of Action’s goal of increasing non-motorized transportation must reconcile its goal with the risks. Safety of among these kinds of road users must be a priority. RTIs ‫عالية‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫النارية‬ . ‫حوالي‬50 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫هي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫النارية‬ . ‫ويجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يوفق‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫المتمثل‬ ‫في‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫د‬ َّ‫المزو‬ ‫بمحركات‬ ‫هدفه‬ ‫من‬ ‫المخاطر‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫األنواع‬ ‫من‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫أولوية‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 60. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Data needs to be standardized across reporting countries. Data in some countries needs to be more robust. Cross-country comparisons of non-fatal road traffic injuries are even more inconsistent. ‫تحتاج‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫توحيدها‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المبلغة‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫في‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫قوة‬ . ‫المقارنات‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫البالد‬ ‫لإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المميتة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ض‬‫تناق‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 61. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Emergency care after an injury is inconsistent causing gross disparities in injury outcomes for victims. The quality of care at the scene of an accident is also widely inconsistent. Training health-care staff in emergency care improves outcomes. ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫متناسقة‬ ‫مما‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تفاوت‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫في‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫للضحايا‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫الحادث‬ ‫غير‬ ‫متناسقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫واسع‬ . ‫تدريب‬ ‫موظفي‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫في‬ ‫رعاية‬ ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫يحسن‬ ‫النتائج‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 62. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Coordinating road safety efforts across entities will increase public health efforts to decrease RTIs greatly. An agency singly in charge of leading national road safety efforts exists in 162 countries. ‫ﺳ‬ ً‫وف‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ً‫ؤدي‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺳﯾ‬ ً‫ق‬ ‫ﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻋﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ً‫طرق‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﮭﯾﺋﺎ‬ ‫تًإ‬ ‫ﻟﯽ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ً‫دة‬ ‫ﺟﮭ‬ ‫ودًا‬ ‫ﻟﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﻟﯾ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ً‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﺟﺎ‬ ‫زًا‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻌﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ت‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺑﯾ‬ ‫ﺟﺔ‬ ‫رة‬ . ً‫توجدًوكالةًمنفردةًمسؤولةًعنًقيادةًالجهودًالوطنيةًللسالمةًعلىًالطرقًفي‬ 162 ‫دولة‬ . Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 63. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention Target-setting is important to reducing RTIs. Countries with a long-term vision and defined objectives will achieve greater results in road safety. “While a national strategy is essential to defining the vision behind a road safety programme, its implementation requires tangible objectives and, in particular, intermediate targets…Target-setting is a valuable means to get – and keep – traffic safety on the political agenda.” (page 16) ‫إعداد‬ ‫الهدف‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫لتقليل‬ RTIs. ‫سوف‬ ‫تحقق‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫األجل‬ ‫واألهداف‬ ‫المحددة‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . " ‫في‬ ‫حين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫االستراتيجية‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫ضرورية‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تقف‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫للسالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫إال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تنفيذها‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫أهداف‬ ‫ملموسة‬ ، ‫وعلى‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫الخصوص‬ ، ‫األهداف‬ ‫الوسيطة‬ ... ‫يعد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫األهداف‬ ‫وسيلة‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫المرورية‬ ‫في‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫األعمال‬ ‫السياسي‬ ‫والحفاظ‬ ‫عليها‬ . " Section 1 – The current state of global road safety
  • 64. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 64 Chapter 3 – Risk factors
  • 65. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 65 Risk in road traffic is a function of four things: 1. Exposure ‫تعرض‬ 2. Underlying probability of a crash, given a particular exposure ‫االحتمال‬ ‫الكامن‬ ‫لالنهيار‬ ‫نظرا‬ ‫لتعرض‬ ‫معين‬ 3. Probability of injury, given a crash ‫احتمال‬ ‫االصابة‬ ، ‫نظرا‬ ‫لتحطم‬ ‫الطائرة‬ 4. Outcome of the injury ‫نتيجة‬ ‫االصابة‬ Introduction
  • 66. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 66 Risk comes as a result of various factors: 1. Human error within the traffic system ‫خطأ‬ ‫بشري‬ ‫في‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫المرور‬ 2. Size and nature of the kinetic energy of the impact ‫حجم‬ ‫وطبيعة‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫الحركية‬ ‫للتأثير‬ 3. Tolerance of the individual to the impact ‫تحمل‬ ‫الفرد‬ ‫للتأثير‬ 4. Quality and availability of care after the accident ‫الجودة‬ ‫وتوافر‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫وقوع‬ ‫الحادث‬ Review Figure 1 for a complete list of risk factors. Introduction
  • 67. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 67 1- Rapid motorization ‫سرعة‬ ‫السيارات‬ Motor vehicles • Growing number of vehicles on the roads Motorized two-wheeled vehicles • Most of the increase in motor vehicles on the road is in two-wheeled and three-wheeled vehicles. Non-motorized traffic • In developing countries, pedestrian and cyclist traffic has increased without an increase in the quality of road accommodation for them. ‫السيارات‬: ‫تزايد‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫المزودة‬ ‫بمحركات‬ : ‫معظم‬ ‫الزيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫هي‬ ‫في‬ ‫عربات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫وثالث‬ ‫عجالت‬ . ‫حركة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مزودة‬ ‫بمحركات‬ : ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫زادت‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫والدراجين‬ ‫دون‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫اإلقامة‬ ‫لهم‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
  • 68. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 68 2- Demographics • Fluctuations in the size of different population groups has a strong impact on road traffic tolls. • Young or old drivers obviously have an impact on road safety. • In developed countries, more drivers will be over 65 in the coming years. • In developing countries, older drivers rely on public transportation or are pedestrians and cyclists. ‫التركيبة‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫التقلبات‬ ‫في‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المجموعات‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫قوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫رسوم‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الواضح‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫الصغار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫القدامى‬ ‫لديهم‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫على‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ، ‫سيكون‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ 65 ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫القادمة‬ . ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫يعتمد‬ ‫السائقون‬ ‫األقدم‬ ‫على‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
  • 69. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 69 3- Transport, land use and road network planning • How roads are planned have a profound effect on a community’s health and safety. • It can affect property values, economic activity, crime and health. • Without it, roads and traffic patterns develop haphazardly, contributing to a lack of safety and inefficiency. • In developing countries, special care needs to be taken in traffic planning to account for the wide variety of road users. ‫النقل‬ ، ‫استخدام‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫وتخطيط‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫إن‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫المخطط‬ ‫لها‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫عميق‬ ‫على‬ ‫صحة‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫وسالمته‬ . ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫قيم‬ ‫الممتلكات‬ ‫والنشاط‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫والجريمة‬ ‫والصحة‬ . ‫وبدون‬ ‫ذلك‬ ، ‫تتطور‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫وأنماط‬ ‫المرور‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫عشوائي‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يسهم‬ ‫في‬ ‫انعدام‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫وعدم‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫النامية‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫أخذ‬ ‫رعاية‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫لمراعاة‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
  • 70. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 70 4- Increased need for travel • All growing cities experience a shift in populations from inside the city center to suburbs. • This is true in developed countries as well as developing ones. • City and road planners need to take this trend into consideration as they plan so that it can be accounted for in designs. ‫زيادة‬ ‫الحاجة‬ ‫للسفر‬ ‫تشهد‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫النامية‬ ‫تحوال‬ ‫في‬ ‫أعداد‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫من‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الضواحي‬ . ‫هذا‬ ‫صحيح‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫النامية‬ . ‫يتعين‬ ‫على‬ ‫مخططي‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫والطرق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يأخذوا‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫االتجاه‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫حسابه‬ ‫في‬ ‫التصاميم‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
  • 71. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 71 5- Choice of less safe forms of travel • Road travel is far less safe than other forms of travel. • Within road travel, the risks vary greatly country to country. In developed countries, the most dangerous form of travel is as a rider on a two-wheeler. • Public transportation is far safer than car travel. ‫اختيار‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫سفر‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ ‫إن‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫أما‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫في‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫تختلف‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫آلخر‬ . ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المتقدمة‬ ، ‫يكون‬ ‫أخطر‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫بمثابة‬ ‫راكب‬ ‫على‬ ‫عربة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫عجلتين‬ . ‫وسائل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫العام‬ ‫هي‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫أمنا‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫بالسيارة‬ . Factors influencing exposure to risk
  • 72. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 72 10 factors. Review all Tables and Figures in detail in this section. 1. Speed – The fundamental problem of road traffic injuries 2. Pedestrians and cyclists – More pedestrian and cyclist crashes in low income countries. Risks are many more times higher for these road users. ‫السرعة‬- ‫المشكلة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫لإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ - ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫السير‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وراكبي‬ ‫الدراجات‬ ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ . ‫تزداد‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫لمستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هؤالء‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
  • 73. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 73 3. Young drivers and riders – RTIs is the leading cause of death for these road users. Crash risks are greater for teenagers than any other group. 4. Alcohol – Crash risk, age of drivers and severity of crashes are major factors in alcohol use by road users. Research has shown that the best deterrent is to increased the perceived risk of being caught. 5. Medicinal and recreational drugs – Much less well understood than alcohol’s effect. Difficult to study. Needs more research. ‫السائقون‬ ‫والناشطون‬ ‫الشباب‬ - RTIs ‫هو‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫للوفاة‬ ‫لمستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هؤالء‬ . ‫مخاطر‬ ‫التصادم‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫للمراهقين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أي‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫أخرى‬ . ‫الكحول‬- ‫يعد‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫التصادم‬ ‫وعمر‬ ‫السائقين‬ ‫ّة‬‫د‬‫وح‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫من‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫في‬ ‫تعاطي‬ ‫الكحول‬ ‫من‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫وقد‬ ‫أظهرت‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫رادع‬ ‫هو‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫للقبض‬ ‫عليهم‬ . ‫العقاقير‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫والترويحية‬ - ‫أقل‬ ‫إدراكا‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫الكحول‬ . ‫صعب‬ ‫للدراسة‬ . ‫يحتاج‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫البحث‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
  • 74. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 74 6. Driver fatigue – Associated with long distance driving and sleep deprivation. Three high-risk groups: the young, shift workers, sleep apnea sufferers. 7. Hand-held mobile devices – The use of these devices has increased dramatically. Drivers take longer to react when they are talking on a phone. 8. Inadequate visibility – Vehicles on the side of the road, fog, difficulty seeing pedestrians and bikes inadequate lights are all visibility problems. ‫التعب‬ ‫سائق‬ - ‫يرتبط‬ ‫مع‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫لمسافات‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫والحرمان‬ ‫من‬ ‫النوم‬ . ‫ثالث‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫المخاطر‬ : ‫الشباب‬ ، ‫عمال‬ ‫المناوبة‬ ، ‫الذين‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫من‬ ‫انقطاع‬ ‫التنفس‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫النوم‬ . ‫األجهزة‬ ‫المحمولة‬ ‫باليد‬ - ‫ازداد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ . ‫يستغرق‬ ‫السائقون‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫وق‬ ‫أطول‬ ‫للرد‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫يتحدثون‬ ‫على‬ ‫الهاتف‬ . ‫عدم‬ ‫كفاية‬ ‫الرؤية‬ - ‫إن‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫والضباب‬ ‫وصعوبة‬ ‫رؤية‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫والدراجات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المالئمة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫كلها‬ ‫مشكالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرؤية‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
  • 75. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 75 9. Road-related factors – Accidents are not evenly distributed through a network. Certain areas or road features cause more accidents. Poor engineering increases crash risk. 10. Vehicle-related factors – Vehicle design has very little impact on crash cause, although it does help reduce injury. ‫ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا‬ ‫ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻤﻟا‬ ‫ﺮﻄﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ق‬- ‫ﻮﺤﻟا‬ ‫ﺮﻴﻏادث‬ ‫ﺔﻋزﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻦﻣوي‬ ‫ﻼﺧ‬ ‫ﺔﻜﺒﺷل‬. ‫بعض‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ميزات‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫المزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحوادث‬ . ‫الهندسة‬ ‫السيئة‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫االصطدام‬ . ‫العوامل‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫بالمركبة‬ - ‫تصميم‬ ‫السيارة‬ ‫له‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫ضئيل‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫على‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫التصادم‬ ، ‫على‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫من‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ . Risk factors influencing crash involvement
  • 76. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 76 1. Lack of in-vehicle crash protection – If all cars were designed to the best standard available, 50% of fatal/disabling injuries could be prevented (EC states). Vehicle design impacts different road users in different ways. 2. Non-use of helmets for two-wheeler riders – Helmets reduce serious and fatal injury risk in two-wheeler riders by 20 to 45%. Head injury is the main cause of death for these road users. ‫عدمًوجودًحمايةًمنًاالصطدامًفيًالسيارة‬ - ً‫ًيمكنًمنع‬،ً‫إذاًتمًتصميمًجميعًالسياراتًإلىًأفضلًمعيارًمتاح‬ 50 ً‫ًمنًاإلصابات‬٪ ‫المميتة‬ / ً‫المعطلة‬ ( ً‫دولًالجماعة‬ ‫االوروبيه‬ .) ً‫تصميمًالمركباتًيؤثرًعليًمختلفًمستخدميًالطرقًبطرق‬ ‫مختلفه‬ . ‫عدمًاستخدامًخوذاتًلراكبيًعجالت‬ - ً‫الخوذاتًتقللًمنًخطرًاإلصاباتًالخطيرةًوالمميتةًفيًالدراجينًعجالتًبنسبه‬ 20 ً‫إلى‬ 45 ٪ . ً‫أصابه‬ ‫الراسًهيًالسببًالرئيسيًللوفاةًلهؤالءًالمستخدمينًالطريق‬ . Risk factors influencing injury severity
  • 77. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 77 3. Non-use of seat belts – Not using a seat belt significantly increases your risk of death or injury in an accident. Rate of seat belt use varies greatly country to country. 4. Roadside objects – 18 to 42% of fatal accidents have roadside objects as a contributing factor. The road environment needs to be designed to minimize to eliminate the likelihood of a head-on collision with roadside objects. ‫عدم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫أحزمة‬ ‫األمان‬ - ‫عدم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلصابة‬ ‫في‬ ‫حادث‬ . ‫يختلف‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫آخر‬ . ‫األشياء‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ - ‫من‬18 ‫إلى‬42 ٪ ‫من‬ ‫الحوادث‬ ‫المميتة‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫كائنات‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫كعامل‬ ‫مساهم‬ . ‫ﺟﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺻﺗب‬ ‫ﺔﺋﯾﺑم‬ ‫ﻟا‬ ‫ﯾﻟﻘﺗﻟﻟطرق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﯽﻟ‬ ‫ﯽﻧأد‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿﻘﻟﻟد‬ ‫ﯽﻟﻋء‬ ‫ﺎﻣﺗﺣا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺎﺻﺗﻟ‬ ‫دم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﻊﻣر‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺟﻷا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺟوﻣﻟ‬ ‫ﯽﻟﻋودة‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قﯾطرﻟ‬. Risk factors influencing injury severity
  • 78. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 78 1. Pre-hospital – In low-income countries, access to emergency medical service is almost non-existent. Lack of health insurance or social security in those countries also puts crash care out of reach. 2. Hospital care – Lack of trained personnel and lack of equipment negatively impact the quality of crash care. ‫ما‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫المستشفى‬ - ‫في‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ ‫الدخل‬ ، ‫يكاد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫الطارئة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫موجود‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫االفتقار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التأمين‬ ‫الصحي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التأمين‬ ‫االجتماعي‬ ‫في‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫البلدان‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫الرعاية‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعطال‬ ‫بعيدة‬ ‫المنال‬ . ‫الرعاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستشفيات‬ - ‫يؤثر‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫الموظفين‬ ‫المدربين‬ ‫ونقص‬ ‫المعدات‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تأثير‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫سلبي‬ ‫على‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫العناية‬ ‫باألعطال‬ . Review the Conclusion section. Risk factors influencing post-crash injury outcome.
  • 79. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 79 Section 2 – Legislation and road user behavior
  • 80. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 80 • Laws improve driving behavior. ‫القوانين‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫سلوك‬ ‫القيادة‬ • This section reviews legislation in five behavioral risk factors. ‫يستعرض‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫القسم‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫في‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫عوامل‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫سلوكية‬. • Enforcement of laws is key to the success of the laws. ‫إنفاذ‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫هو‬ ‫مفتاح‬ ‫نجاح‬ ‫القوانين‬ . • Review the Figures in this section. Legislation
  • 81. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 81  Reducing speed • Since speed is a critical factor in road traffic accidents, national speed limits are fundamental to effective speed management. A pedestrian’s risk of dying increases greatly with a driver’s speed. Speed limits must be enforced to be effective.  Increasing helmet use • The use of motorized two wheeled vehicles has increased greatly in the last few years. Using a helmet can reduce the risk of death by 40%. Laws need to address helmet quality and make clear where and when it must be used. ‫تقليل‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫بما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫حاسم‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ، ‫فإن‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫إلدارة‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الفعالة‬ . ‫يزيد‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫موت‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫السائق‬ . ‫يجب‬ ‫فرض‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫لتكون‬ ‫فعالة‬ . ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫الخوذة‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫العجلتين‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫في‬ ‫السنوات‬ ‫القليلة‬ ‫الماضية‬ . ‫استخدام‬ ‫خوذة‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫الموت‬ ‫بنسبة‬ 40 ٪. ‫تحتاج‬ ‫القوانين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫الخوذة‬ ‫وتوضيح‬ ‫أين‬ ‫ومتى‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫استخدامها‬ . Driving behaviors ‫سلوكياتيالقيادة‬
  • 82. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 82  Reducing drink-driving • Legislation and enforcement greatly reduces the incidence of drink-driving. The young and commercial drivers are at greater risk. Better data collection is needed for this behavior.  Increasing seat belt use • Wearing a seat belt reduces the risk of a fatality by 45-50%. Again, legislation plus enforcement equals an effective way to reduce traffic fatalities. ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫المشروبات‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫والتشريعات‬ ‫تقلل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حد‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتشار‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫الكحول‬ . ‫السائقين‬ ‫الشباب‬ ‫والتجاري‬ ‫معرضون‬ ‫لخطر‬ ‫أكبر‬ . ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحسين‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫السلوك‬ . ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ارتداء‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫الوفاة‬ ‫بنسبة‬ 45-50٪. ‫مرة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ، ‫تساوي‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التنفيذ‬ ‫وسيلة‬ ‫فعالة‬ ‫للحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ . Driving behaviors
  • 83. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 83  Increasing child restraint use • Since seat belts are not useful for protecting small children, child restraints are needed. Sitting in the back of the car greatly reduces a child’s death or injury risk in an accident. As with all other measures, legislation and enforcement reduces injuries in this scenario. Compliance is especially low.  Reducing drug-driving • A new issue. Difficult to assess. Countries are beginning to legislate based on evolving evidence. ‫زيادة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫لألطفال‬ ‫بما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أحزمة‬ ‫األمان‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫لحماية‬ ‫األطفال‬ ‫الصغار‬ ، ‫فإن‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تقييد‬ ‫األطفال‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫الجلوس‬ ‫في‬ ‫مؤخرة‬ ‫السيارة‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫موت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إصابة‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫في‬ ‫حادث‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫التدابير‬ ‫األخرى‬ ، ‫تقلل‬ ‫التشريعات‬ ‫واإلنفاذ‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫السيناريو‬ . ‫االمتثال‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫خاص‬ . ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قيادة‬ ‫المخدرات‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫جديدة‬ . ‫صعب‬ ‫التقييم‬ . ‫بدأت‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫التشريع‬ ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫األدلة‬ ‫المتطورة‬ . Driving behaviors
  • 84. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 84  Reducing distracted driving • This threat grows bigger with each passing week. Mobile device use makes distracted driving a common occurrence with deadly results. This threat is still being researched for effective legislation. ‫الحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫مشتتة‬ ‫يزداد‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التهديد‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫كل‬ ‫أسبوع‬ . ‫استخدام‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫المحمول‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫مشتتة‬ ‫لحدوث‬ ‫شائعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫مميتة‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫يزال‬ ‫يجري‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫التهديد‬ ‫للتشريعات‬ ‫الفعالة‬ . Driving behaviors
  • 85. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 85 Chapter 4 – Interventions
  • 86. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 86 Like cancer, heart disease, and stroke, road traffic injuries“ RTI” are a preventable public health issue. It’s possible to address both safety and congestion, noise, air pollution, etc., in road design. ‫مثل‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫وأمراض‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫والسكتة‬ ‫الدماغية‬ ، ‫تعتبر‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫القضايا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫منها‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫من‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫واالزدحام‬ ، ‫والضوضاء‬ ، ‫وتلوث‬ ‫الهواء‬ ، ‫وما‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ، ‫في‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الطريق‬ . A road traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use
  • 87. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 87 Vehicles, road users and road infrastructure are the three prime elements that need to be considered for traffic systems. This chapter addresses a wide range of interventions for road safety. ‫تعد‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫ومستخدمي‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والبنية‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫العناصر‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫اعتبارها‬ ‫في‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫المرور‬. ‫يتناول‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫التدخالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . A road traffic system designed for safe, sustainable use
  • 88. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 88 Risk exposure can be reduced by 1. Reducing the volume of traffic through land use design 2. Making efficient networks where shortest routes coincide with the safest routes 3. Moving from high to low risk forms of transportation 4. Restrictions on motor vehicle users, vehicles and on road infrastructure ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫للمخاطر‬ ‫بنسبة‬ ‫تقليل‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫الفعالة‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫أقصر‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫تتزامن‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المسارات‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫أمانا‬ ‫االنتقال‬ ‫من‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫منخفضة‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫المفروضة‬ ‫على‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫المركبات‬ ‫والسيارات‬ ‫والبنية‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫للطرق‬ Managing risk exposure through transport and land-use policies
  • 89. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 89 • Incorporating safety features into road design – Engineering can lead to safer road user behavior. 1. Higher speed roads 2. Single-lane carriagewaysًً‫الطرقًالسريعةًأحاديهًالمسار‬ 3. Residential access roadsًًًً‫طرقًالدخولًالسكنية‬ 4. Area-wide urban safety management Shaping the road network for RTI prevention 5. Safer routes for pedestrians/cyclists 6. Traffic calming measures ً‫تدابيرًتهدئه‬ ‫حركهًالمرور‬ 7. Safety audits 8. Crash-protective roadsides
  • 90. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 90 Improving visibility – daytime running lights ‫تحسين‬ ‫الرؤية‬ - ‫أضواء‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫نهارية‬ High-mounted stop lamps in cars ‫مصابيح‬ ‫توقف‬ ‫مرتفعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السيارات‬ Day time lights for two-wheelers ‫أضواء‬ ‫النهار‬ ‫لمركبة‬ ‫بعجلتين‬ Crash-protective vehicle design ‫تصميم‬ ‫سيارة‬ ‫واقية‬ ‫من‬ ‫األعطال‬ Review Box 4.4 Providing visible, crash-protective, “smart” vehicles
  • 91. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 91 • Safer bus and truck fronts ‫واجهات‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أكث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أمانا‬ ‫للحافالت‬ ‫والشاحنات‬ • Car occupant protection ‫حماية‬ ‫اكب‬‫ر‬ ‫السيارة‬ • Front/side impact protection ‫حماية‬ ‫الصدمات‬ ‫األمامية‬ / ‫الجانبية‬ • Occupant restraints ‫قيود‬ ‫كاب‬ ‫ر‬‫ال‬ • Protection against roadside objects • Vehicle-to-vehicle compatibility • Design of non-motorized vehicles • “Intelligent” vehicles • Front, rear and side under-run guards on trucks • “Smart”, audible seat-belt reminders • Speed adaptation • On-board electronic stability programms • Alcohol interlocks Review 9 other categories Providing visible, crash-protective, “smart” vehicles
  • 92. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 92 • Traffic law enforcement is an essential part of road safety • Review the 7 areas of enforcement and their sub-categories: 1. Speed limit 2. Alcohol impairment 3. Drugs 4. Drivers’ work hours 5. Traffic light cameras 6. Seatbelts 7. Helmets Setting and securing compliance with key road safety rules
  • 93. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 93 High quality post-crash care diminishes fatalities and the severity of injuries. • Pre-hospital care – The role of bystanders, emergency response, and emergency services ‫دورًالمارةًواالستجابةًللطوارئًوخدماتًالطوارئ‬ • Hospital care – Improvements in equipment and organization in trauma care has reduced fatalities significantly • Rehabilitation – Essential to minimizing future disabilities ‫التقرير‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫والبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ . ‫أنظمة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫معقدة‬ ‫وخطيرة‬ ‫بطبيعتها‬ . RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫صحية‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫ضخمة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫الموثوقة‬ ، ‫وبدونها‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ RTIs ‫بشكل‬ ‫صحيح‬ . Delivering post-crash care‫تقديميالرعايةيبعدياالصطداميييييييييي‬
  • 94. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 94 Chapter 5 – Conclusions
  • 95. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 95 First joint report between the WHO and World Bank. • Road systems are complex and dangerous by nature. • RTIs are a huge public health problem. • Reliable data is difficult to find, and without it, RTIs cannot be addressed properly. ‫التقرير‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫األول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫والبنك‬ ‫الدولي‬ . ‫أنظمة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫معقدة‬ ‫وخطيرة‬ ‫بطبيعتها‬ . RTIs ‫هي‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫صحية‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫ضخمة‬ . ‫من‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫الموثوقة‬ ، ‫وبدونها‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫معالجة‬ RTIs ‫بشكل‬ ‫صحيح‬ . Main messages from the report
  • 96. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 96 • RTI probability should be considered. • Road safety takes contributions from government, public health professionals, vehicle manufacturers, etc. See Box 5.1 • Learn from successful programs in Sweden and the Netherlands. • Public health has important role to play in road safety. ‫ينبغي‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫في‬ ‫احتمال‬ RTI. ‫تأخذ‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫مساهمات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫ومهنيي‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫ومصنعي‬ ‫السيارات‬ ، ‫إلخ‬ . ‫تعلم‬ ‫من‬ ‫البرامج‬ ‫الناجحة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السويد‬ ‫وهولندا‬ . ‫تلعب‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫دور‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫ها‬ ‫في‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . Main messages from the report
  • 97. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 97 1. Identify an agency in the government to oversee road traffic safety. 2. Determine the problem, policies, and institutions related to road traffic safety and the capacity for prevention in each country. 3. Create a road safety strategy and an action plan to go with it. ‫تحديد‬ ‫وكالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحكومة‬ ‫لإلشراف‬ ‫على‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ . ‫تحديد‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫والسياسات‬ ‫والمؤسسات‬ ‫المتعلقة‬ ‫بأمان‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫والقدرة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوقاية‬ ‫في‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بلد‬ . ‫إنشاء‬ ‫إستراتيجية‬ ‫للسالمة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫وخطة‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫لتتوافق‬ ‫معها‬ . Recommended actions
  • 98. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 98 4. Provide the finances and people to enact the plan. 5. Act to prevent crashes and minimize injuries, and evaluate the impact of these actions. 6. Be an advocate for national capacity and international efforts. ‫توفير‬ ‫األموال‬ ‫والشعب‬ ‫لسن‬ ‫الخطة‬ . ‫التصرف‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫تصادمات‬ ‫وتقليل‬ ‫اإلصابات‬ ‫وتقييم‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫اإلجراءات‬ . ‫كن‬ ً ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫مدافع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫القدرات‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫والجهود‬ ‫الدولية‬ . Recommended action, continued
  • 99. PHC 313: Road Traffic Injuries and Disability Prevention 99 Section 3 – Safer vehicles and roads