Dr.Makendran Chandrakasu prepared the Road safety audit Materials

1. CENGRTE7301- ROAD SAFETY AND
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Chapter –I
Introduction of Road Safety
&
Causes of Accidents
Dr. MakenDran M.E., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Road and Transportation Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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2. Content
 Transportation Engineering
 Road Safety Engineering
 Road Safety in Ethiopia
 Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia
 How does a Helmet Work
 Three Possible Categories of Road Users
 Objective of Road Safety Engineering
 How to achieve the objective of RSE
 Use of Road Safety Engineering
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3. Definition of Transportation Engineering
• Transportation Engineering is scientific to planning, excellent
geometrical design, economical construction & maintenance and
outstanding functional facilities for any mode of transportation.
• It is definitely fulfilling the Safe, Comfortable, Short, Quick,
Convenient, Economic with Environmental Friendly Transportation
(EFT) of Passenger and Goods.
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4. Defining Safety
In the simplest terms, safety can be defined as the absence of
risk or danger. Focusing this term to address transportation,
road safety can be characterized by the ability of a person to
travel freely without injury or death.
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5. Importance of Road Safety
• Road safety is important for all road users.
• Every year more than one million people are died
and injured in road accidents.
• In recent years, the number of vehicles on roads
has increased, as has the number of goods
transported by road.
• This makes road safety even more important.
• Road safety in general can be increased through
three main channels:
1. Human,
2. Road environment, and
3. The condition of the vehicles on the roads. 5

6. Vehicle Growth Rate
The vehicle fleet sharply increased at annual rate of 10%.
The increase in station wagons and trailers contributed much to the high
growth rate of vehicle population.
The number of private cars has increased annually by 8%.
The vehicle fleet composed of in given table
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Private cars 37 %
Station wagons 7%
Taxis 9 %
Buses 9 %
Small trucks 21 %
Trucks and truck-trailers 17%
Total 100%

7. Define Road Safety Engineering
Road Safety Engineering is a process, based on analysis of
road and traffic related accident information, which applies
engineering principles in order to identify road design.
(or)
Traffic management improvements that will reduce the
number and severity of road accidents in the most cost
effective manner.
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8. Road Safety in Ethiopia
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9. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia
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10. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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11. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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12. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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13. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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14. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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15. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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16. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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17. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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18. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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19. ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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20. Road Accident photograph for reference purpose
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21. Road Accident photograph for reference purpose
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22. Road Accident photograph for reference purpose
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23. Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia
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24. Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia
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Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia

26. Are We Ready for taking the Impact of Crash
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27. Structure of the Head and Brain
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28. How does a Helmet Work
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29. what is the use of
helmet?
• Helmet is effective in reducing
head injuries.
• Wearing a helmet helps to reduce
the impact of an accident on your
head.
• While riding your two-wheeler, it
is very likely that if you are
involved in an accident, then the
resulting head injuries can be
fatal, if you are not
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30. How does a Helmet Work
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31. Three Possible Categories of Road Users
1. People who know the rules and do not like to obey /follow.
2. People who know wrongly the meaning of road rules or signs.
3. People who are not aware about the road safety rules.
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32. Introduction
• Ethiopia is a landlocked country located in Eastern Africa with a
land area of about 1.13 million sq. km and with a
population of about 112.1 million in 2019.
• A highway network is the most communicative-economic
infrastructure and it is an important a valuable asset of the
Ethiopian nation.
• The total length of Ethiopia's road network is nearly 1, 21,200
kilometers, making it the 46th rank in position among in the
world.
• The country has a wide topographic feature varying between
an altitude of 4620 m above mean sea level (MSL) to
about 120 m below mean sea level with a very difficult
terrain for the provision of transport facilities.
• In the context of Ethiopia’s topography and pattern of
settlement, transport plays a crucial role in facilitating socio-
economic development.
Road Safety Vision 2020: “Making Ethiopian Roads Safer for Every One”.
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33. Introduction
Road accident is the cause of significant loss of human and
economic resources worldwide.
About 1.25 million people die and 50 million are injured
annually.
More than 85% of these casualties occur in low and middle in-
come countries.
It also imposes a huge economic burden on developing economies,
amounting to 1-2% of Gross National Product (GNP) in most
countries.
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34.  Roads bring growth to poor countries—and death.
 Making them safer need not cost much
• Economic Perspective
$100 Billion Every Year – Lose (Developing Countries)
Road Crash Costs ~ 2 % GNP
Financing Road Safety = Investment
Introduction
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Current Road Safety Situation and Unsafe Practices in Ethiopia

36. • World Bank Data
• Each Year (World)
 1.17 Million Die
 10 Million Injured
• Next 10 Years
 6 Million Die
 60 Million Injured
ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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37. • Ethiopia – Worse Traffic Safety
ROAD SAFETY IN ETHIOPIA
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Table 2-4 shows the severity of traffic accidents over the last five years. Of the
total traffic accidents occurring yearly, more that 11% are fatal accidents.
Over 20 % of the total traffic accident injuries are fatalities.

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Table 2-5 shows traffic accident deaths by road user types.
On average, about 56 per cent of the road traffic accident fatalities are pedestrians,
36 per cent are passengers, and only 8 per cent are drivers.
The figure of pedestrian fatalities rises in built-up areas.
For example in the city of Addis Ababa, pedestrian fatalities are about 90 per cent
of the total road accident fatalities in the city.
These figures are indicators of the poor safety behaviour of road users and lack of
pedestrian facilities and respect for them

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43. Table 1.Causes of road traffic accidents in Ethiopia
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44. Causes of accidents
Causes of accidents
Human factors
Vehicles
Road and its condition
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45. What are the causes of road accidents in Ethiopia
1. Driver’s capacity and behavior
2. Failure to give the right of way for pedestrians
3. Over-speeding
4. Transporting passengers with freight vehicles
5. Excess loading
6. Violating traffic regulations
7. Unsafe behavior of pedestrians
8. Animals and carts using the road
9. Inadequate capacity to control roadworthiness of vehicles
10. Inadequate enforcement of traffic regulations
11. Inadequate safety consideration of road planning, and
construction
12. Inadequate emergency medical services. 45

46. 25
Factors Involved in Road Safety
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47. FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
• Crashes have the following Three general categories of
contributing factors:
1. Human factors – Including age, judgment, driver skill,
attention, fatigue, experience and sobriety;
2. Vehicle factors – Including design, manufacture and
maintenance;
3. Roadway/Environment factors – Including geometric
alignment, cross section, Traffic-control devices, surface
friction, grade, signage, weather, visibility.
• By understanding these factors and how they might influence the
sequence of events, crashes and crash severities can be reduced by
implementing specific measures to target specific contributing factors.
• The relative contribution of these factors to crashes can assist with
determining how to best allocate resources to reduce crashes.
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48. • ITE Report
Human
Roadway
Vehicle
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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49. What are the Factors involved in Road Accidents
Contributing factors to Vehicular Crashes (Source: AASHTO)
A framework for relating the series of
events in a road crash to the
categories of crash contributing
factors is the Haddon Matrix.
According to the matrix developed by Dr.
William Haddon Jr. in 1970, there are
three different types of factors that
contribute to road crashes:
1) Human Factors
2) Vehicle Factors and
3) Roadway/Environment Factors.
According to the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) of the American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO),
• Three percent (3%) of road crashes are due to only roadway factors, but
• Thirty four percent (34%) of road crashes are a combination of roadway
factors and other factors.
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1. Human Factors
 Driver Behavior
 Driving under the Influence
 Aggressive Driving - Speeding
 Seat Belt Practice
 Vision (Color and Glare)
 Hearing
 Perception-Reaction Time
 Age
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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52. 2.Roadway Factors
 Horizontal and Vertical Curves
 Curve Radius (R)
 Super elevation (e)
 Sight Distance
 Cross-section Elements (Width, Curbs, and Shoulder)
 Skid Resistance (Roughness)
 Intersections and Ramps
 Weaving and Maneuvering Sections
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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3.Vehicle Factors
 Height, Width and Length
 Minimum Turning/Inside Radius
 Acceleration/Deceleration Performance
 Braking Performance
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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54. WHAT ROLE DO ROAD USERS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLAY IN
IMPROVING SAFETY?
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• Vehicle Factors (Height/Width/Length)
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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56. • Vehicle Factors (Turning/Inside Radius)
Vehicle Type = WB-50
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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• Vehicle Factors (Turning/Inside Radius)
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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• Case Study (Mesfin Engineering - Mekelle)
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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• Case Study (Mesfin Engineering - Mekelle)
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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62. • Key Safety Factors
 Human
 Roadway
 Vehicle
• Safety
 Human – Rational Person
 Roadway - Sound Engineering Design
 Vehicle – Inspection
FACTORS INVOLVED IN ROAD SAFETY
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63. Objective of Road Safety Engineering
1. To provide the safest road network with help of Road Safety Engineers.
2. Road network should be speak with road users.
3. To examine the roads and improve the road safety.
4. To incorporate the safety aspect as road planning stage itself.
5. To reduce the road accidents and save our peoples.
6. To confirm the happiness of people among the country.
7. To increase the GPD of the country.
8. The identification of potential safety hazards on new road projects, at the
appropriate stage, so that they can be eliminated or otherwise treated to
mitigate their adverse effects, at minimum cost.
9. The identification of hazardous features of an existing road so that they
can be eliminated or otherwise treated before they become accident
prone locations.
10.To ensure that the safety requirements of all road users are explicitly
consider in the planning design, construction and operation of road
projects. 63

64. How to achieve the objective of RSE?
What is mean by Road safety audit (RSA) ?
• To Examine the road by Road Auditor .
• To Check the Specification on Existing road.
• To give suggestions of road for improving the safety
performance.
Answer: Through Road Safety Audit (RSA).
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65. What is mean by Road safety audit (RSA) ?
Road Safety Audit may be defined as the formal
examination of the planning, design and
construction of road project, and the
characteristics and TRAFFIC operation of an
existing road by independent and qualified
examiners to identify any potentially unsafe
feature or operational arrangement that may
adversely effect the safety of any road user.
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66. Road Safety Strategy
1. Safer People
2. Safer roads
3. Safer vehicles
4. Strategic coordination,
5. Transport and land use planning and management.
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67. What is the use of Road Safety Engineering?
Improve the road performance with reduce the road accidents
Sight Distance & Delineation Improvement
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68. Common Identified Problems: Human
PEDESTRIANS
Walkways not continuous
Improper locations for crossings
Inadequate guard rails
Lack of dropped kerb at crossings
CYCLISTS
Absence/ Discontinuity of cycle lanes
Obstruction from street furniture
Lack of proper signs
MOTOR CYCLISTS
Slippery road surface
Protruding manholes
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69. USER OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Inadequate facilities
Unsafe locations
VEHICLE USERS
High speed
Inadequate, incorrect and obscured signs
Uncontrolled accesses
Poorly sited street furniture
Signs/ Lamp posts in front of safety fences
Conflict points at intersections not eliminated
Poor visibility
Poor skid resistance
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• Pressing Need
Raising Safety Awareness
Understanding of Road Safety Consequences
Road Safety Education and Training
Road Crash Data
Traffic Safety Legislation
Enforcement of Traffic Laws
Monitoring and Evaluation of Road Safety Activities
Institutional Safety Monitoring and Evaluation Program
HOW TO CONTROL THE ACCIDENTS
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72. HOW TO CONTROL THE ACCIDENTS
1. National Level Management:
Establishment of a technical committee, preparation and
approval of the legislation to form the permanent National
Road safety Council, and formation and making the council
operational.
2. Demonstration Projects:
Develop the accident reporting and database system,
Accident data analysis system,
Train police, and provide software and computers.
Accident data application on enforcement,
Safety road improvements by roads authorities, and
Produce annual accident reports.
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73. HOW TO CONTROL THE ACCIDENTS (CONTD…)
3. Traffic Law Enforcement:
 Identify training needs, develop traffic police training programmes,
train trainers,
 Targeted enforcement: needs identification, develop plan, conduct
targeted enforcement operations, and make annual review.
 Equipment and patrol vehicles: identify need, procure and introduce
in pilot, evaluate, and expand.
4. Driver Training and Testing:
 Revise testing procedure; revise training procedures for examiners
and instructors, upgrading training center facility.
5. Vehicle Inspection:
 Revise vehicle inspection procedures, introduce roadside
 vehicle inspection, procure vehicle inspection equipment, and
improve
 inspection buildings and sites.
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74. How to control the accidents (Contd…)
6. Traffic safety education for children:
 Introduce traffic safety education at schools, strengthening traffic
clubs, campaigning on how to walk on busy routes to schools, create
safety awareness.
7. Road safety publicity:
 Conduct research on pedestrian safety awareness, identify target
groups, and design and conduct campaigns.
 Create safety awareness in transport company workers, and conduct
mass media campaign, community road safety campaign.
8. Emergency medical service:
 Improve communication and ambulance services.
 Introduce computerized system of road accident patient recoding,
 Train and introduce first aid treatment to police, drivers, and
transport operators.
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75. How to control the accidents (Contd…)
9. Research:
 Identify research needs, conduct research in pedestrian safety,
drunk driving and blood alcohol content, and accident costs.
10.Motor Insurance:
 Introduce mandatory third party insurance, and claims guidelines.
11.Regional Initiatives:
 Regional road safety baseline study, regional accident maps, safety
awareness seminars, establishment of regional safety committee,
regional safety plans, and coordination.
12.Road Safety Engineering:
 Introduce road safety in the RSDP, establishment of road
safety engineering units, train safety engineers,
identification of blackspots and counter measures, and
road safety improvements. Introduce road safety auditing
and pedestrian management.
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