memo2036

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
TEST BANK PHC 215 - 2023
❖ Chapter 1: The Purpose and Process of Health Research
1. Which of the following is an example of Laboratory research?
A. Identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria
2. he process of systematically investigating a single well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-being.?
A. Health research
3. Which one of the following are typically conducted in the controlled environment of a special research facility?
A. Economic studies
B. Laboratory studies
C. Population studies
D. Descriptive studies
4. Which of the following is a social benefit of health research?
A. Satisfaction of exploring an area of interest and seeing a project through to completion (personal benefit)
B. Development and refinement of a new skillset (personal benefit)
C. Expansion of the scientific literature that sets the foundation for future research, policies and practices
D. Attainment of new knowledge by systematically investigating a topic (personal benefit)
5. Which of the following is the correct order for the research process?
A. Identify the research question and the area interested, analysis and report findings
B. Identify the research question, select study approach design study and the area interested
C. Identify the research question, select study approach and design study, analysis and report findings
D. Identify the research question, select study approach and design study and implement Research
6. Which of the following is defined as the process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learn or
discover new information about the world is known as?
A. Epidemiology
B. Health
C. Research
D. None of the above
7. Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease, illness, disability and
death, EXCEPT:
A. Developmental
B. Socioeconomic
C. Biological
D. Environmental
8. Population-based studies are typically conducted using one of the following :
A. Human subjects
B. Animals
C. Research facilities
9. Which is NOT an example of population-based research?
A. Compare rates of acute lung diseases in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are
correlated with local air quality
B. Determine whether survival following a breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presence of certain genes
C. Conduct a vaccine trial
D. Analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
10. Population health research objectives may include:
A. Identifying and classifying new health problems.
B. Determining risk factors for disease
C. Evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes
D. All of the above
11. Which is NOT a step in the research process?
A. Identify a study question
B. Select a study approach
C. Report study findings
D. All of the above are steps in the research process
12. Which of the following is the first step in the research process?
A. Analyze data
B. Design study and collect data
C. Identity study question
D. Select study approach
13. Which of the following is an example of population health research?
A. Analyze the biochemical composition of selected foods (Laboratory research)
B. Compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas (Laboratory research)
C. Conduct a vaccine trial
D. Develop a new vaccine (Laboratory research)
14. Which of the following is a personal benefits of health research ?
A. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies
B. Attainment of new knowledge by systematically investigating a topic
C. Expansion of the scientific literature that sets the foundation for future research. Policies and practices .
D. Identification of health concerns and or methods for promoting health and preventing disease and disability
15. Which of the following is a definition of health?
A. A construct that extends over all aspects of physical, mental, and social well-being
B. People who examine the biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors that contribute to health and to
disease
C. The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learner discover new information
about the world
D. The process of systematically investigating a single well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-being
16. Which of the following refers to the health research?
A. A construct that extends over all aspects of physical, mental, and social well-being
B. People who examine the biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors that contribute to health and
to disease
C. The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learner discover new
information about the world
D. The process of systematically investigating a single well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-
being
17. Which of the following is the first step in the systematic review process?
A. Define eligibility criteria
B. Define search strategy
C. Define study questions
D. Screen abstract

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
19. Which is refer to steps in the research process?
A. Select laboratory place
B. Set priorities
C. Identify a study question
D. Select problems
20. Which of the following processes of systematically and carefully investigating a subject to learn or discover new
information about the world?
A. Socioeconomic.
B. Health.
C. Epidemiology.
D. Research.
❖ Easy question
❖ Define Health research
o is the process of systematically investigating a single well-defined aspect of physical, mental, or social well-being.
❖ Examples of Research Goals
o Identifying and classifying new health problems
o Determining risk factors for disease
o Developing and testing new interventions for preventing or treating illness
o Evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes
o Synthesizing existing knowledge so that it can be applied by others
❖ Examples of Researcher Benefits
o Acquiring new skills
o Satisfying personal curiosity
o Fulfilling degree or work requirements
o Becoming a published author
o Contributing to individual or population health
❖ The steps of any population health research project are:
o Identify question study
o Select study approach
o Design study and data collect
o Analyze data
o Report findings
❖ Examples of Laboratory Research
o Compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas
o Analyze the biochemical composition of selected foods
o Identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug-resistant strain bacteria
o Identify genes that might be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer
o Develop a new vaccine

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
❖ Examples of Population Research
o Compare rates -of acute lung diseases in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are
correlated with local air quality
o Use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population group
o Identify the risk factors for acquiring a drug-resistant bacterial infection
o Determine whether survival following a breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presence of certain genes
o Conduct a vaccine trial
❖ Mention any two of the benefits of health research to society.
o Identification of health concerns and/or methods for promoting health and preventing disease and disability
o Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies
o Expansion of the scientific literature that sets the foundation for future research, policies, and practices
❖ Mention any two of the benefits of health research to personal.
o Attainment of new knowledge by systematically investigating a topic
o Development and/or refinement of a new skill set (and possible fulfillment of the requirements of an educational
program or employer)
o Satisfaction of exploring an area of interest and seeing a project through to completion
❖ Chapter 2: Selecting a General Topic
1. Which of the following is an example of health status?
A. Alcohol use
B. Hygiene practices
C. Stress
D. Use of health-care services
2. Which of the following is an example of environmental exposures?
A. Alcohol use
B. Contraceptive use
C. Humidity
D. Marital status
3. Which of the following is a health-related behavior?
A. Dietary practices
B. Nationality
C. Radiation
D. Stress
4. Which of the following is a chronic disease?
A. Cholera
B. Diabetes OR asthma OR cancers OR cataracts OR hypertension OR stroke OR osteoporosis
C. Malaria
D. Syphilis
5. Which of the following is the disease?
A. Adults with diabetes [population]
B. Australian children younger than 5 years old [population]
C. Exercise habits [exposure]
D. Risk of bone fracture

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
6. Which of the following is an example of socioeconomic status?
A. Hygiene practices
B. Immune status
C. Travel
D. Wealth
7. Which of the following is a good example of a type of population ?
A. Teachers with at least 10 years of classroom experience
8. Which one of the following is an example of injury ?
A. Syphilis
B. Autism
C. Frostbite
D. Cataracts
9. Which one of the following is a communicable disease (infectious disease)?
A. Depressive disorders
B. Cholera
C. Burns
D. Asthma
10. Which one of the following is a socioeconomic factor?
A. Educational level
B. Noise
C. Anatomical de
D. Tobacco use facts
11. Which is a good starting point when selecting a research topic?
A. Having a brainstorming session
B. Refining research areas of interest
C. Compiling a list of key words
D. Both A and C
12. Which database, developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, can be helpful in narrowing the scope of the
research area?
A. ISI Web
B. MeSH
C. HELLP
D. CINAHL
13. Which is an example of a type of exposure?
A. Socioeconomic status
B. Depressive disorders
C. Near drowning
D. Poisonings
14. Which is NOT an example of a type of population?
A. Adults with diabetes
B. Teachers with at least 10 years of classroom experience
C. Non-governmental organizations working on issues related to HIV/AIDS in Uganda
D. All of the above are examples of a type of population

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
15. Most topics in population based research can be expressed in terms of which formula?
A. [disease/outcome] and [exposure] in [population]
B. [exposure] and [population] in [disease/outcome]
C. [exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [populations]
16. Which is NOT an example of a type of disease/outcome?
A. Bone fractures
B. Depressive disorders
C. Drinking water
D. Schizophrenia
18. Which of the following is essential in a brainstorming process for identifying a research topic?
A. Ease & convenience
B. Gaps in literature
C. Read magazines
D. Title of the published article
19. Which is an example of a type of population?
A. Adults with diabetes
20. Which of the following is an example of socioeconomic status?
A. Income OR wealth OR education level OR occupation OR age OR sex/gender OR race / ethnicity OR nationality OR
immigration status OR marital status
❖ Easy question
❖ Examples of Types of Populations
o Australian children younger than 5 years old
o Women living in rural Ontario
o Audit with diabetes
o Teachers with at least10 years of classroom experience
o Individuals newly diagnosed with influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in Newcastle
o Nongovernmental organizations working on issues related to HIV/AIDS in Uganda
❖ Examples of Types of Diseases
o Injuries
o communicable/ Infectious Diseases
o Noncommunicable/ Chronic Diseases
o Neuropsychiatric Disorders

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❖ Examples of Types of Exposures
o Socioeconomic status
• Income
• Wealth
• education level
o Health related Behaviors
• Dietary practices
• exercise habits
• alcohol use
o Health statue
• Nutritional status
• Genetics
• stress
o Environmental exposures
• Drinking water
• Pollution
• radiation
❖ Give two examples of study questions using the [exposure] and [disease/outcome] in[population] research topic formula
o Is income [exposure] related to the risk of tuberculosis infection [disease/outcome] in Australian children younger
than 5 years old [population]?
o Are natural disasters [exposure] related to the risk of stroke [disease/outcome] in adults with diabetes
[population]?
o Are exercise habits [exposure] related to the risk of bone fractures [disease] in adults with diabetes [population]?
o Is reproductive history [exposure] related to the risk of stroke [disease] among women living in rural Ontario
[population]?
o Is household wealth [exposure] related to the risk of hospitalization for asthma [disease] in Australian children
younger than 5 years old [population]?
❖ Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
1. Which of the following refers to an abstract?
A. Background information
B. Paragraph-length summary of all article, chapter, or book
C. Searchable collections of thousands of abstracts
D. Some are open access and available for tree to everyone
2. Which of the following is the first step in reading the journal articles?
A. Look carefully at the tables and figures for important results
B. Read the entire text of the article
C. Re-read the abstract
D. Review of the reference lists for related papers
3. Which of the following is the only way to truly understand a study?
A. Read full text of the article
B. Read only abstract of the article
C. Read only references of the article
D. Read only tables and figures of the article
4. Which of the following makes research original?
A. New disease interest
B. Publish the same research in a new journal
C. The research has the same previous exposure
D. The research has the same previous outcome

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5. Which of the following is a way to acquire a full text journal article?
A. Inter-article loan
B. Inter-journal loan
C. Inter-library loan
D. Inter-university loan
6. Which of the following is an example of a Boolean operator?
A. And or OR, or NOT
B. Are
C. Of
D. On
7. Which of the following is the most important publicly available health science database?
A. Bloomsbury Design Library
B. Britannica’s Academic Edition
C. Career & Technology – ProQuest
D. PubMed
8. Which of the following is the summary of the article?
A. Abstract
B. Conclusion
C. End matter
D. Introduction
9. Which one of the following are the informal sources of information?
A. Journal Websites
B. Web of Science
C. News Papers and Magazines
D. Scientific Databases
10. All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his/her primary area of
research interest is, EXCEPT:
A. Factsheets
B. Newspapers
C. Popular magazines
D. All of the above are good sources of information
11. Which one of the following is one of informal sources of information?
A. Human Development Report
B. World Health Organization
C. Abstract databases
D. Magazines
12. A paragraph-length summary of an article, chapter, or book is known as a(n)?
A. Abstract
B. Summary
C. Review
D. Database
13. Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of:
A. The study design
B. The study population
C. Key findings of the study
D. All of the above

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14. Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription?
A. Embase
B. ISI Web of Science
C. MEDLINE
D. All of the above are examples of health abstract databases
15. To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one can use all of the following search methods EXCEPT:
A. Keywords
B. MeSH terms
C. Boolean operators
D. Reprise operators
16. Which one of the following database belongs to health science database?
A. Career & Technology - ProQuest
B. Bloomsbury Design Library
C. Britannica's Academic Edition
D. PubMed
17. Which of the following is an example of health abstract databases?
A. MEDLINE
B. UNICEF.
C. UN.
D. WHO.
❖ Easy question
❖ Define Abstract: paragraph-length summary of an article, chapter, or book
❖ Health Databases Abstract Science
o CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health)
o Embase
o ISI Web of Science
o MEDLINE
o PsycINFO
o PubMed (MEDLINE plus others)
o Google Scholar
❖ Steps for Reading Articles
o Re-read the abstract.
o Look carefully at the tables and figures for important results.
o Read the entire text of the article
o Review of the reference lists for related papers.
❖ Originality requires one substantive difference from previous work:
o a new exposure of interest
o a new disease of interest
o a new source population
o a new time period under study
o a new perspective on a field of exploration

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
❖ Chapter 4: Focusing the Research Question
1. Which of the following refers to the primary research approach? OR Which of the following represents a primary analysis
of data?
A. Analyze existing data
B. Collect and analyze new data
C. Meta analysis of previous studies
D. Review and synthesize the literature
2. Which of the following study approaches is defined as the process of analyzing the data that is extracted from the
existing records? OR What type of research/study approach is used when existing data are used and analyzed?
A. Desk study
B. Primary study
C. Secondary study
D. Tertiary study
3. In which of the following study the data will be collected from individuals? OR What type of research/study approach is
used when data are newly collected and analyzed?
A. Primary study
B. Secondary study
C. Tertiary study
D. Quasi study
4. Which of the following is the most important consideration when deciding which data collection approach to use in a
primary study?
A. Cost
B. Potential barriers to participation for study participants
C. The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members
D. Time
5. Which of the following study approach is defined as the review and synthesize of the existing literature? OR Which of the
following research approaches involves reviewing and synthesizing a new literature?
A. Desk research
B. Principal research
C. Secondary research
D. Tertiary research
6. Which one of the following is an example of the specific objectives of a study?
A. To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations
B. To examine the impact of a program or policy
C. To assess the perceived health-related needs of community
D. To measure the prevalence of high blood lead levels in a random sample of kindergarten students in southeast
Michigan
7. Which of the following refers to the secondary analysis?
A. Collecting new data from individuals
B. Random sampling
C. Writing a review article
D. Using existing data
8. A study goal often includes all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Exposure
B. Direction
C. Disease
D. Population

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
9. Which of the following is an example of a study goal?
A. To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations
B. To identify possible risk factors for a particular disease in a population
C. To examine the impact of a program or policy
D. All of the above are examples of study goals
10. Which one of the following is an example of study goals?
A. To assess the impact of lead poisoning on school performance in kindergarten students in southeast Michigan
B. To determine whether children in that sample with high blood lead levels have lower scores on academic tests
than children with lower blood lead levels
C. To estimate the total impact of high blood lead levels on kindergarten performance in southeast Michigan by
applying the rates in the sample population to the total population of the region
D. To measure the prevalence of high blood lead levels in a random sample of kindergarten students in southeast
Michigan
11. What is the next step needs by researcher to be developed after identifying general research topic ?
A. research Question.
12. Which of the following published scientific papers list the study goal and specific objectives in?
A. last paragraph of the introduction section.
❖ Easy question
o Primary study: The data will be collected from individuals OR collect and analyze new information
o Secondary study: An existing Data set will analyzed, or data ·extracted, from existing records will be statistically analyzed.
OR analyze existing data
o Tertiary study: The existing literature will be reviewed OR review and synthesize the literature
❖ Examples of Study Goals
o To describe the incidence or prevalence of a particular exposure or disease in one well-defined population
o To assess the perceived health-related needs of a community
o To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations
o To identify possible risk factors fora particular disease in a population
o To test the effectiveness of a new diagnostic or assessment method or of a new therapy or treatment
o To evaluate whether an intervention shown to be successful in one population is equally successfully in a second
population
o To examine the impact of a pogrom or policy
o To synthesize or integrate existing knowledge
❖ The three specific objectives for this study maybe:
o To measure the prevalence of high blood lead levels in a random sample of kindergarten students, in southeast
Michigan
o To determine whether children in that sample with high blood lead levels have lower scores on academic tests than
children with lower blood lead levels
o To estimate the total impact of high blood lead levels on kindergarten performance in southeast Michigan by applying
the rates in the sample population to the total population of the region

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
❖ chapter 5: Assembling a Support Team
1. The person who is most involved in the writing of the manuscript is known as ?
A. The first author
❖ Easy question
❖ Additional Technical Support
o Laboratory technicians
o Statistical consultants
o Librarians
o Technical editor
❖ Other potential coauthors:
o An expert on the research topic or the study population
o An expert on the study design or other methods being used for the research
o A statistician
o Other key contributors who are significantly involved in the design and conduct of the study and in the editing and
polishing of the manuscript
❖ Lead researcher = first author = the researcher who will do the majority of the work
❖ Senior researcher = last author = an experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator
❖ Each coauthor must have met all three of the following conditions:
o Substantial contributions to conception and design and/or acquisition of data and/or analysis and interpretation of
data
o Drafting the article and/or revising it critically for important intellectual content
o Final approval of the version to be published
❖ List any four core collaborators in the support team?
o A supervisor or other experienced researcher who Serves as a mentor and advisor during the research process
o An expert on the research topic ,or the study population .
o An expert on. the study design or other methods being used for the research
o A statistician
❖ Chapter 6 Overview of Study Approaches
1. Which of the following studies focuses on individuals with a particular exposure?
A. Case control study
B. Case series
C. Cohort study
D. Meta-analysis
2. Which of the following study designs is used under the ‘tertiary analysis’ approach?
A. Ecological
B. Cross-sectional
C. Meta-analysis
D. Experimental

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3. Which of the following studies seeks to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the
world and their experiences?
A. Case-control studies
B. Cohort studies
C. Qualitative studies
D. Quantitative studies
4. In which of the following scenario, secondary data collection might become labor-intensive?
A. If old hospital charts have to be retrieved
B. Download entire data file from a website
C. Collect information from participants at one point in time
D. Vast amount of publications to be summarized
5. Which of the following studies is used to make sense of the world and their experiences?
A. Case-control study
B. Cohort study
C. Qualitative study
D. Quantitative study
6. Which study approach gives the researcher control over items like selection of a source population, and the content and
wording of a questionnaire?
A. Primary studies
B. Secondary studies
C. Tertiary studies
D. Every type of study
7. The goal of a qualitative study is to:
A. Synthesize existing knowledge.
B. Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences.
C. Compare exposure histories in people with the disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls).
D. Describe a group of individuals with a disease.
8. When a study seeks to compare the average levels of exposure and disease in several populations, it is known as a(n)?
A. Correlational (ecological)study
B. Case series
C. Cohort study
D. Experimental study
9. A(n) example of a study approach(es) that focuses on individuals with a particular diseases:
A. Case-series
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case-control
D. Both A and C

ABRAR & THAMER.M88
❖ East question
❖ Identify 5 study approaches and describe the goal for each approach. OR there are many good studies designs for population
mention any four of studies approaches
o Review/meta-analysis: Synthesize existing knowledge
o Correlational (ecological) study: Compare average levels of exposure and disease in several populations
o Case series: Describe a group of individuals with a disease
o Cross-sectional survey: Describe exposure and/or disease status in a population
o Case-control study: Compare exposure histories in people with disease (cases) and people without diseases
(controls)
o Cohort study: Compare rates of new (incident) disease in people with different exposure histories or follow a
population forward in time to look for incident diseases
o Experimental study: Compare outcome in participants assigned to an intervention or control group
o Qualitative study: Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and
their experiences
❖ Chapter 7 Reviews
1. Which of the following should be watched while conducting the systematic review? (FIGURE 7-1)
A. Limited publication venues
B. Publication bias
C. Studies that cannot be fairly compared
D. Unlimited publication venues
2. What is the goal of a narrative review approach?
A. To compare the findings of previous studies on a well-defined topic
B. To describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by the existing literature
C. To summarize previous findings using pooled statistics
D. To write a report on the information found
3. What is the goal of a systematic review approach?
4. What is the goal of a meta-Analysis approach?
5. Which of the following is the key statistical measure in a meta-analysis study?
A. Decide how 10 assess the quality of the studies
B. Decide what story the article will tell
C. Studies that cannot be fairly compared
D. Summary measures for included studies must be reported
6. Which of the following uses a fixed-method to select relevant articles?
A. Chronical review
B. Meta-Analysis
C. Narrative review
D. Systematic review

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6. Which of the following is the goal of meta-analysis approach?
A. To combine the results of several high-quality articles that used similar methods to collect and analyze data into
one summary statistic
B. To compare finding of previous studies on a well-defined topic
C. To describe a group of individuals with disease
D. To describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by existing literature
7. Which of the following is the first step in a narrative review?
A. Decide on the specific objectives of the review
C. Select inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles
D. Select the search methods that will be used to find potentially relevant articles
8. Which of the following is the first step in a systematic review?
A. Decide on the specific objectives of the review
C. Select inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles
D. Select the search methods that will be used to find potentially relevant articles
9. Which of the following is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to particular research topic ?
A. Narrative Reviews
B. Systematic Reviews
C. Meta-Analysis
10. All of the following are required steps when completing a review article EXCEPT:
A. An extensive search of the literature
B. The extraction of key information from relevant articles
C. The clear and concise presentation of information
D. The analysis of data
11. A way for an investigator to become an expert in the literature on a well-defined topic is by:
A. Writing a review article
B. Describing the goals of the study
C. Identifying a research question
12. Which statement about review articles is FALSE?
A. A well written review article often becomes a foundation for new research
B. Review articles are often cited more often than reports of individual studies
C. All journals publish review articles
D. A good review requires meticulous library work
13. The most important decision an investigator can make when selecting a topic for a review article is to:
A. Make the topic as general as possible that all relevant publications can be acquired
B. Make the topic narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired
C. Ensure that only other review articles are examined
D. Ensure that the topic is narrow enough to only find a few articles on the topic
14. Which of the following approaches summarizes the previous findings using pooled statistics?
A. Systematic Review
B. Review
C. Narrative Review
D. Meta-analysis

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15. Which of the following is the requirement for conducting a systematic review?
A. A researcher has a strong quantitative skill (meta-analyze)
B. A researcher has a unique perspective on the topic (narrative review)
C. A researcher can obtain every relevant article
D. A researcher has a strong computable skill
16. Which of the following tells a "story" about a well-defined topic using evidence from the literature to support the
"plot"?
A. A Systemic reviews
B. Experimental
C. Narrative reviews.
D. Cross-sectional research
❖ Easy question
❖ List and describe the three types of review articles.
o Narrative reviews: tell a story about a topic by summarizing, for example, critical clinical aspects of a disease, present
epidemiological profile for a disease, or propose a new theory.
o Systematic reviews: use a fixed method to select relevant articles and crafts a search strategy that identifies all the
articles ever published on the narrow, well-defined area covered by the review.
o Meta-analysis: combines the results of several high-quality articles that used similar methods to collect and analyze data
into one summary statistic
❖ Steps of review article
o An extensive search of the literature
o Extraction of key information from relevant articles
o Clear and concise presentation of this information
❖ The steps of a meta-analysis are to: OR List of steps of meta-analysis
o Conduct a systematic review
o Assess the quality and comparability of each eligible study
o Extract statistical results from each study that meets all inclusion criteria
o Combine these statistical results into one summary statistic
❖ Chapter 8 Correlational (Ecological) Studies
1. In which of the following correlations all the points fall neatly in the line? / What is the correlation between the exposure
and outcome if all points in scatterplot fall neatly in a line?
A. Mild correlation
B. Moderate correlation
C. Strong correlation
D. Weak correlation
2. Which of the following is the first step in the correlational studies?
A. Compare average levels of exposure and disease in several populations
B. Check for the ecological fallacy
C. Establish an association between exposure and disease
D. Select the sources of data that will be used
3. Which of the following test can be used to calculate correlation for continuous variables?
A. Mann-Whitney test
B. Pearson correlation coefficient
C. Spearman rank order correlation
D. Wilcoxon signed-rank test

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4. A Pearson correlation coefficient (r) should be used to calculate a correlation when:
A. Continuous variables are used
B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used
C. Variables that have ordered categories are used
5. Which of the following test is used in correlational study?
A. Pearson correlation coefficient test and Spearman rank-ordered correlation
B. Common correlation coefficient test
C. Specific correlation coefficient test
D. Performance correlation coefficient test
6. A Spearman rank-ordered correlation should be used to analyze the data of an ecological study when:
A. Continuous variables are used
B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used
C. Variables that have ordered categories are used
D. Both B and C
7. Which of the following is a key statistical measure in the ecological studies?
A. Correlation
B. Cumulative incidence
C. Incidence rate
D. Prevalence
8. Which of the following study approaches analyzes the population-level data?
A. Case series
B. Cohort study
C. Ecological study (Correlational , aggregate)
D. Meta-analysis
9. What does the Pearson correlation coefficient r =0 mean?
A. All points lie perfectly on a line with a negative slope
B. All points lie perfectly on a line with a positive slope
C. No association between the exposure and outcome
D. Shows how strong a correlation is without indicating the direction of the association
10. Which of the following types of data is used in correlational studies to measure exposure and outcome?
A. Aggregate data
B. Average data
C. Individual data
D. Relative data
11. A correlational study is also known as a :
A. Ecological study
B. Longitudinal study
C. Aggregate study
D. Both A and C
12. Which statements about correlational studies is FALSE?
A. Uses population-level data to look for associations between two or more group characteristics.
B. It is also known as an ecological study.
C. Existing data sources are almost always used for this type of study.
D. Requires the collection of data from individual study participants.

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13. Most exposures and outcomes used in correlational studies are from one of the following data:
A. Individual data
B. Aggregate data
C. Average data
D. Relative data
14. When entering the data of an ecological study on a spread sheet:
A. Each population must be assigned its own row in the spreadsheet
B. Each exposure/outcome should be assigned its own column in the spreadsheet
C. The data should be filled into the cells in each column so that they line up with the correct population
D. All of the above
15. What is the key statistical measure used when analyzing an ecological study?
A. Numbers needed to treat
B. Relative Risk
C. Correlation
16. Does the rate of asthma tend to be higher in cities with higher levels of air pollution , this example for which study?
A. Correlational (Ecological) Studies
17. Which of the following types of study is also known as correlational study?
A. Case-control study.
B. Cohort study.
C. Ecological study.
D. Case series.
❖ Easy question
❖ Use linear regression models when the goal is to:
o compare more than two variables
o understand the relationship between two variables while controlling or adjusting for the effects of other variables
❖ The correlational (ecological, aggregate) study
o uses population level data to examine the relationship between exposure rates and disease rates
❖ Chapter 9 Case Series
1. Which of the following describes about one patient?
B. Case report
C. Case series
D. Cohort study
2. Which of the following should be watched out in case series?
A. A lack of generalizability
B. Misclassification bias
C. No representativeness of the study population
D. Recall bias

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3. Which of the following is the study that describes two or more patients who have the same disease condition? OR Which
of the following study approaches describe a group of individuals with the disease
B. Case series
C. Cohort study
D. Cross-sectional study
4. What are the uses of case series ?
A. Developing hypotheses for future research
5. Which of the following describe the two or more patients who have the same disease or who have undergone the same
procedure ?
A. Case series
B. Literature
C. Case report
D. Case note
6. case series study approach might be useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Describing the characteristics and similarities of a group of individuals with the same signs and/or symptoms of
disease
B. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions
C. Clarifying typical disease progression
D. All of the above are factors for which case series might be a useful study approach
7. A researcher conducting a case series must do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Select one disease of interest
B. Determine what will be new and interesting about the study
C. Identify an appropriate and available source of cases
D. Look at individuals with the disease and those without the disease
8. All the following are true statements about a case series study approach EXCEPT:
A. Some case series for rare conditions may require at least one hundred participants
B. Some case series may include hundreds of individuals
C. A clear case definition must be established when using a case series study approach
D. Participants may be selected from clinical locations that use ICD codes
9. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a special requirement for a case series study approach?
A. All case series require approval by a research ethics committee
B. Informed consent is needed from all study participants
C. Research must carefully protect the identities of study participants
D. All of the above are considered to be special requirements for a case series study approach
10. Which one of the following is described in a case report?
A. One patient with a disease condition
B. All people are healthy
C. Two or more patients with the same disease condition or who have undergone the same procedure
D. People with the disease and people without the disease
11. When using medical records as part of the data collection process for a case series, the researcher should consider one of
the following:
A. Be aware that information found in medical records is recorded for research purposes
B. Create a questionnaire that guides the extraction of information from the medical records
C. Remember that medical records will have all the information the researcher will like to know
D. Keep in mind that less relevant signs and symptoms, patient comments, and clinicians ’observations are always
recorded on medical records

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13. Which of the following is a common source of data for case series?
A. Clinical records
B. Privately held survey data
C. Publicly available individual-level data
D. Publicly available population-level data
14. Which of the following is the required characteristic of a Case Series?
A. An appropriate source of the population is available.
B. An appropriate source of the case is available.
C. An appropriate source of individuals is available.
D. An appropriate source of symptoms is available.
15. What type of data collection includes interviews of cases using a questionnaire and/or qualitative techniques?
A. Primary data collection.
B. Secondary data collection
C. Statistics of data study
D. Analysis of data study
❖ Easy question
❖ Uses of Case Series OR mention any two use case series study?
o Describing the characteristics of and similarities among a group of individuals with the same signs and/or symptoms of
disease
o Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions.
o Clarifying typical disease progression
o Developing hypotheses for future research
❖ What is the difference between case report and case series?
o case report: describes one patient.
o case series: describes two or more patients who have the same disease condition or who have undergone the same
procedure
❖ Chapter 10: Cross-Sectional Surveys
1. Which of the following is the primary study question to ask while conducting across-sectional survey?
A. Do cases and controls have different exposure history?
B. Prevalence of the exposure and/or disease in the population
C. The disease is relatively uncommon
D. The key characteristics of the cases in this study population
2. Which one of the following refers to the proportion of the population with a given trait at the time of the survey ?
A. Incidence
B. Mortality
C. Odds ratio
D. Prevalence
3. Which of the following studies is also called a prevalence study? OR Which of the following studies is sometimes called a
prevalence study?
B. Case series
C. Cohort study
D. Cross-sectional survey

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4. What is an important requirement for the sample participant in a cross-sectional survey for the result to be
generalizable?
A. Any available sample from the population
B. Convenience sample form the population
C. Sample that is non-representative of larger population
D. Sample that is representative of larger population
5. Which one of the following are the uses of a cross-sectional survey?
A. Assess population needs
B. Compare exposure histories
C. Matching
D. Measuring past exposures
6. Which one of the following studies describes the exposure and/or disease status in population?
A. cross-sectional study
B. Cross-risk study
C. Cross-exposure study
D. Cross-population study
7. All of the following are the first steps that should be carried out when conducting across sectional survey, EXCEPT:
A. Define a source population
B. Develop a strategy for recruiting a representative sample
C. Decide on the methods to be used for data collection
D. Assign a case definition
8. A cross-sectional survey is also known as a(n):
A. Ecological study
B. Cohort study
C. Prevalence study
D. Case-control study
9. Cross-sectional surveys are used for all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Evaluating programs
B. Establishing baseline data prior to initiating longitudinal studies
C. Assessing population needs
D. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions
10. Cross-sectional surveys measure:
A. he prevalence of various demographic characteristics in a well-defined population
B. The exposure histories of a well-defined population
C. The disease states in a well-defined population
D. All of the above
11. Which of the following is the proportion of the population with a given trait at the time of the survey?
A. Incidence
B. Odds
C. Odds ratio
D. Prevalence
12. The cross-sectional study approach should be used when?
A. Time is limited and/or budget is small
B. The disease is relatively uncommon
C. The exposure is relatively uncommon
D. A source of cases is available, and no comparison group is required or available

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13. Compare average levels of exposure and disease in several populations
A. Cohort study
B. Cross-sectional survey
C. Case-control study
D. Case series
14. Which of the following study is provided a snapshot of the health status of a population at one point in time?
A. Cohort study
B. Cross-sectional survey
C. Case-control study
D. Case series
❖ Easy question
❖ step cross sectional
o Define a source population
o Develop a strategy for recruiting a representative sample
o Decide on the methods to be used for data collection
❖ Cross-sectional surveys are used to:
o Describe communities
o Evaluating programs
o Establishing baseline data prior to initiating longitudinal studies
o Assessing population needs
❖ Chapter 11: Case-Control Studies
1. Which of the following refers to the participants without the disease of interest in a case-control study?
A. Cases (participants with the disease of interest)
B. Controls
C. Experimenters
D. Researchers
2. Which of the following bias occurs when cases and controls systematically have different memories of the past?
A. Cases bias
B. Matching bias
C. Misclassification bias
D. Recall bias
3. What does the odds ratio OR>1 mean?
A. Cases have higher odds of exposure than controls
B. Cases have lower odds of exposure than controls
C. Controls have higher odds of exposure than cases
D. The odds of exposure are the same for cases and control
4. How many basic options are there for matching cases and controls in a case-control study?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

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5. What does the odds ratio OR=1 mean?
A. Cases have higher odds of exposure than controls (OR > 1 )
B. Cases have lower odds of exposure than controls (OR < 1 )
C. Controls have higher odds of exposure than cases
D. The odds of exposure are the same for cases and control
6. Which of the following is used to compare two dichotomous variables?
A. One-by-two tables
B. Five-by-two tables
C. Three-by-three tables
D. Two-by-two tables
7. In which of the following situation the case-control study approach is recommended?
A. A source of cases is available, and no comparison group is required or available
B. Budget is small
C. The disease is relatively uncommon
D. Time is limited
8. Which of the following is a first step in the case-control studies?
A. Decide on the characteristics of the study population that will be described
B. Decide on the methods to be used for data collection
C. Define a source population
D. Identify a source of cases
9. Which of the following is used to see whether cases and controls have different exposure histories?
A. Attributable risk
B. Odds ratio (Case-Control Studies)
C. Relative risk
D. Risk ratio
10. Comparing exposure histories of people with the disease and people without the disease is the goal for what type of
study design?
A. Case series
B. Case-control
C. Cohort
D. Experimental Participants
11. in a case-control study are selected based on:
A. Their disease status
B. Their exposure status
C. Both exposure and disease status
D. None of the above In
12. a case-control study, ‘cases’ are:
A. People without the disease
B. People with the disease
C. People with the exposure
D. People without the exposure
13. All of the following are options for matching cases and controls in a case-control study, EXCEPT:
A. No matching
B. Frequency (group) matching
C. Matched-pairs(individual) matching
D. Recurrent matching

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14. The key statistical measure for case-control studies is:
A. Prevalence
B. Correlation
C. Odds Ratio (OR)
D. Risk Ratio (RR)
15. An OR = 1 means :
A. The odds of exposure is higher in cases
B. The odds of exposure is higher in controls
C. The odds of exposure is the same for cases and controls
16. An OR < 1 means:
17. An OR > 1 means:
18. Which of the following studies approach select participants based on disease status and has a comparison group?
A. Case-control.
B. Cross-sectional.
C. Case-series.
D. Cohort.
❖ Easy question
❖ Describe the three steps used for identifying cases and controls for a case-control study.
o identify an appropriate and accessible source of individuals with the disease of interest.
o develop a working case definition that specifies the characteristics that must be either present or absent for a person to
be considered a case.
o select an appropriate source of controls.
❖ There are three basic options for matching cases and controls: OR Write down any two of the basic options for matching
cases and controls?
o no matching
o frequency (group) matching
o matched-pairs (individual) matching
❖ define Recall bias
o occurs when cases and controls systematically have different memories of the past.
❖ Define Odds ratio (OR)
o the ratio of the odds of exposure in cases to the odds of exposure in controls

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❖ Chapter12: Cohort Studies
1. Which of the following studies collects baseline data about exposures and /outcomes in the present and follows the
cohort to some point in the future?
A. Nested case-control studies
B. Parallel cohort studies
C. Prospective cohort studies
D. Retrospective cohort studies
2. What is meant by a dynamic population in a longitudinal study?
A. Participants are not allowed to discontinue the study
B. Participants are recruited using rolling admission and replacement of dropouts
C. Participants are selected in batches at any point of the study
D. Participants start the study together and no one is allowed to join later
3. What is known as the absolute difference in the incidence rate between the exposed population and the unexposed
population in a Cohort study ?
A. Attributable risk
B. Information Bias
C. Prevalence
D. Rate ratio
4. Which of the following bias occurs when exposed participants are more thoroughly examined for disease than
unexposed participants?
A. Information bias
B. Matching bias
C. Misclassification bias
D. Recall bias
5. What does the rate ratio RR>1 mean?
A. The incidence rate was higher in the exposed than in the unexposed
B. The incidence rate was higher in the unexposed than in the exposed
C. The incidence rate was lower in the exposed than in the unexposed (RR < 1 )
D. The incidence rate was the same in the exposed and in the unexposed (RR = 1)
6. What is meant by a fixed population in a longitudinal study?
A. Participants are not allowed to discontinue the study
B. Participants are recruited using rolling admission and replacement of dropouts
C. Participants are selected in batches at any point of the study
D. Participants start the study together and no one is allowed to join later
7. Which of the following is a key analysis of a cohort study?
A. Frequency
B. Odds ratio
C. Prevalence
D. Rate ratio (RR) = relative rate = risk ratio = relative risk
8. Which one of the following cohort studies use baseline information collected at some point in the past and follows the
cohort to another point in the past or to present?
A. Linear cohort studies
B. Retrospective cohort studies
C. Prospective cohort studies
D. Longitudinal cohort studies

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9. Which of the following studies recruit participants based on their membership in a well-defined source population, and
then follow them forward in time?
A. Cross-sectional studies
B. Longitudinal cohort studies
C. Case-control studies
D. Ecological studies
10. Which of the following the goal of Cohort study?
A. is to examine incident disease
11. Which of the following is an example of a study approach that focuses on individuals with a particular exposure?
A. Cross-sectional studies.
B. Many cohort studies.
C. Case-Series studies.
D. Case-Control studies
❖ Easy question
❖ cohort study
o follows participants through time to calculate the rate at which new (incident) disease occurs and to identify risk factors
for the disease
❖ Cohort studies take many forms. For simplicity, consider three main categories: OR Types of Cohort Studies
o Retrospective cohort: use baseline information collected at some point in the past and follow the cohort to another
point in the past or to the present
o Prospective cohort : collect baseline data about exposures and outcomes in the present and follow the cohort to some
point in the future
o Longitudinal cohort: recruit participants based on their membership in a well-defined source population, then follow
them forward in time
❖ Examples of populations for a longitudinal study:
o All the residents of one town
o A representative sample of members of one professional organization
o A representative group of students recruited from the same university
❖ Compare
o In a longitudinal study with a fixed population, all participants start the study at the same time and no one is allowed to
join later
o In a study with a dynamic population, participants are recruited using rolling admission and replacement of dropouts
❖ Define Excess risk = attributable risk (AR)
o the absolute difference in the incidence rate between the exposed population and the unexposed population

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❖ Chapter 13: Experimental Studies
1. which of the following is defined as the proportion of people who actually have a disease who test positive?
A. Negative predictive value
B. Positive predictive value
C. Sensitivity
D. Specificity
2. Which of the following is defined as those who test positive, what percentage actually have the disease?
C. Sensitivity
D. Specificity
3. Which of the following infers that the source population must be an appropriate and non- exploitative one?
A. Beneficence
B. Distributive justice
C. Efficacy
D. Equipoise
4. Which of the following is a type of randomization where each individual is randomized to one treatment group?
A. Block randomization
B. Compound randomization
C. Simple randomization
D. Stratified randomization
5. Which of the following study approaches compares the outcomes in participants assigned to an intervention or control
group?
A. Cohort study
B. Correlational study
C. Experimental study
D. Qualitative study
6. Which of the following is defined as an inactive comparison that is similar to the therapy being tested?
A. Blanking
B. Blinding
C. Masking
D. Placebo
7. Which of the following means the change of behavior of participants in a study for the better simply because they know
they are being observed?
A. Experimental effect
B. Hawthorne effect
C. Marathon Effect
D. Trail effect
8. Which of the following trials aim to demonstrate that a new intervention is better than some type of control?
A. Crossover trials
B. Factorial trials
C. Inferiority trials
D. Superiority trials

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9. Which of the following is defined as the proportion of people who do not have the disease who test negative?
C. Sensitivity
D. Specificity
10. Which of the following is a type of randomization where group of individuals are randomized to a treatment group?
11. Which of the following states that the experimental research should be conducted only when there is genuine
uncertainty about which treatment will work better?
A. The principle of beneficence
B. The principle of distributive justice
C. The principle of efficacy
D. The principle of equipoise
12. Which of the following states that the researchers should balance the likely benefits and risks of the study?
A. The principles of beneficence (nonmaleficence)
B. The principle of distributive justice
C. The principle of equipoise
D. The principle of respect for persons
13. Which of the following is a type of randomization where individuals are grouped into strata and then randomized to one
treatment group? OR In which of the following sampling techniques simple random samples are selected from each of
several strata ?
14. What does it mean by block randomization?
A. Individual are groped into strata
B. Each individual is randomized to one treatment group
C. Group of individuals are randomized to a treatment
D. group It is a form of simple randomization
15. Which of the following is an example of placebo used in an experimental study?
A. Modify diet.
B. Sugar pills. OR a sham procedure OR an injection of saline solution
C. Physical activity.
D. Lose weight.
16. When individual are randomly assigns individuals within certain subgroups a particular exposure.
A. stratified randomization
B. Simple randomization
C. Block randomization
D. None of above
17. Which of the following is defined as those who test negative , what percentage actually not have the disease?
C. Sensitivity
D. Specificity

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❖ Easy question
❖ define experimental study
o assigns participants to intervention and control groups in order to examine whether an intervention causes an
intended outcome
❖ define Hawthorne effect:
o participants in a study may change their behavior for the better simply because they know they are being observed
❖ A variety of approaches can be used to randomly allocate participants to an active intervention group or a control group,
such as:
o Simple randomization: Each individual is randomized to one treatment group
o Block randomization : Group of individuals are randomized to a treatment
o Stratified randomization: individuals are grouped into strata and then randomized to one treatment group
❖ Ethical Principles
o Equipoise: experimental research should be conducted only when there is genuine uncertainty about which treatment
will work better
o Distributive justice: infers that the source population must be an appropriate and non-exploitative one
o Beneficence (do good) and nonmaleficence (do not harm): researchers must balance the likely benefits and risks of the
study
❖ Experimental studies use many of the same measures of association that cohort studies do:
o Relative rates (RRs)
o Attributable risks (ARs, AR%s)
o Measures of survival
❖ Compare
o Treatment-received approach: limit analysis to the participants who were fully compliant with their assigned
intervention
o Treatment-assigned approach (intention-to-treat approach): includes all participants even if they were not fully
compliant with their assigned intervention
❖ What is the simple random sampling?
o uses a coin toss1 a random number generator, or some other simple mechanism to assign each individual to one of the
groups OR Each individual is randomized to one treatment group
❖ Chapter 14: Qualitative Studies
1. Which of the following approaches seeks to understand how participants understand, interpret, and find meaning in
their own unique life experiences and feelings?
A. Angiography
B. Ethnography
C. Grounded theory
D. Phenomenology
2. Which of the following is an inductive reasoning process that uses observations to develop general theories that explain
human behavior?
A. Delphi method
B. Ethnography
C. Grounded theory
D. Phenomenology

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3. Which of the following aims to develop an insider’s view of how members of a particular cultural group see their world?
A. Delphi method
B. Ethnography
C. Grounded theory
D. Phenomenology
4. Which one of the following types of study approach looks for the themes and meanings that emerge from the
observation and evaluation of a situation or context? OR Which of the following study approaches looks for the themes
and meanings that emerge from the observation and evaluation of a situation or context?
A. Quantitative
B. Qualitative
C. Experimental
D. Case-control
5. Which of the following expressions are used in Qualitative research?
A. Amount,
B. Frequency
C. Intensity,
D. Notes from observations
6. Which of the following refers to a moderated discussion between 4 to 12 people that is led by a facilitator of a research
team?
A. A An in-depth interview.
B. A focus group.
C. An informal group discussion.
D. Questionnaire.
7. Which of the following aims to develop an insider's view, rather than an outsider's view, of how members of a particular
cultural group see their world?
A. Focus groups.
B. Ethnography.
C. Phenomenology.
D. Grounded Theory
8. Which of the following study approaches would be most suited for conducting a qualitative study
A. Primary analysis
❖ Easy question
❖ Examples of Qualitative Study Methods
o Phenomenology: seeks to understand how participants understand, interpret, and find meaning in their own unique
life experiences and feelings
o Grounded theory: an inductive reasoning process that uses observations to develop general theories that explain
human behavior
o Ethnography: aims to develop an insider’s view (an emic perspective) of how members of a particular cultural group
see their world
❖ A similar process can be used as a component of other forms of evaluative research, such as:
o Needs assessment.
o Cost-effectiveness analysis
o Health services research
❖ Examples of Techniques
- In-depth and semi-structured interviews of individuals use open-ended questions to explore viewpoints.
- Focus groups - Interviews

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❖ Chapter 15: Developing a Proposal & Protocol
1. Which of the following is a detailed handbook describing all the actions that will be taken during the implementation of
the study?
A. Budget diary
B. Funding guide
C. Protocol
D. Timeline
2. Which of the following is an internal grant?
A. Grants from corporations (external grants)
B. Grants from an school or employer
C. Grants from government agencies (external grants)
D. Grants from private foundations (external grants)
3. Which of the following is usually a request for funding or supervisory approval?
A. Research Article
B. Research Program
C. Research Proposal
D. Research Protocol
4. is usually a request for funding or supervisory approval.
A. Project
B. Protocol
C. Proposal
D. Program
❖ Easy question
❖ Money and materials are not the only resources to consider:
o Access to individuals who are willing to contribute their time, expertise, and/or connections
o Access to potential study participants or data sets
o Access to laboratory, office, or meeting space
o Access to equipment like copying machines
❖ Some projects are enhanced by:
o Internal grants from a school or employer
o External grants from private foundations, corporations, government agencies, or other source
❖ Define proposal is usually a request for funding or for supervisory approval.
❖ Define protocol is a detailed handbook describing all the actions that will be taken during the implementation of the study.
❖ Ideally, a protocol should:
o Describe all the procedures that will be used for data collection and analysis
o Provide details about the responsibilities of each member of the research team
o List the deadlines for completion of all the steps in the research process
o Describe the mechanism for updating any part of the research plan, should the need arise after approval of the initial
protocol

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❖ Chapter 30: Citing
1. Which of the following is a major violation of scholarly integrity, and it can have a damaging long- term impact on a
professional career?
A. Citations
B. Paraphrasing
C. Plagiarism
D. Referencing
2. Which of the following knowledge refers to a statistic or the results of a particular field or laboratory study and that must
be cited?
A. Common knowledge
B. General knowledge
C. Noble knowledge
D. Specific knowledge
3. what a typical person in the discipline would know does not need to be cited? OR refers to what a typical person in the
discipline would know about a particular topic.
A. Common knowledge (General knowledge )
B. Professional knowledge
C. Noble knowledge
D. Specific knowledge
4. Which of the following are the preferred sources of evidentiary support for scientific articles?
A. Journal articles
B. Magazines
C. Newspapers
D. Websites
6. Which of the following occurs when someone’s wording, thinking, or creative output is repeated in a new document
without attribution?
A. Citation
B. Error
C. Paraphrasing
D. Plagiarism
7. A typical article in the health science may refer to ___________ other articles published in peer-review journals.
A. 1 or 2
B. 5 or 10
C. 20 or 30
D. 200 or more
8. All of the following are true statements about articles used as a reference in a research report, EXCEPT:
A. References should be carefully selected to support the importance, validity, and conclusion of the study
B. References can be used to acknowledge the alternative methodological approaches that could have been used
C. References can be used to identify areas in which new findings agree with existing literature
D. References could be used to contradict the new study findings
9. All of the following are considered to be formal sources of information that can be cited in a research report, EXCEPT:
(FIGURE 30- 2)
A. Official organization report
B. Fact sheet
C. Articles from peer-reviewed journals
D. Book or book chapters

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10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal scientific reports? (FIGURE 30-1)
A. They are published in a popular magazine, newspaper or website
B. They describe the study design and explain why it was appropriate for the objectives of the study
C. They explain how exposures and outcomes were defined and assessed
D. They discuss the limitations of the study
11. All of the following are true statements about paraphrasing information from articles being cited in a research report,
EXCEPT:
A. Paraphrasing helps ensure that the article being cited has been understood
B. Paraphrasing requires citation of the original source
C. Quotation marks need to be used when paraphrasing
D. An in-text citation must be provided when paraphrasing
12. All of the following are examples of citation styles used in the health sciences, EXCEPT:
A. AMA
B. APA
C. ICMJE
D. TPA
❖ Easy question
❖ Plagiarism occurs when someone’s wording, thinking, or creative output is repeated in a new document without
attribution, such as:
o Copying the exact words of another person without using quotation marks and providing a full citation
o Paraphrasing a unique theory or observation without providing a citation
o Using an image without permission and an acknowledgment are all forms of plagiarism
❖ Define Plagiarism is
o a major violation of scholarly integrity, and it can have a damaging long-term impact on a professional career.
❖ Citations typically appear in two formats: OR what are the two types citation styles?
o As in-text citations where the sources of information are briefly identified in the text.
o In a reference list at the end of the document that provides full bibliographic information for each source.
❖ Chapter 31: Writing Strategies
1. How can the writer's block be overcome?
A. Initiate old behaviors to facilitate success
B. Make writing time a priority
C. Remember the paper must be perfect
D. Write the entire manuscript in one sitting
2. All of the following are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript, EXCEPT:
A. “I don’t know how to write a scholarly paper”
B. “I don’t know what to do next”
C. “I don’t have time to write”
D. All of the above are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript
3. All of the following are key points in time, in which researchers working on a research report need to address their
motivation, EXCEPT:
A. Overcoming the barriers of getting started
B. Finding the motivation to persevere and complete the manuscript
C. Finding ways to prolong periods of high productivity
D. All of the above are key points in time when a researcher needs to address his/her motivation for writing a
research report.

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4. All of the following are ways a researcher can begin writing a research report if s/he is not sure where to begin, EXCEPT:
A. Include relevant information about the methods used in the research from the study’s protocol in the working
document
B. Fill the names of the people to thank in the acknowledgement section
C. Include a working title for the paper at the beginning of the document
5. A good way to begin writing the research report is by:
A. Writing the protocol of the study
B. Having the appropriate software to analyze the data
C. Finding a model article and use it as a template to create an outline for what to cover on the paper
6. Which of the following is NOT a step a researcher can take to regain motivation to continue writing the research
manuscript?
A. Changing habits or scenery when writing the manuscript
B. Stop writing for a long period of time to not get bored with the writing process
C. Setting a time line for completing small parts of the paper
D. Build in rewards that celebrate those intermediate successes on the way to the completed paper
7. Full-length manuscripts for health science journals are usually limited to:
A. 1000 words
B. 2000 words
C. 3000 words
D. There is no limit in the number of words used on the manuscript
8. By the time the manuscript is written, there will be imperfections in the completed study that cannot be fixed. What
could a researcher do in the manuscript to address these study imperfections?
A. Fully explain the actual methods used
B. Include a helpful set of references that support the results
C. Honestly identify the limitations of the study
D. All of the above
9. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a good research paper?
A. Fully explains the actual methods used OR Run all the appropriate analyses OR Include a helpful set of
references that support the results OR Polish the prose
B. Include a list of inconsistent references
C. The limitations of the study should be avoided
❖ Easy question
❖ methods used to select participants cannot be changed. Participants cannot be asked a question that was not included in
the questionnaire. These flaws are normal and expected. What authors can do is:
o Fully explains the actual methods used.
o Provides all the appropriate analyses.
o Includes a helpful set of references that support the results.
o Presents polished prose.
o Honestly identifies the limitations of the study and explains what was done to address them.

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❖ Chapter 16: Primary Studies: Selecting a Sample Population
1. Which of the following studies require a source population that is reasonably representative of the target population?
B. Case series
C. Cross over survey
D. experimental study
2. In which of the following sampling techniques after a random start point, every 9th person is being selected? (FIGuRE 16-2)
A. Cluster sampling
B. Simple random sampling
C. Stratified sampling
D. Systematic sampling
3. Which of the following types of research populations describe the individuals from the source population who are asked
to participate?
A. Sample population
B. Source population
C. Study population
D. Target population
4. In which of the following sampling techniques each person has an equal chance of being selected
A. Convenience sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Simple random sampling
D. Snowball sampling
5. Which of the following is always the top priority in designing an experimental study?
A. Assessor
B. Diet
C. Physical activity
D. Safety
6. Which of the following samples rarely result in a study population that is representative of the target population?
A. Cluster samples
B. Convenience samples
C. Probability samples
D. Random samples
7. All households within 2 miles of a particular nuclear power plant, this is an example of which of the following?
A. Sample population
B. Source population (sometimes called a sampling frame)
C. Study population
8. Which one of the following is a well-defined subset of individuals from the target population?
A. Source population
B. Study population
C. Sample population
D. Popular population

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9. Which one of the following are the vulnerable populations ?
A. People with high-decision-making capacity
B. Wealthier people
C. Healthy individuals
D. People with poor health
10. Which of the following refers to the vulnerable populations?
A. People who live in developed countries and have the best healthcare services
B. People who participate in different studies of research
C. People with poor health, some people with limited decision-making capacity, and members of some socially
marginalized groups, among others
D. The individuals from the source population who are asked to participate
11. Which of the following can be selected based on the ease of access to those individuals, communities or ,schools
A. Convenience population
B. Study population
C. Source population
❖ Easy question
❖ Types of Probability Sampling
o Simple random sampling: each person has an equal change of being selected
o Stratified sampling: person random sample selected from each of several strata
o Systematic sampling: after random start point every nth person is selected
o Cluster sampling: an area is divided into geographic clusters and some clusters are selected for inclusion
❖ four different types of populations must be considered when preparing to collect data:
o The results of the study should be applicable to the target population
o The source population is a well-defined subset of individuals from the target population
o The sample population is the individuals from the source population who are asked to participate
o The study population is the members of the sample population who actually participate in the study
❖ Chapter 17: Primary Studies: Estimating Sample Size
1. What happens, if the sample size is large and the sample mean is expected to be close to the population mean ?
A. Confidence Interval will be excluded
B. Confidence Interval will be narrower
C. Confidence Interval will be far from sample mean
D. Confidence Interval will be overlapped
2. Which one of the following occurs when a study population yields a significant statistical test result when one does not
exist in the source population?
A. Type 1 error
B. Type 4 error
C. Type 2 error
D. Type 3 error
3. Which one of the following is required to achieve a valid and significant results
A. More participants
B. Too few participants
C. Adequate number of stud population
D. Without

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4. Which one if the following is defined as the ability of a statistical test to detect significant differences in a population
when difference really do exist ?
A. Sample error
B. Investigator power
C. Statistical power (Power)
D. Scientific
5. Which of the following occurs when a statistical test of data from the study population finds no significant result when
one actually exists in the source population?
A. Type 1 error
B. Type 2 error
C. Type 3 error
D. Type 4 error
❖ Easy question
❖ Sometimes a sample population does not capture the true experience of the population:
o Type 1 errors (α) occur when a study population yields a significant statistical test result when one does not exist in
the source population.
o Type 2 errors (β) occur when a statistical test of data from the study population finds no significant result when one
actually exists in the source population
❖ Power Estimation
o work backward from the number of participants likely to be recruited to see whether that sample size provides
adequate statistical power for the study design.
❖ Statistical power
o is the ability of a statistical test to detect significant differences in a population when differences really do exist.
❖ Chapter 18: Primary Studies: Developing a Questionnaire
1. What is the first step a researcher should take when designing a questionnaire ?
A. Choose question and answer types
B. List the topic that the survey instrument must cover
C. Check wordings
D. Choose order
2. Which of the following variables do not have any built-in order?
A. Dependent variables
B. Independent variables
C. Nominal variables
D. Ordinal variables
3. Which of the following is an example of potential problem with questions? (FIGURE 18-5)
A. Ambiguous meanings
B. Defined abbreviations
C. Insensitive questions
D. Small words
4. Which of the following is an example of dichotomous variable?
A. Age
B. Educational qualification
C. Gender
D. Occupation

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5. Which of the following questionnaire measures what it was intended to measure in the population being assessed?
A. Accurate questionnaire
B. Discrete questionnaire
C. Reliable questionnaire
D. Valid questionnaire
6. Which of the following questions allows participants to give free-response answers?
A. Close-ended questions
B. Free-form questions
C. Open-ended questions
D. Ranked-ordered questions
7. Which one of the following is a tool for systematically gathering information from study participants?
A. Book
B. Literature
C. Paper
D. Questionnaire
8. Which one of the following questions allows a limited number of possible answers?
B. Free-form questions
C. Open-ended questions
D. Qualitative questions
9. Which one of the following variables is ranked based on an inherent order ?
A. Dependent variables
B. Independent variables
C. Ordinal variables
D. Nominal variables
10. Which one of the following questionnaire measures what it was intended to measure in the population being assessed ?
A. Accurate questionnaire
B. Valid questionnaire
C. Reliable questionnaire
D. Discrete questionnaire
11. Which of following allow participants to explain their selections and qualify their responses ?
B. Open-ended questions
C. Multiple worded questions
D. One-word questions
12. Which one of the following is helpful for checking the content, clarity, layout, and timing of the questionnaire?
A. Rapid test
B. Plot test
C. Speed test
D. Pilot test (pretest)
13. Which one of the following variables has only two response options ?
A. Quadritomous
B. Dichotomous
C. Trichotomous
D. Monotonous

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14. Which of the following is the first step in designing a questionnaire?
A. list the main categories of questions to be asked
B. Select specific short questions
C. Choose a study design
D. Choose question-and-answer types
15. Variables that are nominal variable for which only two responses are possible is known as:
A. Ordinal variables
B. Binominal variable
C. Ratio variables
D. Interval variables
❖ Easy question
❖ questionnaire is a tool for systematically gathering information from study participants.
❖ Questionnaire Design Plan
• Identify general question categories
• Select specific question topics
• Choose question and answer type
• Check wording
• Choose order
• Format layout
• Pre test
• Revise
• Use
❖ compare
o Close-ended questions allow a limited number of possible answers
o Open-ended questions allow participants to give free response answers
❖ : List any two advantages and limitations of open-ended questions
o Advantages:
▪ Explain their selection and qualify their responses.
▪ Give multiple answers
▪ Provide responses not anticipated by the researcher.
o Limitations
▪ Take longer to ask and to answer.
▪ May result in irrelevant answers.
▪ Recording for statistical analysis is often difficult
❖ Close-ended questions come in a variety of formats, including:
o Date and time variables
o Numeric variables
o Categorical variables
o Paired-comparison variables
o Rank-order variables
❖ Categorical variables come in a variety of formats:
o Dichotomous variables have only two response options (like yes/no)
o Ordinal variables are ranked based on an inherent order
o Nominal variables are have no built-in order

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❖ A survey about risk factors for breast cancer might have sections on:
o Sociodemographic (such as age, ethnicity, education level, and income)
o Family health history
o Personal health history (such as previous diagnoses of benign breast diseases and the date of the last screening
mammogram)
o Reproductive history (including questions about gravidity, characteristics of men teracycles., and use of
hormones)
o Lifestyle factors (such as alcohol use, exercise history, and working the night shift) A survey
❖ Question Areas
o Demographics
o Key exposures
o Key disease / outcome
o Related exposures and outcome
❖ List two advantages of open-ended questions?
o explain their selections and qualify their responses
o give multiple answers
o provide responses not anticipated by the researcher
o n-depth and semi-structured interviews of individuals use open- ended questions to explore viewpoints
o the interviewer is allowed to probe for more details about any response in order to gain fuller understanding of
the participants experiences and perspectives
❖ Chapter 19: Primary Studies: Surveys and Interviews
1. Which one of the following is usually the least costly and time-consuming way together information?
A. Self-reported survey
B. Telephone interview
C. In-person interview
D. Face to face interview
2. How many basic options are there in the data recording methods?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 1
D. 3
3. Which of following may allow more detailed information to be gathered and can be accompanied by laboratory and
other tests?
A. Interviews
B. Surveys
C. Randomization
D. Common knowledge
4. Which of the following is a major advantage of computer-assisted surveys?
A. Easy collection of data
B. Easy collection of signatures on informed consent
C. Proper records as a back up
D. They eliminate the need for later data entry
5. Which of the following may be the best way to get honest answers to sensitive questions?
A. Face-to-face interview
B. In-person interview
C. Self-administered surveys
D. Telephone interview

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6. How do most primary studies collect data from individual participants? OR What are the methods used for collecting
data in most primary studies
A. Electronic medical records
B. Focus group
C. Interview method or a self-administered questionnaire
D. Patient records
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-trained interviewers? (FlGURE 19-4)
A. Articulate
B. Disorganized
C. Inconsistent
D. Partial
8. Which one of the following is usually the least costly and least time consuming way to gather information
A. Face to face interview
B. In-person interview
C. Self-reported interview
D. Telephone interview
❖ Easy question
❖ Characteristics of Well-Trained Interviewers
o Careful
o Honest
o Impartial
o Consistent
o Respectful
o Organized
o Considered
❖ Participation rates will likely be higher if:
o Recruits understand the importance and value of the research project
o Researchers provide multiple invitations and opportunities to participate, and make participation as easy as possible
o Incentives (such as small gifts) are offered
❖ Chapter 20: Primary Studies: Additional Assessments
1. Which of the following should be used to confirm that all assessors get similar or person? OR should be used to confirm
that all assessors get similar or identical. results when they measure the same person.
A. Internal consistency
B. Inter-rater reliability
C. Retest reliability
D. Test-retest reliability
2. Which of the following can be identified by laboratory analysis of biological specimens?
A. Brain function
B. Heart function
C. Hearing acuity
D. The presence of a disease or markers for a disease OR The risk factors for a disease OR The characteristics
associated with having a disease.

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3. In which of the following studies the anthropometric measures are often important?
A. Chromosomal studies
B. Genetic studies
C. Genomic studies
D. Nutritional studies
4. Which of the following is an example of basic vital sign?
A. Height
B. Hip circumference
C. Respiratory rate OR blood pressure OR pule OR temperature
D. Weight
5. Which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
A. Blood pressure
B. Height
C. Pulse
D. Temperature
6. Which one of the following is the supplementing self-reported information ?
A. Date of birth
B. Occupation
C. Anthropometric Measures
D. Gender
7. is(are) the measurement of the size / composition of the human body.
A. Anthropometry
B. Vital signs
C. Clinical examinations
D. Biological specimens
8. All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements, EXCEPT:
A. Height
B. Waist circumference
C. Skinfold measurements
D. Blood pressure
9. Is physiological measurement(s) that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction.
A. Anthropometry
B. Basic vital signs
C. Clinical examinations
D. Biological specimens
10. Which of the following is NOT an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states
that machines are unable to assess well?
A. Breath sounds and other respiratory functions
B. Heart sounds
C. Heart rate
D. The condition of the skin, hair, and nails
11. All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, EXCEPT:
A. Spirometry
B. Electrocardiography (ECG)
C. Audiometry
D. All of the above are examples of test of physiological function

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12. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Risk factors for disease
B. Characteristics associated with having the disease
C. Blood pressure
D. Presence of disease
13. Which of the following is NOT an example of an additional assessment that can be conducted as a way to
supplement self-reported information during the data collection process?
A. Vital signs
B. Test of physiological function
C. Physical fitness tests
D. Surveys
❖ Easy question
❖ Supplementing Self-Reported Info.
o Anthropometric Measures
o Vital Signs
o Clinical Examination
o Tests of Physiological Function
o Laboratory Analysis of Biological Specimens
o Medical Imaging
o Tests of Physical Fitness
o Environmental Assessment
o GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
❖ laboratory analysis biological specimens may be helpful for identifying
o The risk factors for a disease
o The presence of a disease or makers for a disease
o The characteristics associated with having a disease.
❖ Basic vital signs are physiological measurements that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction. These include:
o Temperature
o Blood pressure
o Pulse (heart rate)
o Respiratory rate (breathing frequency)
❖ anthropometric measure
o Height (stature)
o Weight
o Waist circumference
o Hip circumference
o Mid-upper arm circumference
o Skinfold measurements that estimate the body fat percentage
❖ Chapter 23: Secondary Studies: Existing Data Sets
1. Which one of the following is publicly available data?
A. Interviews
B. Media
C. Electronic Health Record (EHR)
D. National Health Interview Survey(NHIS)

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2. Which one of the following is a source of secondary data?
A. Self-reporting survey
B. Interviews
C. Clinical records
D. Group discussion
3. Which of the following is one of the limitations of secondary study?
A. Duplicating the analysis
B. Non availability of data
C. Available at free of cost
D. Can download entire data
4. Which one of following analyze existing clinical records, survey data of population data rather than collecting new
information from study participants
A. Quadrant analysis
B. Primary analysis
C. Secondary analysis
D. Tertiary analysis
5. Which of following is a common source of data for case series
A. New data collected by the researcher
B. Clinical records .
C. Interviews.
D. Governmental organizations.
6. Which of the following is a cost-efficient way to extract as much information as possible out of data sets?
A. Coding data
B. Collecting data
C. Repairing data
D. Sharing data
7. Which of the following is an excellent option for researchers with strong statistical skills but limited time and/or data
collection resources?
A. Documentary analysis
B. Post analysis
C. Primary analysis
D. Secondary analysis
8. Which of the following is related to this statement, individual researchers and research teams may have data available
that have not yet been analyzed?
A. Clinical Records
B. Ethics
C. Limitations
D. Private Data
9. Which of the following is the limitation of the publicly available data?
A. It may be difficult to find someone who can answer questions about the data collection process
B. The analyst can explore any topic of their interest
C. There will be someone to answer questions about the data collection process
D. There is no risk of duplication of data analysis
10. Which of the following is the limitation of the private data?
A. Patient records are often complete
B. Patient records are often incomplete
C. The analyst is limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey
D. There is a risk of duplicating the analysis that someone else has done or is doing

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11. Which of the following are the advantages of the publicly available data?
A. It may be difficult to find someone who can answer questions about the data collection process
B. Researchers may be able to download an entire cleaned data set immediately and at no cost directly from the
website of the sponsoring organization
C. The analyst is limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey
D. There is a risk of duplication of data analysis
12. Which one of the following always requires review by a research ethics committee?
A. Secondary analysis of private data
B. Secondary analysis of publicly available data on website
C. Secondary analysis of publicly available individual-level data
D. Secondary analysis of publicly available population-level data
13. Which of the following is one of the advantages of secondary study?
A. Can download entire data
❖ Easy question
❖ Sources of Secondary analysis
o publicly available individual-level or population-level data
o privately held survey data
o clinical records
❖ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides, on its website, data from several nationwide cross sectional
studies:
o National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
o National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
o Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
❖ the advantages of the publicly available data
o Researchers may be able to download an entire cleaned data set (and supporting documentation) immediately and at
no cost directly from the website of the sponsoring organization.
o Secondary analysis is an excellent option for researchers with strong statistical skills but limited time and/or data
collection resources.
❖ Limitations of the publicly available data
o The analyst is limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey.
o The analyst has to trust that the data were collected using valid and standardized methods.
o It may be difficult to find someone who can answer questions about the data collection process.
o There is a risk of duplicating the analysis that someone else has done or is doing
❖ Chapter 24: Tertiary Studies: Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
1. Which of the following models can be used to create a pooled estimate in the meta-analysis when the studies are
fairly homogenous?
A. Fixed effects model
B. Floating effects model
C. Random effects model
D. Undetermined effects model

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2. Which of the following is used to examine the possibility of publication bias?
A. Box plot
B. Forest plot
C. Funnel plot
D. Scatter plot
3. Which of the following occurs when articles with statistically significant results are more likely to be published than
those with null results?
A. Information bias
B. Misclassification bias
C. Publication bias
D. Recall bias
4. Which of the following is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research
topic?
A. Meta-Analysis
B. Narrative review
C. Scriptural review
D. Systematic review
5. Which of the following is often used to display the contributing studies and the summary measures in the meta-
analysis? OR Which of the following is often used to display the summary measures in the meta-analysis?
A. Box plot
B. Forest plot
C. Line graph
D. Scatter plot
6. Which of the following is the first step in systematic search of articles in abstract database?
A. Check eligibility
B. Examine included studies
C. Identify articles
D. Screen abstracts
7. Which one of the following creates a pooled statistic for the results of systematically identified articles? OR A
creates a summary statistic for the results of systematically identified articles.
A. Meta-analysis
B. Systematic review
C. Quantitative analysis
D. Literature review
8. Which of the following is a way to visualize the relationship between two variables?
A. Bar graph
B. Histogram
C. Pie graph
D. Scatter gram (scatterplot)
❖ Easy question
❖ systematic review is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research topic.
❖ A meta-analysis creates a summary statistic (a pooled statistic) for the results of systematically identified articles.
❖ Threats to the validity of a meta-analysis:
o Poor quality of included studies: The selection criteria used during the systematic review process can eliminate any
studies of questionable validity.
o Publication bias: The possibility of publication bias can be examined using a funnel plot.

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❖ systematic review process requires
o Identification of an appropriately narrow study question.
o Selection of well defined research strategy
o Screening of all potentially relevant articles to determine whether they determine the predefined eligibility
criteria.
o Extraction of relevant information from all eligible article
o summary of the finding of these articles
o OR
o Define study question
o Define research strategy
o Define eligibility criteria
o Search for abstracts by key word
o Screen abstracts
o Check full-text articles for eligibility
o Extract information
o Summarize findings
o Write & report
❖ After identifying a well-defined study question, the next critical step in a systematic review or meta-analysis is to
o select appropriate databases
o search terms,
o search limiters.
❖ articles is extracted into data extraction tables that list descriptive characteristics like:
o The study location and study years
o The study design
o The study population and sample size
o The key findings of interest
o The strengths and limitations of the study
❖ Chapter 25: Data Management
1. Which of the following database program are usually used to enter the data?
A. Edit pad
B. Microsoft Access
C. Notepad
D. Microsoft Word
2. Which of the following term refers to the entire process of record keeping?
A. Data management
B. Data organization
C. Data sorting
D. Data storage
3. Which of the following describes how anticipated data problems, such as missing data, will be handled during data
management?
A. Casebook
B. Cashbook
C. Codebook
D. Databook

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4. In which of the following surveys numeric or alphabetical codes can be assigned to the options for close-ended
answers provided on the questionnaire?
A. Ethnographic survey
B. Narrative survey
C. Quantitative survey
D. Qualitative survey
5. What is the best practice that helps to protect a cleaned data file?
A. Always recode before taking backup
B. Never do recoding before taking backup
C. Recode into the same variable
D. Replace original values
6. Which of the following refers to the process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data base files?
A. Data cleaning
B. Data editing
C. Data erasing
D. Data maintenance
7. Which of following specifies how the collected information will be entered into a computer database OR describes each
variable and specifies how the collected information will be entered into a computer database
A. Note book
B. Code book.
C. Log book.
D. Diary
8. Which of the following is essential to maintain the confidentiality of any information participants disclosed to
researchers?
A. Create secure password-protected computerized data files
B. Don’t store paper records in a locked and secure room
C. Include individually-identifying information in any electronic file containing other information about participants
D. The file containing individual names should not be stored in a separate and secure place and kept on the same
computer as the other participant data
9. Data are usually entered into one of the following program?
A. Spreadsheet programs like Microsoft excel
B. Word program like Microsoft word program
C. PowerPoint program
D. Telephone app program
10. Which of the following could help the researcher to handle missing data?
A. A codebook
B. An electronic information management system
C. A good research question
D. A research assistant
11. Which one of the following software is usually used to enter the data directly into spreadsheet program
A. Microsoft excel
B. Microsoft outlook
C. Microsoft power point
D. Microsoft word

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12. What is the best practice that helps to protect the cleaned data file ?
A. Always recode.
B. Never do recoding.
C. Recode into the same variable.
D. Replace original variables
❖ Easy question
❖ Data management refers to the entire process of record keeping.
❖ codebook
o specifies how the collected information will be entered into a computer database.
o The codebook also describes how anticipated data problems, such as missing data, will be handled.
❖ Data cleaning is the process of correcting any typographical or other errors in database files, such as extra spaces, typos,
the use of lower-case instead of capital letters, or the presence of extremely unreasonable responses.
❖ essential to maintain the confidentiality of any information participants disclosed to researchers.
o Store paper records in a locked and secure room.
o Create secure password-protected computerized data files.
o Do not include individually-identifying information in any electronic file containing other information about
participants.
o Only allow key research personnel to access records.
❖ Chapter 26 Descriptive Statistics
1. Which of following can be reported for categorical variables?
A. Dispersion
B. Interview
C. Mode
D. Spread
2. In which one of the following situation the Z-score will be zero?
A. A person whose age is three standard deviations below the population mean
B. An individual whose age is exactly the mean age in the population
C. A person whose age is one standard deviation above the mean in the population (will be 1)
D. A person whose age is two standard deviations below the population mean (will be -2)
3. Which of following is used to describe the variability and range of responses
A. Z-score
B. Dispersion.
C. Median.
D. Interview.
4. Which one of the following has a bell-shaped curve with one peak in the middle
A. A modal distribution
B. Normal distribution.
C. Bimodal distribution .
D. Peak distribution.
5. Which one of the following variables is called the ranked variables
A. Ordinal variables
B. Continuous variables.
C. Discrete variables.
D. Binomial variables

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