3. Introduction to organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the Field of chemistry that studies carbon-
based compounds. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons
so they can form four bonds to other atoms. Carbon can
undergo catenation, the process by which many identical atoms
are joined together by covalent bonds, producing straight-chain,
branched, or cyclic structures.
5. Homologous series
• A homologous series is a series of compounds that can be
grouped together based on similarities in their structure and
reactions. A homologous series has the same general formula
which varies from one member to another by one CH 2
(methylene) group.
• Alkane
• Alkene
• Alkyne
6. Functional Group
• The functional groups are the reactive parts of the molecules
and commonly contain elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
In the alkene and alkyne homologous series the carbon–carbon
double and triple bonds respectively make up the functional
groups of the series.
8. Crude Oil Source Of Hydrocarbons
• The majority of naturally occurring hydrocarbons come from
crude oil. This mixture is extracted from beneath the Earth’s
surface, refined, and separated by fractional distillation into
useful substances such as petroleum, butane, and kerosene.
• The mixture of hydrocarbons that makes up crude oil is a
combination of mainly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
11. Chemical formulae of organic compounds
• Empirical formulae
• Molecular Formula
• Structural Formula
• Condense Formula
• Dot Cross Formula
• Skeleton Formula
16. Isomers
• Structural isomers are compounds that have the same chemical
formula but a different structural formula. Isomers have unique
physical and chemical properties.
