A Brief Note On Clinical Indicators And Self Report Measures

A Brief Note On Clinical Indicators And Self Report Measures
Malingering is when a person presents extravagant false symptoms (physically or psychologically)
intentionally because they are motivated by external incentives (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR;
American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It is important to determine whether one is malingering
because the court can misdiagnose someone as malingering when they are actually in fact mentally
ill or someone is malingering and does not get caught. Medical treatments, time and effort get put
into these people when they could be used on someone who actually does need it. They can also get
off for their crime by going into civil commitment or serving less time than if they were put on trial
as being perfectly okay.
Psychologists can identify malingering using clinical indicators and self–report measures. Clinical
indicators are not valid tests or questions that can prove a person is malingering but can give an
inkling to the psychologist as to if one is. This can be where a person is presenting textbook
symptoms of a mental illness (although it can also be where a person is exaggerating symptoms of
the mental illness or conjuring up new symptoms). Self–report measures consist of the Structured
Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992), Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI–2; Butcher et al., 2001), Structured Inventory of Malingered
Symptoms (SIMS; Smith & Burger, 1997) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey,
1991) to name a few.¬
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The Big Five Theories Of Personality
Personality is defined as a set of traits that influence the stability of its behavior and attitudes, its
psychological identity, directions and ways of adapting to the environment. Simply speaking, how
person respond in different situations.
There are many theories and models of personality, however the most famous and respected are The
Big Five Personality Theory, identifying five core personality traits:
Neuroticism (emotional stability) means susceptibility to experiencing negative emotions, as well as
emotional imbalance. Costy and McCrae assume that the element of neurotoxicity is an element of a
healthy personality. For those who are high in emotional stability, we can select traits as: calm,
resistance to stress or even–tempered. For low in neuroticism: anxiety, sadness, irritability,
depression, aggressive hostility, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since then, many personality tests have been developed, including the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI), Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the Comrey
Personality Scales (CPS),
Very popular is NEO Personality Test: International Personality Item Pool test, where personality is
divided into five main categories (agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness,
extraversion), and 30 sub–categories. This test is common used in multicultural work environments
from around the world. One of the most common used (taken by 2.5 million people per year) is in
this field has become Myers–Briggs method This theory is based on four types of personality,
combined in opposite pairs. This are: Extraversion "E", or Introversion "I", Sensing "S" or Intuition
"N", Thinking "T" or Feeling "F", Judgment "J" or Perception "P". All of these types are combined
into 16 categories: ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, ESTJ, ESFJ,
ENFJ,

Unit8Assignment Essay
Unit 8 Assignment Ruth Name Kaplan University Testing, Measurement, and Assessment PS505–01
Professor Name October 13, 2013 Abstract In this paper, the historical facts are given, as described
by both of the authors Meyer and Kurtz. To illustrate, the results are revealed, as the search for a
better distinction of the historical use, and descriptive terminology of the words, "objective" and
"projective" begins to take form. First, the journey begins with the two authors, Meyer and Kurtz,
since then many other psychologists and psychiatrists have joined in on their own behalf. Then, the
paper will go into further detail about problems and, dilemmas, that accompanied the old traditional
classification. As a consequence of this state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Tests that are not so categorized will tend to be viewed less positively, regardless of psychometric
data, because they are, after all, not objective" (Meyer & Kurtz, 2006, p. 223). Because of the past,
there is too much negativity surrounding the term, projective. The terminology both, "objective" and
"projective" are not necessarily what they seem. "The term "objective" is a smokescreen for
measures that can be just as subjective as anything else and the term "projective" is derived from
untenable theoretical concepts that have continued to create confusion in the field for a long time"
(Schultheiss, 2007, p. 197). Some other substantial problem is when the effects of a test cannot be
duplicated by the same test more than one time. "If assessment psychologists did not derive
overarching frameworks and terminologies for classifying psychological tests, those who use, study,
or critique these tests would do it anyway. In this respect, it is better that an organizing framework
be made explicit (and the logic underlying the framework spelled out in detail) than that multiple
contrasting framework and labels emerge in isolation among different segments of the psychological
community" (Bornstein, 2007, p. 205). The volume of the dilemmas above have all been a
culmination of psychologists and psychiatrists in this community and

Analysis And Criticisms Of The Rorschach
Introduction The Rorschach is a projective personality test, which measures personality functioning
and assess personality structure. This instrument was published originally in 1921 by Rorschach.
Although there were inkblot tests existed prior to the Rorschach, this was the first empirically based
system. The assessor interprets the client's responses to 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblot images
(Groth–Marnat, 2009). The images are ambiguous and non–figurative in nature. Some of the images
are in black and white and others contain colors. The Rorschach differs from other projective tests
such as Thematic Appercepetion test (TAT). The Rorschach is known as a type of associative or
structural technique whereas TAT is a type of construction technique (Campos, 2011). The scoring
of responses is done according to the location (or the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assessors would chose instruments that answer the referral questions. Therefore, the chosen
instrument must be able to provide information that is well–found and to accurately identify a
targeted trait and/or phenomena (Groth–Marnat, 2009). A number of criticisms on the Rorschach are
related to its reliability and validity. Such criticism pointed to the importance of organized coding
system. Due to Rorschach's passing shortly after publishing the test, the instrument was utilized
without a standard system. The comprehensive system (CS), which was introduced by J. E. Exner,
Jr., has provided much needed standardization to the assessment method (Groth–Marnat, 2009;
Weiner, 1999, 2001). More recently, another group of researchers developed a system known as the
Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) (Meyer & Eblin, 2012; see Meyer, Viglione,
Mihura, Erard, & Erdberg, 2011). These systems have been proposed in the effort towards
standardlization and increased validity (Choca, 2013). Of these two systems, CS is the most
frequently used (Groth–Marnat,

Jane Smith's Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Report of psychological assessment Name: Jane Smith Age: 14 years Grade: 8 Reason for referral
and background information Jane Smith is a 14 year old adolescent. She was referred for
psychological evaluation so that her behavioral and emotional status can be determined. Recently
Jane recorded a declining academic performance. Her recent behaviors are questionable too. So the
evaluation is geared toward declining academic performance and behavior problems. Background
information Jane Smith started recording an academic failure and showing rude behaviors. The
school psychologist referred her for an evaluation due to poor academic progress and emotional
outburst in a recent period of six weeks. She had experienced bullying from her peers. Jane's ...
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The personality and behavior assessment scenario treatment that should be considered is her
emotional and behavioral issues. She possesses skills, abilities and positive aspects that should be
cultivated. Jane should be mentored and trained on the ways to avoid or to tackle emotions and
frustrations when they come her way. It is normal, frustrations exist, but how could Jane deal with
frustrations such as bullying that affected her self–esteem, caused depression, made her develop
antisocial behaviors, smoke cigarette and contemplate on

Psychology
Think – and– Share Worksheet: Part 1 Your task is to find and take at least three personality
inventories. You can easily find these types of inventories online. You can also find these types of
inventories in many different popular magazines. If you choose to search online, here are some ideas
of verbiage to type into a search engine: Personality inventories test Personality inventory color
analysis Big five personality test Dessert personality test Emotional intelligence test TV characters
personality test Assessing Your Real and Ideal Self–Concept (in your textbook, Module 30) Life
Orientation Test (in your textbook, Module 31) After you have taken at least three personality tests,
analyze your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think that if a personality test is given by a licensed physician, then we all could gain a lot from it
and we would be able to tell what is going on in someone's mind. I don't think taking test off the
internet would be a valid way to evaluate people because they are sitting in front of a computer and
could just click anything until they get the answer they want versus sitting in a doctor's office.
JIGSAW WORKSHEET Chapter 9 consists of four modules Psychodynamic Approaches to
Personality Trait Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
Assessing Personality: Determining what Makes Us Distinctive Intelligence Your instructor will
assign you to a module. You will be responsible for reading the assigned module and identifying the
concepts you feel are the most important. Then, you will create a learning activity that is designed to
teach at least one of the concepts from that module. After you have created your learning activity,
you will share your learning activity with your classmates via the discussion board. You will also
provide feedback to your classmates about their learning activities. You may choose to revise your
learning activity based on the feedback you receive. Discussion 7: Jigsaw Present the learning
activity you created in the Jigsaw activity. Read through the learning activities posted by your
classmates; be sure to ask one another or your instructor questions if the

Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form The original Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in 1943 and authored by Starke
Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley. It was developed for constructing a psychological assessment
that would be able to assist with the differential diagnoses of psychiatric disorders and for use in
clinical settings (Tarescavage & Ben–Porath, 2015). Hathaway and McKinley created a large range
of self–report questions in hopes of using the items to develop a concrete, valid measure of
personality descriptors (Ben–Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011). Throughout history, this assessment
has remained one of the most widely used tools in psychometric assessment of personality and
psychopathology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these scales fall outside of the Emotional/Internalizing Domain. RC3 falls in the
Interpersonal Functioning Domain, and reflects the individuals who express distrust and have an
overall negative view of other people (Ben–Porath, 2012). RC4 falls in the Behavioral Dysfunction
domain, which is related to individuals that are having trouble with aggression, substance abuse and
other areas of their behavior. RC4 is specifically composed of items that assess the individual's level
of irresponsible, disruptive, rule–breaking behavior (Tarescavage & Ben–Porath,

The Development Of Creativity : Literature Review And...
The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For PSYC4176: Advanced Child Psychology
By
Brittany Basco
April, 17, 2017 Abstract The development of creativity has a history tied into many cultures, origins
and studies. There are many traits that are related to creativity such as personality, intelligence,
genetic factors, environmental factors and the "big five" in personality.
The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique Creativity is a construct that is
defined in two parts according to traditional psychology: originality and functionality (Kersting,
2003). It is the ability to formulate novel ideas that are worthwhile long term. (Zhu, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Simonton, 2001)" The Unusual Use test is more known and measures divergent thinking by asking
a participant to make up as many uses as they can for a random object. Their responses are scored
on fluency, originality, and flexibility. (Simonton, 2001) Some assessments, such as the How Do
You Think questionnaire, target the individual differences in the creative personality. This
questionnaire "gauges whether a person has the interests, values, energy, self–confidence, humor,
flexibility, playfulness, unconventionality, and openness associated with creativity (Davis, 1976)"
History Creativity is has been a topic that highly of interests to many professionals for a while
although it is often a field that is over neglected in research. This could be due to the complexity of
its definition and due to its definition not being operationalized sufficiently. Guilford (1950)
impacted the amount of research being done at the American Psychological Association convention
when he called for there to be more research to be done in creativity. Its' definition has a history of
many contributions from a multitude of studies and is always changing as more research is being
done. With in the 20th century, the topic of creativity has received much more attention. This could
be due to the fact that psychology was not a formal discipline until the 1870's. Simonton's work
hinted

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Research Paper
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a test for people who are under
suspicion for having any mental health problem. This test can not be found online and only can be
taken under professional supervision, and the results can only be interpreted by the physiologist
giving the test. I personally think that the test should be taken that way and not available online so
people do not diagnose themselves then get false results. There is three versions of the test itself
MMPI–2, MMPI–2–RF, and the MMPI–A. MMPI–2 is a test that has 567 true or false questions,
then the MMPI–2–RF which is a newer, faster, and more widely used by physiologist. Last the
MMPI–A is used more for teenagers. The MMPI–2 test is made up into 10 scales which

I, By The Audience Experienced The Journey Of Chris Ladd
In the short–film "i", the audience experienced the journey of Chris Ladd as he worked to determine
his true identity. His journey reflected the change in ideas and measurement of personality over
time. He ultimately concluded that there isn't a way to label one's own identity, but rather all
measurements are simply descriptors. To arrive at this conclusion he partook in the three major
methods of personality study: Subjective, Objective and BLIS–Data Inventories. Through these
tests, it was present that though major themes were continued throughout the process for Ladd, each
measurement gave a different and incomplete answer. This led me to believe that if I were to also
study my own identity, I would use similar but look at the results through a different lens,
specifically one of introspection. Ladd began his journey with projective/subjective methods, which
was completed through the use of a psychic. He was critical of this methodology from the
beginning, mainly due to its founding in Freud and the lack of reliability in the studies. This is
alluded to in the film with the variability of answers to Rorschach Tests, which can be interpreted
differently by a patient each time, and the administrator can also interpret the answers differently
each time. When the psychic made a computing error, it acted as a self–fulfilling prophecy for Chris,
and he even pointed out that her predictions for his future fall in line with general hopes, such as
living in a nice apartment in

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI–2) replaced the original MMPI
systematically to improve on this highly researched and used assessment. MMPI is the most
commonly used objective personality instrument around the globe (Helmes & Reddon, 1993). The
instrument is utilized by psychologists who conduct assessments as part of their clinical practice.
Incorporating personality inventories into the counseling process can be helpful in identifying the
client concern in a short period. Also, personality assessment can guide a therapist through the
process of selecting interventions and making decisions about treatment options. It presents an
overall depiction of personality traits, characteristics, and styles that are thought to underlie certain
behavior. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the MMPI–2 comprises of a larger current sample size, a modification of some content in
the MMPI, and the addition of 15 new content scales as well as 12 supplementary scales (Helmes &
Reddon, 1993). The MMPI–2 norming group comprises of individuals who matched the ethnic
groups, geographical representation, and age distribution of the United States of America
population. It is based on a sample of 2,600 individuals from seven U.S. states, well– educated and
age range from 19 to 90 years old (Helmes & Reddon, 1993). However, the norming group for the
MMPI–2 has been slated for including a high proportion of individuals with advanced educational
backgrounds and higher socioeconomic class. Also, the interpretation of the MMPI and MMPI–2 is
complex and specific training is required to interpret the result appropriately (Brew & Kottler,
2008). The clinicians will need additional training and supervision before they would be qualified to
administer and interpret this

A Theory Of Careers And Vocational Choice Based Upon...
Holland Codes RIASEC refers to a theory of careers and vocational choice based upon personality
types. Psychologist, John L. Holland, developed the theoretical framework behind the Holland
Codes. Each letter or code stands for a particular "type": Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers),
Artistic (Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers)."
According to Holland, a three–letter code represents a client 's overall personality. The test consists
of 48 example tasks that you rate by how much you would enjoy performing each on a scale of (1)
dislike (2) slightly dislike (3) neither like not dislike (4) slightly enjoy (5) enjoy. The test will take
five to ten minutes to complete. The five personal Style Scales had coefficient alphas that ranged
from .82 to .87 obtained for both the O*NET Interest Profiler and the Interest–Finder. The O*NET
Interest Profiler and Interest–Finder had very high internal consistency estimates across all the
RIASEC scales. The reliability estimates, ranging from .93 to .96, are very similar across RIASEC
scales and interest measures. In Holland's Theory, consistency refers to the relatedness of types in
the obtained code. Pairs of types next to each other on the Holland Hexagon are more
psychologically alike then pairs father away. If the secondary code is composed of two types next to
each other the code is consistent. This inventory has been professional developed and validated
against established

The Effects Of Faking On Personality Assessments
Personality assessments are a tool used frequently in organizations. However, the phenomena of
faking on personality assessments is a relevant concern in the selection process.
Research regarding faking on personality assessments have revealing that faking and the distortion
of responses does occur. In addition, research has been conducted to determine how to detect when
faking occurs on a personality assessment. Furthermore, research has been conducted showing the
individual characteristics does influence a respondents conscious decision to distort response on
assessments. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on various individual, situational, and
motivational characteristics and how they impact an individuals tendency to fake. Studies involving
the Mixed Mode Item Response Theory (MM–IRT) and the interactional model of response
distortion will be examined and discussed in relation to similar studies. This study further seeks to
determine if a variation and correlation exists between individual differences and faking on
personality assessments. It is hypothesized that a significant variance between groups will be
identified, and that individual differences do have an impact on faking in respondents. In order to
make personnel professionals and organizational leaders more aware of the faking phenomenon,
how to identify it, and what causes it, research needs to continue surrounding this topic.
Introduction Pre–employment tests are used within

Depression As A Chemical Imbalance
Right now, over fourteen and a half million Americans, nearly seven percent of the population,
suffer from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)(Source 1). The human brain and its complexities
currently make it impossible to quantify the exact way in which depression arises and affects a
person. However, one thing is certain, a lot of people are sad, and it is getting worse. The rate of
depression among high school to college age students has increased significantly in the U.S. over
the past fifty years. Depression is often described as a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is
entirely correct; however, this is a gross oversimplification of the disease. Neurologists have
identified over one hundred different neurotransmitters, the chemicals ... Show more content on
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Additionally, temperament, the way in which an individual views the world and their
unacknowledged assumptions about how it works, also influence mood (Source 11).
Although depression is classified as a mental illness, clinical depression can produce a host of
physical and mental symptoms. Mentally, depression makes a person feel miserable, hopeless, and
as though the smallest tasks are impossible. Previously enjoyed activities often become
uninteresting and anger and stress levels can skyrocket. Physically, chronic exhaustion sets in and
aches and pains can arise which have no apparent cause (Source 1).
The MMPI test is heavily used in psychiatric and depression research. The MMPI, Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory, is the "most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult
psychopathology in the world", and its derivatives, the updated MMPI–2 and the MMPI–A that is
used in adolescents, are both widely used and accepted in the academic and psychiatric communities
(Source 4).
An alarming trend has arisen in the past fifty years in America, depression rates have increased
significantly for high school to college students. There is dispute over the exact magnitude of the
increase, with some studies reporting a fifteen to twenty percent increase in

Personality Theory
personality theories, types and tests personality types, behavioural styles theories, personality and
testing systems – for self–awareness, self–development, motivation, management, and recruitment
Motivation, management, communications, relationships – focused on yourself or others – are a lot
more effective when you understand yourself, and the people you seek to motivate or manage or
develop or help.
Understanding personality is also the key to unlocking elusive human qualities, for example
leadership, motivation, and empathy, whether your purpose is self–development, helping others, or
any other field relating to people and how we behave.
The personality theories that underpin personality tests and personality quizzes are ... Show more
Understanding personality – of your self and others – is central to motivation. Different people have
different strengths and needs. You do too.
The more you understand about personality, the better able you are to judge what motivates people –
and yourself.
The more you understand about your own personality and that of other people, the better able you
are to realise how others perceive you, and how they react to your own personality and style.
Knowing how to adapt the way you work with others, how you communicate, provide information
and learning, how you identify and agree tasks, are the main factors enabling successfully managing
and motivating others – and yourself.
Importantly you do not necessarily need to use a psychometrics instrument in order to understand
the theory and the basic model which underpins it. Obviously using good psychometrics instruments
can be extremely useful and beneficial, (and enjoyable too if properly positioned and administered),
but the long–standing benefit from working with these models is actually in understanding the logic
and theory which underpin the behavioural models or personality testing systems concerned. Each
theory helps you to understand more about yourself and others.
In terms of 'motivating others' you cannot sustainably 'impose' motivation on another person. You
can inspire them perhaps, which lasts as long as

Summary: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI–2), is a standardized questionnaire
established at the University of Minnesota in 1940. According to Hill, J. S., Pace, T. M., & Robbins,
R. R. (2012) Hathaway and McKinley "selected criterion groups based on the selected criterion
groups based on the clinical diagnosis and used an empirical approach in selecting items for a
specific scale". Furthermore, this inventory is one of the most popular clinical and forensic
psychology tools used today and its purpose is to determine psychiatric symptoms and personality
characteristics. African American groups "scored higher than Caucasians on a number of scales
associated with psychopathology in early MMPI research" (Graham, 1990; Greene, 1987),

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI–A) was created several
years after the standardized Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to specifically
assess adolescents between the ages of 14 –18 years (Handel et all, 2011). The MMPI–A is a 478
item testing measurement used to assess personality. It is a self–report, true–false testing measure
that has 10 clinical scales, 15 content scales, and 5 validity scales (Cross, Cassady, Dixon & Adams,
2008). Seventy of the original MMPI items were removed or altered to create the MMPI–A (Archer
& Gordon, 1994). It is much more difficult to determine abnormal personality concerns in
adolescents due to their higher rates of endorsing "pathological" items on the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A longitudinal study completed by Cross et all (2004), examined the psychological traits of gifted
students (n = 139) entering a two–year high school residential program. They tested the students
using the MMPI–A upon entry to the school and after the two–year stay. Clinical scales mean scores
for this study were between 40–50 for both tests. The standard deviations for the clinical scales at
entry were between 7.58 – 12.11 which were similar scores found in the norm sample. At the two–
year mark, the standard deviations were slightly larger suggesting a broader range of testing scores,
but scores still did not deviate far from the norm. The validity scales were examined using Wilks'
Lambda and the K scale showed the only significant change. This showed that the students' answers
were consistent and honest. There were two clinical scales that showed statistically significant
change, in individual students, between the entry and the two–year test; depression and hysteria.
Scores in three of the five subscales of depression were significant; subjective depression,
psychomotor retardation, and mental dullness. Denial of social anxiety, need for affection and
inhibited aggresses were the three of five subscales of depression that were significant. Overall, the
study found that gifted students do not differ

The 20 Questions Below Are Worth 4 Points
PSY 550 Final Exam Short Answers The 20 questions below are worth 4 points each. 1. A school
psychologist strongly believes a particular child is in need of special services. What is the
psychologist trying to control for if he or she uses the most recently normed test available? In this
example, the school psychologist understands the purpose of grade–normed tests is to gauge and
understand how the score of a student compares with that of their same grade peers (Cohen et al.,
2013). More specifically termed developmental norms, which refers to the traits, abilities, skills, and
other that could be affecting the developmental progress of the child. Ultimately, the school
psychologist then would test for any prevailing deficiencies. 2. What are two benefits of the WASI?
There are many benefits, but the first would be the efficiency in scoring and time administration
given for the satisfactory psychometric soundness and the second would be the how, in comparison,
its overall usefulness noted for brief measures of intelligence (Cohen et al., 2013). 3. Identify three
improvements of the WAIS–IV over the WAIS–III. As stated by Cohen et al. (2013), improvements
– for the WAIS–IV – "include more explicit administration instructions as well as the expanded use
of demonstration and sample items" (p. 323). However, the specific improvements between the
WAIS–IV over the WAIS–III (and prior editions) is the enlargement of images for subsections (e.g.,
Picture Completion,

PSYC 2301 3 Essay
A collective term for the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an
individual's relative position in society defines _____ Select one: a. historical racism. b. the
secondary appraisal. c. the biopsychosocial theory. d. socioeconomic status. Question 2 Not yet
answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text A _____ is any stimulus or event capable
of producing physical or emotional stress. Select one: a. catastrophe b. coping mechanism c. uplift d.
stressor Question 3 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text According to
Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to
_____ Select one: a. a little boy's identification with his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which of the following dimensions of personality do their theories share? Select one: a. extraversion
b. openness c. conscientiousness d. self–esteem Question 15 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00
Flag question Question text Dependability and reliability describe two aspects of the _____ factor of
the five–factor model. Select one: a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. sociability d.
conscientiousness Question 16 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text
Elsie has always wanted to work for a prestigious computer company located in sunny California.
When she was offered the job, it was everything she could wish for. Then she was told that for the
first two years, she would have to train in Minnesota. Elsie despises cold weather, so she is now
faced with the _____ conflict. Select one: a. approach–avoidance b. approach–approach c. attend–
avoidance d. approach–attend Question 17 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question
Question text Erin is being treated for diabetes by her physician. She knows there is no medical
cure, so she is taking a supplement she found testimonials for on the internet. Erin does not want to
tell her physician because she might disapprove or laugh at her. Erin is using a_____ treatment and
running the serious risk it will _____ Select one: a. quack; not work. b. alternative; interact with her
treatment. c.

The Effects Of Personality Assessments On The Workplace
The use of personality assessments in the workplace has tremendously increased in recent years for
the purposes of selection, placement, and development of employees. The rationale for the use of
these tests is that personality assessments are useful for explaining and predicting work attitudes,
behaviors, and job performance because "personality includes a wide range of characteristics that
people possess; many of them have an impact upon the ways people behave in the workplace"
(Boutelle, 2015). However, an increased use of this type of assessments has raised some ethical
issues such as discrimination (i.e., adverse impact), violation of privacy and social desirability bias
(i.e., distorted responses) which should be considered when ... Show more content on
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. any test, its administration or action upon the results [shall not be] designed, intended or used to
discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin" (Civil Rights Act of 1964). The
court case Karraker v. Rent–A–Center Inc., demonstrates the possibility of discrimination associated
with the use of personality test in promotion process (Mulvihill, 2006). In this case, the employer
used some questions from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to measure
personality traits of employees who applied for managerial positions within the company. The court
ruled that the employer's use of the MMPI as part of its testing process for managers violated the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and emphasized that the MMPI portion of the test to be a
"medical examination," which could not be given in a pre–employment situation (Mulvihill, 2006)
So it is fair to say that personality assessments which seem to be benign can easily disqualify an
individual for certain positions, opportunities and promotions within the workplace. This issue
speaks to the Principle D (i.e., Justice) of the APA Ethics Code. This principle enforces
psychologists to preserve fairness and justice in the processes, procedures and services that they
conduct (American Psychological Association, 2010). In case of using personality assessments to
make hiring, placement and promotion decisions, this principle can be violated when employers use
these assessments and

Difference Between Internal And External Assessment Of...
The External assessment of Ericsson can be illustrated by the help of following below mentioned
points. Assessment centers: This is a place where candidate are examined to determine their
suitability for specific types of employment, especially military and management commands. The
employee standards and skills are determined by so many techniques including interviews, group,
presentations, exercises, presentations and examinations testing. Ericsson use this method to recruit
for their graduate programs' by assessing the personality and intellect of potential employees who
have recently graduated from university and have nil or limited work history. In recent years
companies have been set up to support assessment Centre coaching. (Reid, 2004) ... Show more
Neuroticism: This mainly involves experiencing the non pleasant emotions easily, such as anger,
anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. In neuroticism the organization thoroughly highlights the
emotional stability and impulse control our employee. A high patient require for stable and calm
personality while the low patient often lead to prompt reactive and excitable. (Reid, 2004) Q # 4
Discuss how above internal and external assessment methods help the company to achieve its
strategy. Ericsson environmental analysis is a strategic tool. It is a process to recognize all the
internal and external factors, that positively or negatively linked with the performance of the
organization. The analysis also shows us the level of threat or opportunity the variables might have.
A key decision that an Ericsson needs to make when undertaking an organizational procedure is that
whether to follow a system where self–assessment of performance is there or to commence any
external assessment or a combined system. There exist both advantages as well as

The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Was Founded By...
MMPI–2 History The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory was founded by Hathaway and McKinley in
the late 1930s. This test was than published in 1942 by the University of Minnesota press. In 1989,
Yossef Ben–Porath, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and John Graham, revised in 2001 and updated to MMPI–
2 in 2008– 2009. Now The reason behind MMPI–2 was to be able to give people a more modern
perspective view on mental health and developing a scale for assessment for psychiatric patients
This test was to be able to discover and assist in helping .... MMPI–2 has exactly 567 test items and
it takes 90 to 60 minutes to complete. Anybody can be able to purchase the answer sheets and test
booklets .The English softcover test booklets come in a package of 10 and are available for $32. The
Answer sheets come in a package of 25 with the price of $20.50. The newest version of the MMPI–
2 RF, contains a shorter amount of questions that consist of 338 answer choices. Purpose and nature
of the test The purpose and the nature of the MMPI–2 test was created to help determine
psychopathology and personality structure in Adults. This test was clinically used to be able to find
numerous of experiences or behaviors that result in symptoms that consisted of mental illness. It
also includes an evaluation of personality, as a measure mental distress, and could identify abnormal
or maladaptive behavior. After finishing this test their answers are found in the 4 validity and 10
clinical scales. There are exactly 5

Evaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Introduction Self–report has always been one the easiest ways to gain insight of a person's
personality. These test can range from quizzes filled out online that tell you which pop star is your
personality twin to standardized tests requiring a certified test user. Some of the most popular and
highly researched tests have been the MMPI and its successors. The MMPI, created by Stark R.
Hathaway and John Charneley McKinley, was the first step towards the MMPI–2–RF. The MMPI
was firstly created to test individuals who were 14 years old and older. Throughout the years, the
MMPI has through a lot of changes, evolving into three tests used today: MMPI–2, MMPI–A, and
MMPI–2–RF (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2013). General Information The Minnesota ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain factors may exclude various individuals from taking the MMPI–2–RF and these should be
taken into account. For example, the MMPI–2–RF should only be administered to individual's 18 or
older. More importantly, if an individual were 18 years old but still living at home and/or attending
high school, the MMPI–A would be a better test to administer. The estimated MMPI–2–RF reading
difficultly calculated by the Flesch–Kincaid index recommended a reading level of 4.5 grades. The
MMPI–2–RF should not be administered to those who do not have a reading level of 4.5 grades or a
5th grade level based on the Lexile average. In order for the MMPI–2–RF to be scored, test date,
birth date, ID number and gender must be filled in. The report will fail to print if any of the
necessary data isn't given. Finally, a language barrier may exclude a participant unless the MMPI–2–
RF is available in their particular language and region (Minnesota Multiphasic, n.d; Porath, 2012).
Compared to the MMPI–2, the MMPI–2–RF only retained 338 of the questions from the original
567 items, making it a more simplified measure. The hierarchical scale structure of the MMPI–2–RF
provides concise information across 51 scales that are easily interpretable. The 51 scales found in
the MMPI–2–RF are broken down into the following: 9 Validity Scales, 3 Higher–Order (H–O)
Scales, 9

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Analysis
Test Uses The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed by Starke
Hathaway and J. Charnley McKindley in the 1920s (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). After a period of
time, it was decided that the MMPI needed to be revised. The MMPI is now called MMPI–2 and
includes revisions such as updated, additions, and the replacement of test items that were outdated, a
new way to calculate the T scores for the clinical and content scales, and new content and validity
scales (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997; Duckworth, Caldwell, & Graham, 1991). According to Anastasi
and Urbina (1997) and Duckworth et al. (1991), the MMPI–2 consists of 567 true or false items.
Furthermore, many of the items are identical to the ones from the MMPI except for small changes,
and the MMPI–2 retains the 10 clinical scales and 3 validity scales of the MMPI. The items on the
MMPI–2 inventory cover various areas such as social attitudes, educational, family, occupational,
and psychotic behavior manifestations (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). The appropriate use of this
inventory was originally to provide psychiatric diagnosis to individuals, and eventually became the
top personality test utilized in fields such as counseling, military, and employment (Anastasi &
Urbina, 1997). The MMPI–2 can be used in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Donnay (1997), the latest revision was completed in 1994 which included a name
change, expansion and revision of the scales (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). Furthermore, items were
added and removed to improve language and add content. Anastasi and Urbina (1997) report that the
test consists of 8 parts with 317 items. Furthermore, they state that the first five parts measure the
following sets: occupations, school subjects, activities, leisure activities, and contact with many
kinds of people (Anastasi & Urbina,

Original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Personality is complex with a host of factors to consider. Reynolds and Livingston (2013) define
personality as relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving (Reynolds & Livingston,
2013). In terms of assessment terminology, the following are considered emotional, motivational,
interpersonal, and attitudinal characteristics (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). This writer will be
comparing and contrasting the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) vs. the
MMPI–2. The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was first developed in
the 1940's by Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The
standardized psychometric test was developed to aid psychologists and other mental ... Show more
For instance, the MMPI–2 maintained the overall structure of the MMPI, however, did modernize
the test and improved the testing instrument by including the development of contemporary norms
using a national standardization sample and removal or revision of outdated and objectionable items
(Reynolds and Livingston, 2013). Like the MMPI, the MMPI– 2 is based on the same 10 clinical
scales (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The MMPI would only examine 1 scale in isolation, while
the MMPI–2 examines scores as a profile or in relation to each other (Reynolds & Livingston,
2013). Typically, this is done by examining the two largest scores on the exam and assigning it as a
2–point code (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The scales are the following: Hypochondriasis,
Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity–Femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia,
Schizophrenia, Hypomania, and Social Introversion (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The original
MMPI included 4 validity scales (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The original 4 validity scales are
the following: Faking good/faking bad, resistance, carelessness, and random responding (Reynolds
& Livingston, 2013). The MMPI–2 not only maintained the original 4 validity scales but added a
few more (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). Another commonality is that both the MMPI and MMPI–
2 have maintained a control group vs. a clinical group (Reynolds & Livingston,

The Benefits of Using Personality Tests in Making...
Personality is a combination of feelings, thoughts, desires action tendencies and intentions that make
up significant aspects of individuality (Ahmetoglu and Premuzic, 2012). Personality tests are created
to measure these characteristics. A number of assessments gauge a wide array of vast characteristics.
Different assessments offer varied approaches to measure personality since they are developed
uniquely according to the author's perspectives. However, some elements are so common, they
appear in most approaches. Since the components o personality are intangible and cannot be gauged
directly, psychologists rely on a person's personal reports of their thoughts preferences, behavior and
feelings to arrive at their personality. The answers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that if the test is being used to select people for positions in an institution, there must be
tangible evidence to sustain the job relatedness and accuracy of deductions made on the basis of the
scores on that test ( Levy, 2010).
There are stark variations in the expectations of different occupations. The responsibilities and
duties of professions in various fields require workers to behave in certain ways so as to achieve
optimum results. Since people's personalities determine their behavior, temperaments and
preferences, it is safe to say that it has an effect in their performances at work by influencing
whether or not a person will enjoy a certain job, or have an inclination for it. While other attributes
like experience and education are important and should be considered in selecting people to occupy
positions in an institution, it would be unwise to ignore the potency of personality in a person's
performance.
To demonstrate this fact, two distinct professions can be used as examples. Accountancy and sales
may be two fields available in an organization. However, they are very different in what is required
of the staff working under the two areas. The accountant is expected to take care of an organization's
financial books and will rarely interact with people, either in or out of the office. On the other hand,
the person who works in the sales department is expected to get out, mingle and market the brand or

Psychological Structures that Shape a Person's Actions
Every individual has a unique personality, which is known as the psychological makeup. This is
known as the relatively stable, psychological structures that shape a person's actions in a specific
environment. (Gill, 1986) Triplett (1898) shows that sport psychology began in the 1890s. The
psychologist Norman Triplett who was a keen cyclist, asked the question that is, "why do cyclists
sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups or pairs than when they rode alone?" (Weinberg &
Gould, 2011, p. 8) This led to the fishing line experiment, to prove his hypothesis that a task will be
done quicker within a group. A group of young children were selected and asked to reel in a fishing
line, firstly individually, then secondly with another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience (culture or intellect in some versions),
agreeableness, conscientiousness. (Gill, 1986) Main Body Today's theoriests do not refer to the four
body fluids, but we can find some "humor" in current personality reasearch. Biological explanations
of individual differences have considerable credibility, but even proponents of biological
explanations do not claim a biological basis for all behaviours. 2 Interactionist approach is not
simple. Any behaviour, such as aggressive behaviour in ice hockey, is the function of a seemingly
limitless number of personality and environment factors. Selected personality characteristics may
have considerable influence at one time but little effect in a later situation. An interactionist
approach does not make simple, absolute predictions. Instead it depends on considerable research to
identify personality characteristics that influence specific behaviours in varying situations and to
determine how these characteristics interact with varying situation factors. Moreover, insight and
experience help coaches, instructors, or consultants transfer those research implications into real
situations with sport and exercise participants. The interactionist approach is more complex, but also
more realistic, than the extreme trait and situational approaches. We should not expect simple
answers to human behaviour questions. 2 Some people believe there are over a million different
characteristics

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
The story Jane Eyre has several characters full of dynamic characteristics that seem like true
personalities from the real world. Through this story, I was able to make connections between their
personalities and the color personality test. It is incredible to see that these characters are built based
on actual personalities, and most surprisingly, I was able to quickly categorize them into the four
color categories based on their actions and dialogues. The Blue personality tends to be defined as
sincere and sympathetic, usually involved in love and affection. The Orange personality is defined
as adventurous full of spontaneity and charisma. The gold personality is majorly being responsible
with assets and wealth as well as organized. Last but not least, the Green personality, which is
defined as ingenuity and intelligence.
The protagonist of the novel is Jane Eyre, an intelligent and ordinary young girl that reflects
assertion and maintains justice through oppression and inequality. According to what the story, I
consider Jane Eyre as a blue person. First of all, she is a ten year old girl who has always tried to
seek understanding and love, which most blue individuals do. Unfortunately, her parents pass away
when Jane was a baby. Since that tragedy, she had to live with her aunt and uncle. As another of her
misfortunes, her uncle passed away, which inevitably gave the opportunity for her aunt and her
cousins to take advantage of her and treat her as an animal.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Personality Test
"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that
determine his characteristics behavior and though" (Allport, 1961, p. 28). Alongside every
hypothesis of identity advancement comes an alternate hypothesis on the best way to gauge it. There
are a few objectives towards measuring these, for example, to clear up finding, decide the
seriousness of an issue, screen for dangers for future issues, make forecasts of future practices, and
help in treatment suggestions. Therefore it is important to look upon the major types of personality
tests such as; objects test and projective tests along with the strengths and weaknesses of these tests.
Objective tests (Loevinger, 1957; Meyer and Kurtz, 2006) speak to the most well–known and
generally utilized way to deal with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Fournier, a projective personality test is a test intended to uncover shrouded feelings
and inside clashes through a subject's reactions to vague jolts. Rather than being scored to a
widespread standard as with a target identity test, content from projective tests is dissected for
significance. Projective identity tests should have the capacity to gauge regions of your oblivious
personality, for example, identity trademark, fears, questions and mentality. A few superiors utilize
these kind of tests to attempt and check whether you are a proper fit for their workplace. Francis
Galton is the individual who designed this strategy for testing. His first trial was directed in 1897
and comprised of picking a choice of words and giving his brain a chance to free partner. He then
took the words that he produced in response to the first rundown and place them into new orders
which drove ponder the potential outcomes of sub–cognizance and thought

The Impact Of Police Personality And Coping
Impact of Police Personality and Coping on Perceived Job Stress Currently, there is a lack of
research that connects personality and its impact on stress and coping (Lau, Hem, Berg, Ekeberg, &
Torgersen, 2006). Research in this area is particularly important for law enforcement because
personality can influence how police interact, react, and cope with stressors (Larsen & Buss, 2002).
Clearly, police face a wide array of stressors everyday due to the nature of their job. According to
Violanti and Aron (1994), being a police officer is one of the top three most stressful occupations
one can have. How they deal with that stress can impact the individual officer, the department, and
society itself. Research has shown that many officers use maladaptive coping skills to deal with
these stressors (Patterson, 2003). Although police stress has been widely researched, most studies do
not look at police stress over the different stages of their careers and through the different officer
ranks. Personality, perceived stress, and coping may change throughout a police officer 's career
(Jensen, 2009). Knowing at what point in the officer's career and at what rank the most stress is
experienced will also aid in creating a preemptive plan. Literature Review What is the police
personality, how does it form, and how is it assessed? Larsen and Buss (2002) define personality as,
"a set of psychological traits within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that
influence

Use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently headlines newspapers and newscasts across
America. Veterans fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan return to a life they left but inside they are
tormented with flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, anger, and depression. Many people suffer from
PTSD after experiencing traumatic events in his or her life. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI–2) is chosen for the basis of this assignment to evaluate someone who exhibits
symptoms of PTSD. Sometimes the symptoms of PTSD are exaggerated or faked. The basic
characteristics and the purpose of this tool will be discussed as well as how the tool is used. An
analysis of the MMPI–2 will reveal the relationship between MMPI–2 and a major theory of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The test questions reveal a person's strengths, weaknesses, and detect mental disorders. Only a
trained professional should administer, score, or interpret the test. The MMPI–2 is only one piece of
the puzzle of diagnosis for PTSD or other findings. A professional assessment should include a
detailed history background, evaluating medical records, a through psychological assessment as well
as looking at the person's educational background. A thorough evaluation, looking at all aspects of
the person's life will help make a true diagnosis (Advameg, Inc., 2011). The Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM–IV–TR) requires ruling out malingering before
diagnosis of PTSD is rendered. MMPI–2 is frequently used and contains "fake–bad" validity scales,
which can be used to detect the "fake–bad" symptoms from someone who claims they have PTSD.
Faking the symptoms is common and can be difficult for a therapist to discover. Sometimes, a client
will bond with a therapist, and because the bond includes trust, the therapist is reluctant to test the
client or even question the client. Information about PTSD is readily available and easy to obtain, so
clients are in essence coached into the necessary symptoms. The MMPI–2 is one of the best
psychological tests to use because the validity scales are effective in identifying test–takers who
may be faking

Multiphasic Personality Inventory
In this article, the empirical correlates of scores on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory –
II–Restructured Form scales was observed in a college setting. This personality inventory in
addition to six standard measures evaluating anger, assertiveness, cognitive failures, avoiding social
situations, and the fear of social circumstances were given to over 800 college students including
both male and female. The MMPI–2–RF was administered to test the cogency of scores on this
personality assessment precise issues and interest scales. The outcome expressed data of overall
decent convergent score validity for the MMPI–2–RF scales, emulated in large effect size
comparisons with standard measure scores. In addition, this personality assessment ... Show more
There were numerous restrictions in this study. The measurements of principles utilized were not
extensive to the extent of evaluating each of the varying theories evaluated by the many Specific
Problems and Interest scale sets. Another issue, the Bem Sex Role Inventory Feminine and
Masculine scale results did not correlate to the hypothesized MMPI–2–RF scale scores at the
designated standard inferential. Measures completed in the future should evaluate methods to test
validity of multiple and varied Specific Problems scales in addition to Interest scales identified on
the MMPI–2–RF. The studies should also persist in discovering the psychometric properties of the
personality inventory in college settings in addition to other places and other measures and
practices, for the purpose of elucidating the practical value and explanatory connotations of scale
scores on this instrument throughout several communities. Christian counselors provide
psychological testing to evaluate the signs and symptoms clients have to gain better awareness of
the client's issues. Counselors are to utilize testing only for purposes to assist the client to an overall
better understanding of psychological illness and to further assist the client in coping with their
diagnoses. Counselors are

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 or MMPI–2 is a widely used, 567–item,
standardized personality inventory, which measures personality characteristics. The test includes
several validity scales, which assist the assessor to analyze the validity of the overall test results
(Groth–Marnat, 2009) and the test–taking attitude (Friedman, Bolinsky, Levak, & Nichols, 2014).
The scales allow detecting the client's intention to fake the result. The Cannot Say scale indicates
that the client answered all items of the test. The client answered the test in a consistent manner
(VRIN= 46T). However, although it is within the normal range, an elevation in the True Response
Inconsistency scale (TRIN= 64T) indicates that the client has a

What Is The Big Five Factor Of Employee Personality
Introduction Background With the market continues to mature and competition grow rapidly,
companies cannot only rely on the basis of what products or services they offer, employee is more
and more important for a company to determine a company's ability of competition. Different
employee has different personality. Personality can affect people's attitudes, behaviours and job
performance. Therefore, it is very essential for a company to consider and measure employees'
personality. Purpose The purpose of this essay is to explain how personality affects employees'
behaviours, attitudes and performance at work, how personality is measured by organisations. And
using academic evidence, argue it is valuable for organization behaviour scholars to conduct
personality testing before hiring new employees. Personality Personality is primarily feeling or
emotion expressing itself through general intelligence, special capacity, and bodily organization
(Rue & Wolford, 1936). There are varieties of personality, and all the personality is different. For
example, in psychology, the Big Five personality traits are dimensions of personality that are used to
describe human personality. It can account for difference in personality. The five factor of the Big
Five personality trait are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness
to experience (McCrae & Costa, 1987). Extraversion is positive emotions, including excitability,
talkativeness, and assertiveness. The

Substance Abuse Within Correctional Setting
Substance Abuse in Correctional Setting Assessment psychology has examined individuals who are
criminal offenders who were evaluated to determine their personalities to which they have a long
history with. Approximately well over a century ago, Münsterberg, 1908, Vaccaro & Hogan, 2004
who are all psychologists has managed a improved study on criminal offenders that will allow us all
to have an ambiguous understanding of how the process of his research in reference to the criminal
offenders testimony in court cases. In the 20th century the personality assessment was established,
which was generally exercised to govern a component for personality in criminals (Symonds, 1934).
During court cases in 1942 adults and juveniles were introduced to the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) which was disclosed that same year. Psychologists Archer, Stredny,
& Zoby, (2006); Archer, Buffington–Vollum, Stredny, and Handel (2006); Borum and Grisso
(1995); and Lally (2003) was flabbergasted to find how accurate the MMPI–2 presented itself,
which was ultimately the most universally piece of equipment acknowledged and used as evidence
for criminals, that calculated their personalities in forensic assessments. The MMPI was
authenticated well in the 70's which everyone employed extensively as solid foundation in
correctional settings as well as the use in forensic psychologists. Currently the use of assessments
were for people who were under

Evaluation Of Competency For Stand Trial
Forensic Assessments Correctional Psychology Jessica Hogan January 20, 2016 Dr. Kenneth Martz
Argosy University During any court proceeding, it is required that the defendant is competent to
stand trial. Legal competency is defined as "the presence of those characteristics, or the absence of
those disabilities, which render a witness legally fit and qualified to give testimony in a court of
justice" (thelawdictionary.org). Defendants that are found mentally incompetent to stand trial are
usually hospitalized and receive some type of treatment until the person is competent to stand trial.
To determine mental competency there are a few commonly used tests. The Evaluation of
Competency to Stand Trial Revised (ECST–R) is a semi–structured interview that consists of three
scales (Knoll & Resnick, 2008). The purpose of this test is to assess factual and rational
understanding of courtroom proceedings as well as the ability to consult with counsel. The ECST–R
is a commonly used assessment tool because of its validity. This assessment is used for both
competent and incompetent defendants unlike other assessments. One of the restrictions of the
ECST–R is that it is not beneficial for assessing defendants with an IQ score lower than 60 (Rogers
and Johansson–Love, 2009). The ECST–R In addition to the ECST–R, the MacArthur Competence
Assessment Tool–Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA) can also be used to measure competency.
The MacCAT–CA measures competency by

Essay on 16 PF Personality Test
16 PF Personality Test
Resolving the conflict of Reliability vs. Accuracy in the 16 PF test
Introduction:
For psychologists, one of the more popular theories espoused is the trait approach to personality, or
"the idea that people have consistent personality characteristics that can be measured and studied"
(Kalat, 2002, 512). However there are several problems that arise. First, there are significant cross–
cultural differences, so one set of personality traits for one culture may differ considerably for
another. The next problem would concern the creation of a test that could accurately measure these
traits. While psychologists have for the most part addressed these issues, I will focus on the latter of
the two. There has been a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, I believe that the test was fairly accurate in measuring certain factors of my personality so
much so that it was difficult for me to find certain factors that I did not agree with. However there
were two factors, E (dominance) and Q1 (rebelliousness), which I believe were a bit overrated in
myself. Aside from these the test seemed to adequately define facets of my personality. For
"warmth" (factor A) my sten score read 4, indicating that I am slightly more reserved and critical
that easygoing and good–natured. I scored a 7 in "ego strength" (factor C), classifying me as more
stable and emotionally mature and less emotional and changeable in attitudes. In dominance (factor
E) my sten score read 8, meaning I am more assertive, competitive and stubborn rather than
submissive, dependent and humble. I received an average score of 5 in "impulsivity" (factor F)
indicating a slightly more serious and sober approach to the world over the cheerful and enthusiastic
view. As for "boldness" (factor H), I received a sten score of 4 signifying a more shy and restrained
approach to things as opposed to an adventurous genial one. I received a median score of 5 for
"emotional sensitivity" (factor I) demonstrating my slightly more tough–minded and self–reliant
view in contrast to a sensitive insecure one. For "imagination" (factor M) a score of 8, indicating
that I am more imaginative, unconventional and absorbed in ideas and am less so for practicality and
the prosaic.

Evaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Technical Properties The MMPI–2–RF normal sample is the same used to standardize the MMPI–2
minus the emphasis on gender; no new norms were collected for the MMPI–2–RF. The nongendered
MMPI–2–RF normative sample is made up of 1,138 men and 1,138 women from the normative
sample of the MMPI–2. Analysis of T scores based on gendered versus nongendered norms showed
no advantages or disadvantages for either gender. The mean T scores for both men and women were
at or about 50, with standard deviation of 10; therefore, there was no significant clinical difference
between genders. The normative sample was composed of individuals ranging from age 18 to 80 all
from different regions and communities in the United States. The representation of ... Show more
It is important to note that the MMPI–2–RF should not be used as stand–alone diagnoses. In a
complete psychological evaluation, many sources are taken into consideration and not one plan of
action fits all. It is critical to place significance in the individual's past history, familial history, other
test results, and interviews to compare the results of the MMPI–2–RF (Porath, 2012).
Uses, Values, Strengths, Weaknesses, Professional Commentary in Literature
A study done by Gass and Odland (2012) examined the fundamental psychometric properties of the
Symptom Validity Scale (also known as the FBS–Faking Bad Scale). Their sample was composed of
303 medical patients at a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center who had medical conditions related
to their military service for which they received monetary compensation. Due to the compensation
received, these participants may be motivated to distort results to continue receiving compensation.
The study showed approximately one standard deviation (SD = 4.74) higher than that of the MMPI–
2 normative sample (SD = 3.15) in the average frequency. Gass believes that the design of the scale
does not clearly present what it measures; yet "consistent with Lee–Haley et al.'s (1991) original
design, FBS–r appears to be sensitive to reported levels of emotional distress" (p. 567). The study
showed that the FBS–R lacked a statistically coherent factor structure, thus making it an
unpredictable measure of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Relying On Selection
Advantages and Disadvantages of Relying on Testing as the Sole Method of Selection
The advantages of relying on testing as the sole method of selection are that tests can:
narrow the selection of applicants – this is helpful in times when there are more applicants that jobs
available
help managers decide which questions they should ask applicants when they come in to interview –
this helps to focus the interview questions on what needs to be learned about the applicants
cut down on the time needed to screen applicants – again helpful when there are many
determine if an applicant has similar traits to his or her future work colleagues – this cuts down on
employee turnover
uncover interpersonal characteristics that may be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is unlawful to ask questions about medical or disability requirements before an offer is made
(EEOC, 2010).
An applicant's prospects for the role being offered is protected using this approach by providing the
applicant with time to present him or herself, answer carefully crafted questions that pertain to the
role and their ability to perform it and to ask questions about the role and the expectations of it. An
interview that is well prepared is more likely to culminate in selecting the right applicant (Abraham,
2017). The steps to prepare a well–crafted interview are:
1. Compile a list of attributes required to perform the role
2. Let the applicant know in advance the expectations of the interviewer(s), the topics that will be
discussed, the dress code and a time that works for both parties to meet.
3. Keep the selection process small. Have the applicant's boss, an HR representative and department
boss be the only ones to interview.
4. Keep the interview short. One hour is usually enough. Look for curiosity, insight, engagement and
determination. A determination should be made that not only can the applicant do the job but what
are their promotion prospects (Knight, 2015).
Personality Inventories – job success is predicated on a person's personal characteristics (U.S.
Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration,

A Brief Note On Clinical Indicators And Self Report Measures

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