Explain The Role Of Research In Health And Social Care

Explain The Role Of Research In Health And Social Care
Task 1 Preparation
The service I will be basing my controlled assessment on is Carters Green medical centre within the
Health Sector.
Carters Green medical centre is located in West Bromwich; the address of the medical centre is
B709th, 396, 400 high street in the town centre.
In Carters Green medical centre, they currently have 5 doctors (that are GP's), 22 nurses and 1
healthcare assistant. They have a reception team that will answer calls and provide much more, they
have 1 operation manager and 1 outlet supervisor, Carters Green medical centre also provide
services such as alcohol services and clinics such as asthma clinics. They have many services for
disabled people, for an example, they will provide services for people in a wheelchair by having
ramps. They also have a medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary Research is where you get information by yourself, like getting information from my client,
like a person (like a parent, GP Health Professional or Carters Green Medical Centre's practise
manager) is interviewing my client they'll information from my client's face to face, which is
primary information.
Secondary Research is research about information from someone, (like my client), that already
exists or produced. I will probably use textbooks and the Internet, for Secondary Research.
Both types of research are called sources of information or data.
Plan of work to include aims and objectives for Task 1:
– I will decide the primary research you'll carry out.
– I will decide the secondary research you'll carry out.
– I will identify the investigation of the service; secondary research will be used to identify the
service by using the Internet, which is the Carters Green Medical
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Research Study On The Social Sciences
The Social Sciences consist of a variety of disciplines that aim to understand the behaviour,
interactions and relationships between individuals and society. Social scientists conduct research in
order to gain a deeper insight into the factors that affect individuals. They do so by using systematic
methods of investigation that allow them to analyse and interpret their findings, and thus create a
new theory of knowledge or expand upon the existing knowledge of a theory (Giddens & Sutton,
2013). Researchers may use a variety of processes that provide a solid and coherent structure to their
research that ensures its validity and reliability. Choosing the right process will aid the researcher in
better understanding the area of research and thus may allow them to apply their findings to the
workings of the wider social world.
Irwin & Elley's (2011) "Concerted Cultivation? Parenting Values, Education and Class Diversity, is
a study into the effects of class diversity and parental values of the importance of modern child
education, uses a mixed method of investigation. The research takes into account previous studies
into class diversity and parental roles in children's development and socialisation. The research
question of the study is not made clear at the beginning of the article to suggest an aim as to what
the study seeks to explain, though a hypothesis is offered within the findings of the study. The
research also uses quantitative and qualitative data gathering

Using Standard Social Research Methods For An Organization...
1) Research is investigating into a topic and studying material and sources in order to inquire
information/facts about that topic. Research can be conducted by creating a theory to support or to
reject the theory/hypothesis. A theory is a hypothesis that has been tested. A hypothesis is an
assumption that is based on limited information. A literature review provides a foundation of
research from books, journals, or reports, and readings to help the author determine the nature of the
research. The last method is conducting surveys/observations is the process of observing a person or
something to gain more information.
2) Evaluation research is the uses of standard social research methods for evaluative purposes. Pure
research is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers should not take the interview responses out of context or assume answers.
4) Survey research is investigation that uses question based or statistical survey to collect
information about how people think and act. Experimental research tests a hypothesis and
establishes causation by using independent and dependent variables in a controlled environment.
5) Codebook: provides a guide for coding responses and to serve as documentation of the layout and
code definitions of a data file.
Sex: (1) male or (2) female
Age at last birthday (actual age)
How many brother or sisters (# of siblings)
What is your marital status (1) Married (2) Widowed (3) Divorced (4) Separated (5) Never Married
6) Researchers want make sure their information presented is legible. There are 4 steps into writing
a report introduction, methods and materials, results, and discussion/conclusion. The introduction
states your hypothesis, and gives the purpose of the experiment/study. Methods are the details how
to test your hypothesis. The results are the data collected for example table form data,
percentage/ratios or charts. Finally your conclusion is wrapping up your findings to see where the
data you obtained support the hypothesis. Researcher need to make sure the information that is
provided to their audience is at the appropriate level. If your audience doesn't comprehend your
study than there is not purpose behind the study.
7)

Understanding Social Research Assessed Essay
Understanding Social Research Assessed Essay
Question: All social research whether based on qualitative, quantitative, archival or other forms of
data, need to follow the same basic principles of research design. Discuss by drawing on examples
of social research that you have read for this module.
The basic principles of research design include devising a research question on a topic to which the
researcher is looking to gain knowledge and insight, choosing a sample group of the population to
study is also a basic principle of research design. Furthermore deciding which methodological
perspective to employ is important as this affects the findings of the researcher because of the fact
that quantitative methods allow researchers to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A thought through research design is one of the key fundamental starting principles of research in
sociology; once this has been dealt with the sociologist is able to begin research.
One of the basic principles imperative to all forms of social research is the devising of a research
topic then choosing the research question they are seeking to answer. In their examination of the
criteria to which research in social sciences should fulfil; King, Keahane and Verba (1996:15) argue
that 'a research project should pose a question that is ''important'' in the real world. The topic should
be consequential for political, social or economic life, for understanding something that significantly
affects many people's lives, or for understanding and predicting events'. This statement highlights a
very important aspect of research in the field of social sciences because as social researchers we
should be seeking to answer questions about the real world and real life situations and by studying
events of this magnitude our research is therefore strengthened. This is demonstrated in the work of
Glen Elder (1999) who choose to base his study on Social change and Life experience during the
Great Depression; his topic being the great depression and the research question being based on the
life experience of children during this historical time period. Applying this to the statement above
about research looking to understand events affecting people's

A Research Study On Social Justice Work
Background: The plan I created for myself to locate interviewees' ranges and varies a little. As a
Criminology major I will be seeking to locate subjects within the field I would like to go in
(Lawyers, Judges, and Detectives... etc.) But also I would like to learn more about social justice
work (shelter for youth, being involved in civic engagement work and how it feel to be labeled as a
"troubled youth." With the following I will be able to get a better understanding on how I would like
to develop my potential career field aspect along with changing the world for the generation after
me.
My Plan: In order to get the concept and the importance of one on one interviews. I have developed
a format via email that I emailed to three of my friends to practice my interview process on. The
email reads the following:
"Subject: Request for Informational Interview
Good Morning:
I am currently an undergraduate student at Cleveland State University, majoring in Criminology. A
professor of mine, Robert Kleidman, suggested I contact a few people to conduct an informational
interview for my Capstone Research Project.
[A Capstone course uses the explication of research methods to provide a capstone experience to
Criminology and Sociology majors. Students integrate and extend knowledge and skills gained
through previous courses to deepen their understanding of how social science knowledge is
produced by conducting a research project. My main focus for this project is learning more about

Sociology : The Six Steps Of Social Research
sociology, there are three different variables. Variables are the categories or factors that are being
examined in an experiment. One of these three variables is the independent variable. The
independent variable is the variable that the experimenter changes with the intention of studying it
through the experiment. Another one of the three variables is the dependent variable. The dependent
variable is what happens in response to the independent variable. This is because the dependent
variable is dependent upon the independent variable. The last of the variables is the control
variable(s). The control variable is the variable that the experimenter keeps constant, in order to
measure the results of the independent variable. In social research, there are six steps that should be
followed in order for the research to be productive. The six steps of social research are deciding on a
topic, reviewing the literature, developing a hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the results, and
publish the results. The first of the six steps of social research is deciding on a topic. When deciding
on a topic, a sociologist should identify what they want to study, and come up with questions that
will be answered throughout the study. The topic of study can be a new topic, or it can be a
continuation of another study. The next step is to summarize/review the literature. In order to
familiarize yourself with the topic, you want to read what other researchers have to say about that
same

Positionality: Research and Social World
Introduction:
Before joining my Masters in Business administration, I have done few researches at my working
places, not knowing that there are some many methods, approaches, etc. Thanks to Dr. Stephen
Sommerville, for teaching me to do research in the professional way. Let my first research be the
critical review of my own positionality i.e. who am I to me and in the others point of view? Does my
positionality affect the research works I took or will take?
Sitting back and thinking about the research that I have done in the past, I can say that the
positionality had some impact on my research.
In this paper let us see how ....
Literature Review:
First of all what does this word research means?
Let us quickly see ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This approach is diagonally opposite to the positivist approach.
According to Interpretivist, to understand the whole complexity of the world the simple fundamental
laws that are used by positivist are not sufficient. They argue that the observing the intentional
behaviour and actions of human beings is impossible.
Authors Boris Blumberg, Donald Cooper, Pamela Schindler say, Interpretivist argue that simple
fundamental laws are insufficient to understand the whole complexity of social phenomena. More
important, however they claim that an objective observation of the social world is impossible, as the
social world has a meaning for human beings and is constructed by intentional behaviour and
actions. Intentional interpretivism approaches meaning as intentional states of individual minds, to
be understood by locating them within the broader network of an individual's other intentional states
and in a concrete context of social practices and interactions with others.
The basic principles of interpretivism are,
The social world is constructed and is given meaning subjectively by people
The researcher is part of what is observed

Research is driven by interests.
The assumptions of the interpretivism are.
■ the social world is observed by seeing what meanings people give to it and interpreting these
meanings from their viewpoint.
■ Social phenomena can only be understood by looking at the totality. [3]
So for a successful research

Ethical Issues in Social Research
Ethics is a part of every society and is entwined in every aspect of daily living, however the
meaning of ethics or what is ethical differs. Ethics is commonly associated with morality and
Webster's New world Dictionary defines ethical as "conforming to the standards of conduct of a
given profession or group." Knowing what a particular society considers ethical and unethical is
what contributes to living successfully in that society. This is the same for researchers; researchers
need to be aware of what is considered ethical and unethical conduct of scientific inquiry. From the
time immediately after World War II until the early 1990s, there was a gradually developing
consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Social research obtains personal information about people, information that might not be known by
the people closest to them. The information obtained can then be revealed to other people such as
lawyers and doctors and in the case of lawyers this information can then be revealed to their clients;
therefore social researchers like to believe that the research will help all humanity. Popular topics of
social research include poverty, racism, class issues, sexuality, voting behavior, gender constructs,
policing and criminal behavior. Research can be conducted using surveys, reports, observation,
questionnaires, focus groups, historical accounts, personal diaries and census statistics. There are
two types of research: qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research is
inductive, meaning the researcher creates hypotheses and abstractions from collected data. Most
data is collected via words or pictures and mostly from people. Researchers are interested in how
people make sense of their lives and in the research process itself. Quantitative research is the
complete opposite and most often involves numbers and set data. Quantitative data is efficient but
focuses only on the end result, not the process itself, as qualitative research does. Quantitative data
is precise and is often the result of surveys or questionnaires.
Voluntary participation is a major principle of research

Qualitative Social Work Research
Social work research is a systematic and objective inquiry that uses the scientific method to solve
human problems and creates new knowledge that is generally applicable to the social work
profession (Grinnell, Jr., Williams, and Unrau, 2016). There are two approaches one can take when
conducting research: a quantitative or qualitative approach. Quantitative examines things that can be
measured. Qualitative examines the qualities of a specific topic. In the case of this paper a
qualitative approach would be most effective. The qualities of African American men who
experience mental health issues because of childhood emotional trauma is being examine. Social
work research is important for two basic reasons: 1) it can guide social workers to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the factors that contribute to the mental health of African American men are often
examined by researchers. Most factors that researchers discover include socio–economic status,
demographics, and health care problems, amongst other thing. Surprisingly, few researchers
connected mental health of African American men to the childhood emotional trauma they could had
endured. Thus, making this an understudied topic.
Description: During this step researchers observe and then describe what they have observed. For
example, over the course of my life I have observed/encountered African American men who refuse
to show any type of vulnerable emotions because they feel if they do they will be considered weak
or less of a man. Based off of my observation many of those men suffer from some type of mental
health issue later on in their lives. Thus, leading me to wonder is there a connection between the
two,
Explanation: During this step researchers simply explain things. In this case I would explain why
African American men refuse to show any vulnerable emotions compared to other races/genders or I
would explain why African American refuse to seek professional help when having a mental health

Assess the Argument That Is Neither Possible nor Desirable...
Assess the argument that is neither possible nor desirable to use experiments in social research
Experiments are a scientific procedure which is used to test a hypothesis. There are two different
types of experiments which are available to the researcher, these are laboratory and field.
In laboratory experiments all variables are under the control of the researcher, the researcher will
obtain their results from taking two groups which are identical. One group will be the control group
and the other will be the experimental group. The researcher will then alter the independent variable
in the experimental group to see if the variable that the researcher is investigating changes in any
way when compared to the control group. If there is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This therefore, makes laboratory experiments appear to be not possible to conduct in regards to
social research.
Additionally, laboratory experiments in social research can cause the Hawthorne effect which can
reduce the validity of the research and also make them seem undesirable. The Hawthorne effect is
when the presence of a researcher changes the behaviour of the group that is being studied. The
participants are not showing their true behaviour and one reason why they may be altering their
behaviour when in the presence of a researcher is because they think that they have guessed what
the researcher is studying and therefore wants to help them with their research by acting in the way
that they think the researcher wants to see. Their assumptions though are not always correct.
Field experiments are those conducted in the real world and under normal social conditions, but
following a similar procedure to the laboratory experiments. Participants in this experiment do not
normally know that they are being studied in an experiment; this therefore eradicates the Hawthorne
effect, but causes another undesirable outcome as it causes a problem with getting consent.
Interpretivists are typically interested in using field experiments as they want to know how
meanings and labels can get attached to different people and then how others then view them.
Overall, there are

Social Norms In Research
Social norms are people's beliefs about the attitudes and behaviors that are normal, acceptable or
even expected in a particular social context. In many situations people's perceptions of these norms
will greatly influence their behavior. When people misperceive the norms of their peer group–that is,
when they inaccurately think an attitude or behavior is more (or less) common than is actually the
case–they may choose to engage in behaviors that are in sync with those false norms.1 Pluralistic
Ignorance is the term that is used in academia to discuss social norms theory and refers to the
incorrect belief that one's private attitudes, judgments or behaviors are different from others. With
regard to bullying, many youth may falsely believe that

The Impact Of Social Research On Human Life And Its Relevance
Social research has long been considered as one of the most common and useful method for
researchers in the aim of understanding society and its relevance, contributing to improvement of
human life (Sarantakos, 1994). In order to find the most appropriate answers for the research
questions above, the planned research is going to elaborate as follows
3.1 Research approach
There is no doubt that most of social researches are always really in a need of using theory, leading
to a requirement on using approach methods rationally. There have three types of research
approaches including deduction, induction and abduction. Each possess their own logical
approaching basing on characteristic so that researchers are highly advised to consider literature
review careful before choosing an approach to maximise outcomes of researches (Saunders et al,
2012a)
Although "mental contract" was mentioned and examined along with both of them in terms of
consumer confident and customer loyalty, this concept maybe still new and not be well defined by
any expertise or people coming from academic fields (Ou et al, 2013). Additionally, the scale of this
research is not huge. Therefore, inductive approach would be recommended in such circumstance.
It is expected the result can bring marketing a new valuable definition or even theory since this
approach consistently constructed with rigid methodology in which none of substitute evidence is
accepted to understand perceptions of human being.
3.2

Research Methods in Health and Social Care
Critical review of quantitative research
Majid,S.Foo,S.Luyt,B.Ahang,X.Theng,YL.Chang,YK.Mokhtar,IA.(2011) Adopting and evidence–
based practice in clinical decision making: nurses' perceptions, knowledge , and barriers. Journal of
the Medical Library Association 99(3) PP229–236.
This essay will be a critical review on the study conducted by Majid et al (2011). The article which
is titled 'Adopting evidence–based practice in clinical decision making:
Nurses' perceptions, knowledge, and barriers'. Investigates the attitudes of Singaporean nurses
regarding; evidence based practise. The researchers wanted to identify how the nurses informed
were about evidence base practice. They also wanted to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The questions were compiled by a team comprising information studies faculty at the Nanyang
Technological University and nursing representatives from the National University hospital. Making
the questionnaire unbiased towards the researchers. Marczyk, et al. (2005) states that it is important
for all research to not be biased towards the researchers.
Quantitative research methods are objective as it uses measurements and analysis of statistical data
to answer the study question. The researchers' opinions do not affect the outcome of the study,
ensuring that the study is unbiased. Another advantage is quantitative research uses numbers and
statistics which is understood universally (Houser,2008).
The researchers have clearly described how they implemented their research in the methods section;
the study is easily replicable as it uses a survey questionnaire to collect data.
However the research study would have been better if they used qualitative methods to find out the
nurse's perceptions, knowledge and barriers towards evidence based practice in clinical decision
making. Majid, et al. (2011) could have interviewed some of the participants to get detailed
descriptions of how they feel about evidence based practice in clinical decision making. This would
allow the researches to get an in–depth understanding making the study more valid (Saris and
Gallhofer, 2007).
Quantitative research is best used for quantifying relationships

Social Conformity Research
Social influence is a huge factor in human life; the psychology behind it focuses on how an
individual is susceptible to behavioural and attitudinal change when in a social environment. People
can be influenced majorly by the actions, opinions and general presence of others and there are
psychological reasons for this. One piece of research that supports why people are influenced by
others is the study of conformity. Conformity is a type of social influence that results in a person
changing his or her own behaviour and attitude because of the real or imagined influence of others.
Conformity can be separated into three groups, as proposed by Herbert Kelman in 1958; these are
compliance, internalisation and identification. Compliance is an individual ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is when a person simply accepts the information given to them by others in order to justify their
own beliefs. Informational influence usually takes place in situations where an individual has to
choose a track to follow, for example in a crisis. It is human instinct to observe the reactions of
others as acting in a similar manner helps us to feel secure. An example of informational influence
in crisis is the Orson Welles "War of the Worlds" radio broadcast in 1938. An individual who is
conforming, because of internalisation, usually tend to believe in the others' ideas more than their
own and because of this, they not only comply to behaving in a certain way around them but also try
to change their own attitude in private circumstance too. The third type of conformity is
identification, which takes place when a person wants to gain a certain identity for him or herself.
An individual may want to be associated with a particular person or a group and so may feel the
need to act in a certain way. Identification is sometimes considered by psychologists as a mix
between compliance and internalisation; the individual accepts that the group hold the correct
beliefs and behavioural manners, which is internalisation, but are doing this in order to gain
acceptance and approval, which is

Unit 22:Functions of Research to Health and Social Care Essay
WHAT IS RESEARCH? It is a planned process whereby information is collected for a specific
purpose, analysed and reported.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH TO HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE: Research might have so many
different functions or aims which are as follows: identifying needs, highlighting gaps in provision,
planning provision, informing policy or practice, extending knowledge and understanding,
improving practice, aiding reflection, allowing progress to be monitored and examining topics of
contemporary importance.
IDENTIFYING NEEDS: Research principles are being use to identify the needs of all individuals
by health and social care workers who are responsible in care planning. A manager in a care home
observe an individual resident may point out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some places, we have guidelines that are known internationally and give a framework for ethical
research and this help to push the ethics codes that apply to research carried out in the NHS and
universities in the UK.Code of conduct or practice for health and social care professional do not
specific include research but the underlying principles of professional practice would be following
the same pattern with expectations for ethical research. Below are some ethics principles that
support with evidence all research. * Protecting individuals * Making sure that all individuals only
participate voluntarily * Making sure that any personal information relating to the research is treated
confidentially. * To specify that the plan for any research project is subject to independent close
observation by experts.
Even though codes of ethics are written down, they are not known as rules, but it is given to set the
boundaries of what is and is not an acceptable way to conduct research
PROTECTING INDIVIDUALS FROM HARM: This principle is to make sure that researchers put
into consideration the possible effects of their research on the participants. For example, we have the
participant rights and feelings should be put into consideration when planning the project and
collecting the data from the individuals. Harm should

Research Methodology in Health and Social Care
[pic]
The topic that I have chosen to look at is obesity. The aim of this topic is to find out whether "the
ignorance of genetics as a contra factor of obesity". I have chosen to look at this topic because
obesity is concerns me. Obesity has always been a bid debate for a long time now and I was
intrigued to find out more about the topic and the cause of obesity. The fact that obesity has made
deadlines news in recent years. There are a lot of misconceptions about obesity such as overweight
is caused by a sow metabolism. There have been a lot of beliefs and myths about obesity in society
today and he above myths is on of them. According to Donnellan (1998) ' 'people who are
overweight have told their doctors that they eat no more and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From what has been said about validity, I would say that my research would be addressed on what
has been stated that children have to eat healthy for them to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
The advantages of using questionnaires for my research are as follows:
It is quick to gather information that I needed for the research.
The questionnaires will be given out at my placement, church and class, so that the information will
collect from a large portion of a group.
According to www.uc.ie/resources (025/02/08) ''argued that questionnaires give the researcher
feedback from the point of view of the user''.
Using this type of research method, I can understand what I would have used other type of research
method Taylor et al (1995) ''argued that participant observation offers the best opportunity to
discover how people see the world in which they live. It also provides the kind of insight, fresh
information and new directions for research which are less likely to come from other methods. ''
[pic]
While carrying my research I will questionnaires to collect my primary data and this will assist me
to gain lots of different answers, for me to be able to understand my research more. According to the
daily mirror science editor (15/05/08) The problem is that you could have type 2 diabetes for up to
12 years without knowing it simply because the symptoms are often quite general, seem

Positivism And Epistemology In Social Research
The continued growth of knowledge and concepts can refer as the research philosophy (Singh,
2010). Knowledge and its principles that are concerning in the research philosophy is crucial for an
appropriate research analysis (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). Nine different theoretical those are
generally applied in social research such as postmodernism, feminism, interpretivism,
constructionism, and positivism (Crotty, 1998). Two types of this theory are described in detail
below.
Positivism versus Interpretivism
The idea of positivism depends on the presence of an outer social world, which is the reason to use
the objective method to test the properties more than subjective induction utilizing instinct,
reflection or sensation (Bhattacharya, 2009). Positivism involves the selection of natural logical
philosophical techniques (Cheswell, 2003). Positivists notice the social reality, which causes
speculations like the law that has been found by physical researchers (Jonker and Pennink, 2010).
The hypothesis can be removed and tested utilizing this approach, prompting an exhaustive
examination of the law (Bhattacharya, 2009).
On the other hands, interpretivism is an epistemology that necessary for the researchers to
comprehend the distinction between people by social action. This philosophy requires the
exploration to manage amongst people not by an object like a computer (Babbie, 2010). Therefore,
the significant differences between positivism and interpretivism are illustrated as

Social Science Research: Social Change In Human And Social...
Defining Social Science Research
In gaining a clear understanding of Social Science Research based on this week's readings and other
scholarly articles, I consider breaking down this term into two sections. Firstly, Social Science is the
scientific study of human interaction/behaviors in a given society. Secondly, because there are
different theories on subject matters in the study of Social Science it is imperative that data is
collected and analysis. According to Babble (2016)" Theory+ Data Collection + Data Analysis =
Social Science and these are the steps taken in Social Research, Figure1–1" (pp. 9, parp 1).
Therefore, my own definition of Social Science Research would be to investigate facts, and finding
new facts in answering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In using research it will build my academic skills, and support my work with facts, give me the
knowledge of what actually works better for the clients/consumers, and will also assist me in
evaluating the quality of Human Service programs and what needs to be change. Social Science
Research can impact social change in social policy, social justice, and public services. Research for
me as a Human and Social Services professional can open doors in understanding people from
different cultures other than my own. For example, it is imperative for professionals to be Culturally
Competent. "Cultural competence is the knowledge of, attitudes toward, values understood, and
skills used in working with ethnic minority clients, services, and organizations" (Fong, Fong &
Furuto, Fong,McRoy, & Hendricks, Cited by Dettlaff & Fong, 2011pp.53 parp.1 ). "Limited English
proficiency is known to be a barrier to the effective delivery of services" (Funnan Cited by Casado,
Negi, & Hong, 2012. pp.8.parp. 3). The authors stated "that advancement of research with language
minorities is an important step toward the improvement of health and social services access and
quality of care among this group" (Casado, Negi &Hong.2012

Social Justice Research Paper
Journal Entry Week One Justice and social justice are both very highly congested terms with
multiple meanings. Some define justice as equality or fairness. Today, social justice is defined by
three things: if something is fair, equitable, or beneficial. These three elements are the same for
humans, individuals, and other species. There are many questions that help individuals understand
the true definition of social justice. Personally to me both justice and social justice have a lot to do
with personal experiences, how you were raised, and the environment you live in. My definition of
social justice is when all people try and share an equal humanity, which gives people the right to
have fair treatment. In social justice people shouldn't be discriminated against based on a number of
things. Some of those include gender, sexual orientation, race, socioeconomic circumstances, or
religion. Social justice is the idea of having equal opportunity in a society, when in reality that is
very hard to do. In John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination, I understood sociological imagination as the idea to
only see what one wants to see. The example in class describing the woman breast feeding in public
with a Victoria's Secret model poster behind her helped broaden my ideas on the term. This term
opens an individual to different dimensions that he or she is not used to. It makes us take our
personal concerns and transform them into social issues. The woman breastfeeding felt disrespected
because she was doing what is natural to her. I come from a very small town which can be very
close minded at times. We as a society have ideas of what is right and wrong. When in reality right
and wrong is your own perspective on issues and ideas. This brings us back to the term social justice
and treating everyone equal. If we truly lived a "Socially Just" lifestyle, we would not discriminate
the woman doing what is natural to

Research Proposal Social Work
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1.
1.1 Statement of the problem...................................................... 1.
1.2 Motivation for study.............................................................. 2.
1.3 Goals of the study................................................................ 2.
II. RESEARCH DESIGN......................................................... 3.
2.1 Type of Research Approach.................................................. 3.
2.2 Type of Research Design...................................................... 3.
2.3 Data Collecting Methods and Data Analysis............................ 3.
2.4 Population and Sampling Procedures.................................... 4.
2.5 Anticipated Problems........................................................... 5.
2.6 Procedures of Research Study.............................................. 6.
2.7 Costing............................................................................... 7.
2.8 Ethical Issues...................................................................... 8.
III. CONCLUSION................................................................... 9.
IV. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is applied research where a knowledge development objective is the end result (Blanche &
Durrheim, 1999: 41).
2.2 Type of Research Design
A research design can be understood as the planning of any scientific research from the first to the
last step. In this sense it is a program to guide the researcher in collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting facts (Bless and Higson–Smith, 1995:63).
For the purpose of this study, the researcher intends to use a cross–sectional research design where
all the data will be collected at the same time. The distribution of the research questionnaires will
take place over a time period of two weeks where the main data will be collected from the
respondents.

2.3 Data collecting methods and data analysis
The data gathering will be done with a questionnaire the researcher designed her self that will assess
work satisfaction of social workers. The questionnaire is named the Questionnaire on Social
Workers Work Satisfaction in Welfare Organizations. This questionnaire firstly has the objective to
collect certain vital demographic information from the respondents. Secondly, it covers aspects on
how the respondents perceived their work environment, their experiences in so far their work

Research Proposal Outline: The Influence of Environmental...
Research proposal outline
The influence of environmental corporate social responsibility on profitability
Central focus
This research proposal will contain details on how environmental corporate social responsibility
affects a firm's profitability. The central question is how does environmental awareness affect a
firm's financial gains? This is a worthwhile question to pursue due to the emerging trend in positive
consumerism (Harrison, 2005) as well as the perceived business benefits of CSR.
This work will be based on a theoretical framework of sustainability and specifically that of
corporate social responsibility (CSR).The work of Porter and Kramer (2003) indicated that
businesses can indeed benefit immensely by engaging in CSR activities. These must be done while
at the same time ensuring that the business remains profitable. As Carroll (1983, p. 608), CSR
involves the conduct and behavior of a given business in a manner that is law abiding, economically
viable, ethical and yet socially supportive. Eco–efficiency should therefore be one of the ways in
which businesses can offer goods and services in a way that can improve the quality of life so as to
make the clients satisfied (Elkington,1997,p.,78). I will therefore be engaging this topic from the
point of view of environmental awareness, eco–efficiency and environmental corporate social
responsibility and their impact on the image and profitability of companies.
Key research questions
Does environmental

Comparing and Contrasting Qualitative and Quantitative...
INTRODUCTION
Social research is conducted using a logical and systematic process that can be carried out for
numerous reasons and it is concerned with the empirical study of social phenomena. The purpose of
conducting such research is to enhance knowledge of how the social world operates through the
study of human behaviour and investigates how humans interact with others in society. Research in
general, is usually conducted by adopting either a qualitative or quantitative approach (Henn et al,
2006). The approaches taken and the decisions that are made by qualitative and quantitative
researchers differ with respect to their epistemological position and ontological assumptions and
these assumptions orientate the research strategies in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theoretical perspectives that are largely concerned with quantitative research includes; realism,
critical inquiry, positivism and post–positivism (Gray, 2004). Qualitative researchers tend to view
the world through the interpretivist paradigm. The interpretivist researcher focuses on the
interpretation of social phenomenon as subjective, aiming to discover a deep and meaningful
understanding of how and why human behaviour evolves, and through the eyes and points of view
of their participants, believing that knowledge is uncovered from meaning (Henn et al, 2006). In
contrast, Quantitative researchers view the world through the positivist paradigm. The positivist
researcher primarily focuses on the investigation of social phenomenon as objective by detaching
themselves from the subject matter to view the world from an objectivist angle and believing that
knowledge is 'out there' to be uncovered (Henn et al, 2006).
Qualitative and quantitative research similarly has an established relationship between theory and
research (Bryman, 2004) which underpins the differing perspectives of qualitative and quantitative
research. Qualitative research is primarily inductive in approach and is described by Henn, et al
(2006, p.14) as a "research–then–theory approach", whereby the hypotheses and theory is generated
from the data that is collected and analysed. Analysis of the collected data will indicate any potential
relationships and patterns that emerge between variables

A Research Study On Social And Academic Lives
Research is a part of life; it doesn't matter what you do or where you are you take part in
investigating in all the areas of life. There are different designs to research a certain topic. The three
designs are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research. I will be discussing the three
different research designs and how they are used to gather data for a certain study.
Qualitative research is used when trying to investigate an issue or concern by using interviews,
studying the setting of the participants and interpreting the data. One of the strategies of gaining the
information is by performing case studies. The benefit of this type of research is great in which they
view and then interview the participants to gain knowledge and to understand the certain issue. All
the data is interpreted and used to get a conclusion.
In the article "Meaningful Engagement in Facebook Learning Environments: Merging Social and
Academic Lives", qualitative research is used. In this study they "compared the effectiveness of
different learning environments between interactive Facebook instructional method and non–
Facebook instructional method for undergraduate students." (Wang, Lin, w., & Wu, 2013). This
study was performed in a class with students and instructors on how to use Facebook to learn and
interact with the other fellow students. In this circumstance the direct observations data is collected
and one of the strategies used is collaborating with participants to gain the

Social Work Research
Social work research is often under the constraints of institutional systems, often, the very systems
that oppress the people or communities being researched. Anti–oppressive research methods, begin
by, according to Potts and Brown (2015), considering the various interest, power, relationships, and
stakeholders in our research. In social work research, those stakeholders may include funders,
government organizations, and nonprofits. Keeping the nonprofit industrial complex in mind, all of
the listed systems are likely to influence the research and desired results regardless of the intentions
of the researcher. This brings the up the importance of the researcher's positionality, reflexivity,
power and the methods they choose to use. I try to be critical of social work research, specifically,
my praxis because I did not learn about any of the methods and practices below in our social work
research course. An additional reason to be critical of social work research is because [we] are also
involved in advocacy and policy development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the process of trying to "help" communities, this research may further exploit them because the
information they share is viewed as a commodity if the methods are Euro–American based. Kanuha
(2000) stated that with social work's long–standing efforts to challenge social relations that are
historically inequitable and with claims of multiculturalism and cultural competence as hallmarks of
the profession, social work literature is surprisingly deficient about questioning the hegemony of the
subject–object relationship in research. Examples abound of native or indigenous research in social
work literature including people of color studying their own racial or ethnic groups. In addition to
that, Fraser and Jarldorn (2015) states that part of the process of anti–oppressive social work is to
notice how dominant discourses can infiltrate and distort our

Social Media Research Paper
Many people enjoy using social media sites but again this, at times, create a risk to society. The fact
that people can share photos, videos and messages via social platform, causes these tools to be
misused by some individuals. Pornographic platforms have been developed whose uploads have
resulted in ruining the younger generation who end up being involved in sexual activities at early
stages in their life (Ahn, June. 2011). The fact that the younger generation can interact with older
generation, exposes them to sexual predators. Malicious people take advantage of the innocence of
children and entice them resulting sexual abuse.
Kids are exposed to cases of cyberbullying which is almost equal to life bullying. Children can
receive messages which harasses their peace. These messages include teasing comments to threaten
the child. To ensure that children do not undergo this, parents should make sure that they set their
children account at private mode to ensure that they are not easily predated by bullies (Ahn, June.
2012). In cases where cyberbullying happens, the affected should be properly guided on how to
overcome it. Children should be advised not to give personal information like their real name, home
address or phone numbers to avoid bullies who want to track them.
Social loafing is a vice which has affected the young generation. Most of the young people are
addicted in using social media sites such that they abandon their duties (Bohnert, and Ross, W.
2010). A Facebook research done by a professor of the LOWA University, uncovers what students
actually do during their class time. Students spend most of their time texting and sharing pictures
with friends. In his research, the professor says that Facebook has caused more harm than good.
Social media is an inevitable wave. It is changing day by day. Many parents worry about how this
would impact their children in terms of development. Current young generation is embracing the
new social media technology. This technology has been growing day by day. Many children are
taking this wave with a lot of concern. They are adopting it at a greater pace than the older
generation. While this is at least a good thing for them, it might come at a cost. Parents should

A Research On Social Media
Forrester Research provided the research behind Social Technographics. Their research identified
six types of the social media users and how they interact in the online environment. The Social
Technographics ladder presented in Figure 3.3. of our reading depicts a ladder with different
participation groups at each rung. These groups include: creators, conversationalists, critics,
collectors, joiners, spectators, and inactives. It is worth noting that these groups are not exclusive,
meaning a user could fit into multiple categories for different interactions (Tuten & Solomon, 2013,
p. 74). Skittles is a poplar candy brand known for their wacky advertising. It is no wonder that their
social media marketing would be just as wacky and popular. Skittles must be very aware to the
different categories of the ladder to be so successful in their social media marketing efforts. Creators
are the content creators. Their content is shared with other users and adds to the social media
experience. User–generated content can include: video, photos, blogs, vlogs, comments, podcasts,
forums, product reviews, wiki contributions, and consumer created advertising. Creators are
distinguished as users who provide content for other users interact with and constitute 24 percent of
social media participants (Tuten & Solomon, 2013, p. 74) Skittles has a promotion on their
Facebook page that appeals to contributors. If a user posts a photo to the page, they can become
Skittles "Best Fan Forever" for

Objectivity Of Social Research : Free Of Bias Or Prejudice
Objectivity of Social Research: Free of Bias or Prejudice
There is a change of belief of people: some believing that objectivity in social research is possible,
others believe it to be not. Five diverse kinds of advices are progressive for Social Research not
being objective:
1. Sociological decisions are biased, being painted by researcher's personal life experiences.
2. All intentions are restricted to their connotation to specific linguistic backgrounds belonging to
the similar manner.
3. All sociological philosophies are shaped by, and restricted to, specific social groups. Such a
policy is seldom taken to be a consequence of the sociology of information which indulgences all
information as a function of social site.
4. All explanations are inevitably driven by theories or principles.
5. All members of a society have dissimilar values; sociologists will instinctively, but essentially
have their opinions prejudiced by their morals.
Some sociologists contend that objectivity in some of the above sanities is not essentially looked–
for; it is contended that the sociologist/social researcher should be serious and advocate specific
values.
Few views for Objectivity in Social Researches
There have been some views formulated for Social Researches and the researchers as well, few are
explained as below:
Normativism
The contradictory view establishes the speculative situation of normativism. This position causes a
number of philosophies, the most significant of which are

A Research Background On Social Network Services
3. Research Background
On April 15, 2013, two pressure cooker bombs exploded near the Boston Marathon finish line at
around 2:49 pm in a period of few seconds, killing three people and injuring three hundred people.
On April 18, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identified the primary suspects, Tamerlan
Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, and released their pictures and surveillance videos on the media.
The first suspect was reported to be killed in an encounter with the police. The second suspect was
caught the next day at 8:50 pm.
The announcement regarding this disaster was on social network services (SNS) in one minute after
the incident. In the span of five days from April 15 to April 19, there were many tweets exchanged
between people about the incident, their views on the situation, their anxiety, confusion and
response to different announcements from the Boston Police Department and other news media.
There was a huge number of tweets exchanged between users about the incident before the
explosion and after. This includes the tweets which gave real–time information and information
about tracking suspects to the public. At the same time, it also lead to the diffusion of negative
emotions among public.
Paul Ekman, who is an American Psychologist, found six emotions which are universal – Sadness,
Anger, Fear, Happiness, Disgust and Surprise. In this study, we were focusing on the three negative
emotions – Anger, Fear (Anxiety) and Sadness. (Wikipedia 15th April,

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Social Research Methods
Social research methods can be defined as "academic research on topics relating to questions
relevant to the social scientific fields" (Bryman, 2015, p.3). The theoretical perspective relating to
the nature of the social world, also known as their ontological position, and how they may find out
about the social world, known as their epistemological position will influence the methods they use,
and the conclusions drawn from these methods. In this essay, the first section explains the
theoretical perspectives, ethics and methodological discussion surrounding social research methods.
The second section draws on my own experiences of undertaking a qualitative interview, and aims
to critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses and how these would be overcome in the future.
There are three main types of theoretical perspective; Positivists, who use social research as a 'hard
science', and favour quantitative methods. Interpretivists, who try to understand meaning, and use
qualitative methods, and feminists, who focus upon marginalised groups. Methodological
triangulation is the combination of more than one theoretical perspective, to gain full and rich data.
Qualitative interviews, favoured by Interpretivists, are used in social research methods to facilitate a
more evocative communication of people's life experiences, activities, emotions, and identities,
more so than quantitative methods of research. The main task of qualitative interviewing is to
'understand the meaning

Social Contract Research
Pacing steadily up to the cashier, the masked man presses the pistol against the cashiers' head. He
demands for all the cash, and the employee stares blankly forward. Sweat trickles down the worker's
face but she stands there, paralysed. He pushes the muzzle harder into her temple and her trembling
hand reaches forward. In a matter of seconds he starts to yell and all of a sudden the girl is lying on
the floor lifeless. In the matter of two minutes, a life was exchanged for a few hundred dollars and a
candy bar. It is hard to rationalize a scenario such as this, but in reality, it is a rather common
occurrence. Sadly, Humans can be brutal and destructive creatures. Is it instinct or our society to
blame? The great theorists of the enlightenment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rationality is highly subjective and it could be argued that those inclined to have aggressive and
anti–social behaviour are not rational beings. With "aggressive behaviour", violent inclination, and
detached nature, those with the warrior gene may not be able to make rational decisions (Powledge,
2016). With this conclusion, the rationality of those with the warrior gene is questionable and
therefore unfit to accept the conditions of the social contract. The social contract wholly depends on
the compliance of the people. Not to mention, the study found that those imprisoned were highly
linked to the gene while non–criminal controls were not (Thomas, 2016). The fact that those with
the gene are disobeying the law anyways proves that the system at work currently is not stopping
individuals from acting on their aggressive inclinations. Their lack of acceptance of the social
contract makes gene discrimination more appealing for those who do give consent. Chaos manifests
as the incentive to follow the social contract collapses as more people refuse the social contract. If
treatment for those with the gene would mean more compliance to the law, it may be the ethical
decision. However, again, the social contract is dependent on the rationality of beings and with the
question of what is rational or not being up in the air, it is impossible to determine whether
genetically combatant humans should be under the same jurisdiction as everyone

Social Referencing in Infants: A Review of Historical and...
Social referencing, according to Bernstein, Penner, Clarke–Stewart, and Roy (2008), occurs in
ambiguous social situations when cues are taken from other people to determine appropriate actions.
This processes is important in the lives of developing and growing infants, as they are continuously
confronted with new and strange situations in their new worlds. These infants often gain information
about these situations from their primary care giver, historically the mother. This paper will provide
a summary of research relating to social referencing in infants. The foundational work of Saul
Feinman will be reviewed. Current research looking at how depression affects social referencing and
how fathers are looked to for social cues will also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was theorized that this condition exists in depressed mothers. The researchers wanted to determine
if training in social referencing could increase social referencing the infants. Forty–four 8–12 month
old infants with mothers showing significant symptoms of depression participated in the study. All
infant–mother pairs were divided into two groups, a control group and an experimental group. All
pairs were observed interacting spontaneously in the pretest condition. In the posttest condition, the
control group was again observed interacting spontaneously, but the experimental group received
training in behavioral procedures referenced in social situations; in this research, these procedures
included discrimination training reinforcement. The researchers found that training significantly
increased the infants' action of looking toward their mother and the appropriate behaviors in
response, indicating that training improved social referencing in the infants.
This finding is important because it suggests the deficit in social learning experienced in infants
with depressed mothers is reversible. However, the researchers noted several limitations. These
included the highly artificial and experimental conditions, uncertainty of the level of depression in
mothers, previous evidence of the tendency of depressed mothers to be more responsive in a
laboratory setting than in a natural environment, possible emotional factors, and the

Qualitative Research For Social Sciences
Alysha Angrilli: Seminar 1 1 Qualitative Research for Social Sciences Introduction Qualitative
research is the study of how people make sense of things. According to Berg and Lune (2012),
qualitative researchers aim to investigate the qualities of experiences that people have, while
gathering an in–depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons behind it. In other words,
qualitative researchers examine the underlying meanings, patterns, and relationships of social
phenomena in order to describe people's experiences and perceptions. Furthermore, there are ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of inductive reasoning is demonstrated through McNamara, Vaantaja, Dunseith and
Franklin's study (2014) on recess programs in four low socioeconomic status Southern Ontario
schools. In this study, the researchers aimed to explore how recess influences children's interactions
and developmental pathways. They implemented recess programs to suit the needs and interests of
children by providing them with sports equipment as well as many other options for the children to
choose from. Researchers applied recess coordinator positions, which required university students to
volunteer their time to guide students during recess. In addition, they implemented a Junior Recess
leaders program where students from fifth to eighth grade were trained to assist children in conflict
resolution, encourage meaningful play and assist with equipment management. The researchers
explored the students, administrators, teachers and volunteers' personal opinions on the recess
program and their findings suggest that recess program provide a supportive environment for the
students. Furthermore, they were able to connect and engage in positive experiences on the
playground which lead to increased feelings of safety and acceptance (McNamara et al., 2014). The
researchers used inductive reasoning by implementing the recess programs, detecting

Importance Of Research In Health And Social Care
In this assignment, I will be defining and discussing the purpose and importance of research in
health and social care. I will also be including some examples used in health and social care sciences
by comparing different types of research, as well as the main research methodologies.
Research is a way of finding out improved ways to prevent and treat diseases. According to (moule,
P. and hek, G.) research is a systematic approach to gathering information for the purpose of
answering questions and solving problems in the pursuit of creating new knowledge about health
and social care.
"Doctors and healthcare professionals know a great deal about health, disease and treatments, but
there are still some things that are unknown. Research can help find answers to things that are
unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the way that doctors and healthcare professionals
deliver care" (Nihr.ac.uk, 2017) The purpose and importance of research in health and social care is
for establishing patterns and statistics, exploring patterns of disease, feedback from service users,
exploring theories, to extend understanding of theories and reviewing and monitoring changes in
practice. (Assignments Writing – Help For Students, 2017)
The main research in methodologies are quantitive and qualitative. Quantitive research means
observing trends and patterns in data, sampling polls and questionnaires. Qualitative research is
Informal observation, formal observation and structured or

Objectivity Of Social Research Is The Hunt For An...
Objectivity in Social Research is the hunt for an objective i.e. truth. The opinion that the philosophy
of science, comprising economics is under accumulative pressure curtailing from the post–positivist
assessment of science; conversely the revolution in research behaviour as a result of its
marketization calls for an amplification of the content and positioning of this philosophy.
Introduction to Objectivity in Social Research
Objectivity is the most valued worth of a Social research. The spirit of objectivity is to make a
particular research free from researcher's prejudices. The bias can be produced by a multiple reasons
and not all of them are always well–regulated at the researcher's end. This holds true particularly
when the topic of study is Society. For example, we cannot check a philosophy on consequence of
riots on group decision building by producing riots. Logically, we will have to study about riots only
after they have taken place. Subsequently, the cause–effect association is contaminated by
superfluous variables. This makes the outcomes of research being not free from prejudices. Though,
we can attempt of building our study as much independent as much thinkable even though ensuing
the moral and proficient standards valid on the provided subject–matter. It's without a second
thought that natural sciences have greater mark of objectivity as compared to social research. The
dissimilarity between both sciences guarantees that this breach remains intact for the

Research Methods Of Health And Social Care
Throughout research in Health and social care settings, there are many implications with the
research, which takes place. Many research methods include ethical issues which have to be
considered when conducting research. Ethical issues need to be considered when research is being
conducted, in all methods of conducting the research information.
One method of research is using interviews. For example, when using interviews in a care home,
when conducting research, many ethical issues can be raised. Interviews not only take place face–
to–face, but also can happen on the phone, online, through text messaging, using a video messenger
and though social media. Interviews are a very useful way of collecting information because a wide
range of detailed information can be collected at a large quantity. There are two types of interviews:
structured or unstructured.
Structured interviews are where the interviewer has already pre–planned the questions that they will
use in the interview. This is useful because the interview can be repeated, as the questions are
standardised.
Unstructured interviews are not made up of prepared questions. The interviewer will ask more open
questions about board topics and then use follow–up questions to gain more answers in further
detail. This method of interview is time–consuming however it enables the interviewee to answer
questions in more detail and depth. It is possible that audio–recordings can be

Social Work Research Paper
The Concept of Social Work
Nakia L. Bell
University of South Alabama
Abstract
This paper is a brief summary of the concept of social work. I will attempt to answer the following
questions: 1) What is social work? 2) Why is social work a profession? 3) How does one become a
social worker and what does it mean to be a social worker? 4) What are the basic social work values
and why are these important? Lastly, 5) Why are diversity and social and economic justice important
concepts for social work? So what is social work? Social work is basically a field where licensed
professionals find solutions to help the client better his life or situation. Social work is a profession
because many social workers have proved through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, social work is more than helping people with family problems or financial situations.
Social work can also include working with people for their citizen's rights; helping children with
social or psychological problems at school; organizing, developing, planning, and administrating
social actions to improve conditions; etc. Social work is a field where licensed and qualified social
workers help clients find the best solution(s) to their problems. This is done by: 1) consulting with
the client to determine what solution is needed, 2) providing the client with all available resources,
and 3) educating the client on these resources. The goal is for the client to become independent.
Why is Social Work a profession and what does that mean?
In order to determine why social work is a profession, one must first understand what a profession
is. A profession, according to Professional Standards Council, is:
"A disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards. This group positions itself as
possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from
research, education and training at a high level, and is recognised by the public as such."
There are seven criteria that have to be met in order for an activity of line of work to be considered a
profession. Over the years, social workers have proved that social work has met all the criterion of a
profession. The criterion met are: 1)unique

The Pros and Cons of Social Surveys in Sociological...
The Advantages and Limitations of Social Surveys in Sociological Research
To survey something, is to carry out a systematic overview so that a researcher can produce a
comprehensive general report on it. Survey method is often used by positivist sociologists seeking to
test their hypotheses, and to investigate causes and examine variables. As with every other
sociological research, survey has its own advantages and limitations.
Positivist research, which is in the scientific tradition, begins with a hypothesis that can be either
confirmed or rejected according to the data collected. One of the significant advantages of survey
method is that, it can be used to collect data that is a representative ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, since subjective opinions might change from time to time, they are unreliable whereas
objective facts can be repeated. This means that to check survey data a researcher can repeat or
replicate the survey under the same conditions and guidelines and it will give the same result,
therefore it is highly reliable.
Another advantage of surveys is that they act as measurement tools. For example Booth and
Rowntree were revolutionary social scientists who used the survey method to measure the extent of
poverty at the end of the 19th century. In more recent cases, Townsend and Mack and Lansley
measured the extent of poverty in modern Britain using the survey method. The thing about surveys
is that they act as measurement tools in the sense that they (normally) present data in statistical
form. Since numbers are more understandable and at times more believable than words, it is no
wonder that surveys help people to see and understand facts – such as the increase or decrease in
poverty in a country – better than, for example, lengthy wordy conclusions from observations.
In spite of these advantages, there are limitations to this. Although survey "can be used to collect
data that is a representative of a larger population", but in reality the representative samples are very
difficult to obtain. A researcher might not always have access the

Health And Social Care Research
In health and social care research tends to accept the methods of social science research because the
projects often involve investigating people's feelings, observations and attitudes, which do not lend
themselves to investigation by scientific methodology.
Quantitative research Scientific method involves quantitative information. For example measuring
changes in the body and analysing blood or urine samples. Body mass index is used to measure
height and weight to distinguish whether an individual is a healthy weight.
Quantitative research also involves:
–How many times something happens in a given period of time, normally expressed as per minute,
per hour and per day.
–How many individuals there are in a particularly category for example those with the disease and
those without the disease
– Information involving more complex equipment and processes such as analysing a sample of
blood to measure its haemoglobin content to assess whether a patient is anaemic or not
Specific measure instruments are used in quantitative research. Gathered measurements are recorded
on a chart, which can reveal how small changes between individual measurements may equal to a
more noticeable change over a period of time.
Qualitative research This type of research involves getting together information that cannot be easily
quantified and instead can only be recorded using language. This type of data is usually collected
using unstructured interviews, audio recording of conversations or

Social Research On Natural Disasters And The Disaster
Kathleen Tierney's article explains the ways in which social research on natural disasters came to be
and how it is currently at the threshold of much needed evolution. Beginning during the Cold War,
research on natural disasters began to take place. The US government and military leaders were
concerned on how the public would react during times of social crisis, particularly during the event
of a nuclear strike. Government and military officials were concerned about possible panic and the
breakdown of society. They wondered if citizens would rise to the occasion and help in recovery
efforts, or if they would become unstable and destructive in their response to sociological
breakdowns. While much research had already been done during World War II, it was believed that
more research was necessary to establish a clearer idea of how citizens would react in the face of
social upheaval. To provide these answers, officials believed that they could evaluate the aftermath
of natural disasters. Funders of such potential research believed that "...natural and technological
disasters provided useful laboratories for studying social behavior under conditions of large–scale
physical destruction and social disruption" (Tierney, 2007, p. 504).
Stemming from the need of this information came the creation of various research centers such as
the DRC, or the Disaster Research Center. One of the Founders of the DRC was E. L. Quarantelli,
who was highly influenced by "...research traditions in collective behavior and symbolic
interactionism" (Tierney, 2007, p. 504). Two other founders of the DRC, Russell Dynes and J.
Euguene Haas, were "...organizational researchers" (Tierney, 2007, p. 504). The influence of the
founders of the DRC enabled many studies to be conducted on the ways society handled natural
disasters. The DRC was focused on conducting studies that were more qualitive than quantitative,
meaning they were more focused on observational studies that included interviews, field
observations, and the collection of archival materials than on traditional surveys and statistics
(Tierney, 2007, p. 505). These approaches allowed researchers to go into the field and conduct
studies on various types of social crises. Research was

Explain The Role Of Research In Health And Social Care

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