Evolution And Evolution By Natural Selection

Evolution And Evolution By Natural Selection
Introduction
Arguing for evolution by natural selection to be stated as a fact is a wholly misplaced argument. Evolution by natural selection is a theory and theory
is just a five letter word for an idea that cannot yet be proven. Such is the case in the arguments for and against evolution by natural selection. Looking
at the weakness of the theory of Darwinian evolution is the perfect place to start to argue against evolution by natural selection. Two weakness of
Darwinism in relation to creationism are, according Joseph Kuhn, the irreducible complexity of the cell, and the limited data on transitional species
given the multitude of transitions that must have been involved (Kuhn, 5). With those weaknesses found they can be developed and one of the
standpoints that best develops this argument is that of creationism. Creationism says that the universe was created by the specific acts of a divine
being, i.e. God, and not by random or natural gradation. The theory of creationism often gets discounted as the theory of radical religious persons but
creationists are just as willing to continue to work with their theory as new evidence comes to light. Discounting the entire theory of creationism by
stating that the problem is a basis in religious fanaticism paramount to stating that evolution by natural selection is unfounded because many have used
it to further racist ideologies. Theories must be taken with a grain of salt and must constantly be examined and debated in order for a
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Evolution And Evolution Of Evolution
Anthropologists study mankind, a better understanding of humanity as a whole species is the ultimate goal. Humans, however, are always adapting
and changing to the world and environment around, which creates a unique perspective for Anthropologists. Physically and culturally, Anthropologists
work to gather data through various subfields within Anthropology to adapt to the human species. Evolution would be defined as when "something" can
develop from something that is simplistic to something that can adapt to the world around it and is more complex. All human beings in past and
present as well as all living organisms have been part of a process of Evolution. Evolution can be viewed as adaptations, as well as growing to better
advancment, evolution has taken ahold of all species throughout history. It is human nature to want to better oneself, however, the entire species
adapting to overcome obstacles is a nature part of evolution. Biologically, evolution affects every living organism, from the smallest atom to the largest
mammal, every species on the planet benefits from the complexity of evolution. However, Anthropology and its subfields define evolution more than
natural selection. Not to be mistaken with the "survival of the fittest" method that comes with natural selection. Evolution can take a complex or simple
route in the ways to change the cultures and physical world around. Physical Anthropology is also known as Biological Anthropology, however, both

Evolution Of Human Evolution
Introduction
The human species has depended on a material culture for millions of years. Without it, humans would not be able to survive. Many people believe that
because we have so many technological advancements and that humans can build or make anything necessary for their survival. Even with the current
technology and other advancements, research has proven that humans are still evolving. Much of the evolution that is happening today has to do with the
human genome and adapting to current issues in the world. There has been much research done on the human genome and how it is still mutating and
changing. Natural selection has a big part in how the genome changes. Mutations are another point to look at when determining if the human species is
still evolving. A third point to look at isgene flow and how that affects different populations. The purpose of this paper is to review multiple different
articles to establish whether or not the human species is currently evolving. The articles used for this paper confirm that humans continue to evolve.
While humans have the technology and skills to make their environments suit their needs, it can clearly be seen that humans continue to evolve and
adapt.
Review of the Literature
Mutations
Some mutations in an allele increase to a greater frequency in a short period of time due to natural selection. Examples of this include alleles in the
gene for lactase persistence so that adults can break down lactose in dairy products and in

Evolution And Its Impact On Human Evolution
Humans have gone through many stages of adaptation, allowing for great expansion and our unrivaled dominance of the earth. So it could seem as
though humans have reached the peak of evolutionary development. Evolution is often thought of as a natural process, and were it not for humans, this
might be true. However, evolution, in the strictest sense, is a change in the genetic structure of a population (Jurmain, et al., 5). While natural selection
is a major contributor to the process of evolution, humans are no longer as heavily influenced by these forces, as they once were.
In fact, since the dawn of medicine, humans have actively impeded the process of evolution. By ensuring the survival and reproductive success of those
who would otherwise be considered "unfit," in that they would not otherwise survive. Francis Galton, and others, suggested regulation to control
reproduction, and reduce/eliminate "unfit" characteristics. The eugenics movement led to a number of concerns over what the concept of "fitness"
entails, often prioritizing physical characteristics over beneficial traits (Jurmain, et al., 391).
Even today, and with great understanding of human genetics, concerns exist regarding the ability to control reproduction, and by extension, evolution.
Some early works used genetics as a way to describe how humans differentiated. In one study, researchers sought to reconstruct a history of human
evolution. By combining genetic findings with pre–existing archaeological and

Evolution Of Evolution Through Birds
Evolution Through Birds
Research on the origination of organismal life dates back to seventeenth century. In present day, scientists are still discovering new concepts on the
topic of evolution and adaptation on the molecular level of science. Modern research topics have gone deeper into the molecular field to better
understand the evolution that took place within a species. Evolutionary biologists have begun to research the genetic architecture of evolutionary
adaptation and speciation.
Researchers seek to find answers to questions such as how large is the effect of specific genes and what sort of changes result from certain genes.
Birds have been an organism that researchers focus on to understand key components in evolution because of their close relation to many different
species of animals.
Darwin's Finches
Charles Darwin began this revolutionary research by studying a group of finches on the
Galapagos Islands. His interest in the similarity between different species of finches led to the understanding of evolution that scientists use as basis
for modern day research. The beaks of birds were Darwin's main focal point and continue to be the aspect that reveals most about evolution and
adaption. The reason for beaks' importance in the evolution of birds is because of the correlation between beak size and diet and survival, a
relationship that Darwin discovered.
The morphology of these finches' beaks was affected by the environment and what food supply
Albert 2
was

Evolution And Evolution : Intelligent Design Vs. Evolution
There are many theories and beliefs expressed by people from different cultures and professions and the topic tends to leave a lot of room for opinion.
This ongoing controversy about how the world came about and whether it has evolved from intelligent design or Evolution, tends to leave a lot of open
questions that haven't yet been answered. Evolution is the development of life on earth. It is the change in characteristics of a species over many
generations. Intelligent design is the theory that life can't have arisen by chance (big bang) and was designed by some intelligent being or entity (God).
Sir Charles Darwin was one of the most well–known and recognised scientists whom dedicated his whole life to researching and proving the theory of
Evolution. He believed that all organisms originated from a common ancestor and have evolved slowly over time. Darwin also named a process called
Natural Selection to support his theory. Natural Selection can be described as the 'survival of the fittest', meaning that the environment selects those
organisms that thrive from the available resources and suitable conditions to ultimately reproduce exponentially. The offspring born with favourable
variations or differences could help them to obtain resources, find food, avoid predators, resist disease and reproduce. The offspring born with
disadvantages may lead to death as they are not strong enough or do not have the traits they need to be able to survive. Darwin was convinced that

Evolution And Evolution: Creationism And The Theory Of...
As mankind continues to grow throughout the world, there has always seemed to be one perpetual question. How did mankind come to be? The two
main theories that arose to answer this question were the theory of evolution and the theory of creationism. The theory of evolution claims that humans
have evolved over thousands of years from apes and is the process of organisms changing over time to adapt themselves better to their environment.
The theory of creationism comes from a religious viewpoint and is the idea that a God or higher being created the entire universe and all things within it.
In other words, evolution has a more scientific stance in the creation of the universe while creationism has a more religious stance in the creation of the
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One is not right over the other, but better yet they work together to explain the creation of our world. Possibly there is evolution in our creation.
Continue going back each species in a line of evolution and eventually you must get to a stopping point or "starting point". How did life, as we know
it, begin? There had to have been a greater being such as God who has the power to create something out of nothing. God is such a being that we
cannot begin to understand his abilities because we have not been exposed to anything as great as his powers. Creationism and evolution work together
to grow our world into what it is today. God began the life through creationism, and evolution has continued to let living beings grow into their forms
today.
There is no one source of beginning in our world. Two contrasting theories of evolution and creationism cannot prove or disprove one another. They
provide a better explanation for the beginning of our world when they are put together to provide greater evidence of how our universe came to be.
Evolution and creationism should no longer be controversial subjects where there is one side over the other, but instead they should be looked at as
subjects that together provide solid evidence, reasoning, and theories that jointly help to prove the question of

What is Evolution?
Evolution is the modification of characteristics of living organisms over generations (StrangeScience.net, 2015); it is the gradual process of
development by which the present diversity of living organisms arose from the earliest forms of life, which is believed to have been ongoing for at
least the past 3000 million years (Hine, 2004). Common ancestry are groups of living organisms that share the most recent common ancestor, by which
scientific evidence proves that all life on Earth are descendants from the previous universal ancestor (DarwinWasRight.org, 2015). Additionally,
opposing theories against Evolution, primarily the Christianity religion, explain that God is the 'creator' and is the source of all existence.
Jean–Baptiste Lamarck (1755–1829) is one of the best–known early evolutionists, holding a belief that evolution was a continuous development and
strived toward greater complexity and perfection. Through which, his theory of evolution was that living organisms evolved in a unceasingly up ward
direction, from dead matter, through simple to more complex forms and towards human "perfection" (Nesci.edu, 2015). From his theories of
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics; where organisms adapt to their environments and those changes were passed onto their off springs (Corbis,
2001), to his theories of Use and Disuse, where organisms that are not used progressively disappear (Evolution.berkeley.edu, 2015). Lamarck was the
first biologist to publish

The Study Of Evolution And Evolution
THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION
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The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to
an area of biological study mixed with the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour of centuries
ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only those who have influenced the theories of evolution, but also a
few pieces of evidence of evolution that help support the theory itself.
The history of evolution
The theory of evolutionary biology that was formalized by Charles Darwin is just like any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, they introduced a scientific theory that branched patterns of evolution, resulting in a process called natural
selection.
He developed his ideas by observing many animals on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that certain species in one geographical area was different
from the same species in another field. At Galapagos Island, Charles discovered evidence of animal fossils that could help him prove the theory of
natural selection. Many animals that Charles examined were; the land iguana, the marine iguana, saddle back Tortoise, the Flightless Cormorant and
the cormorant.
Scenic locations on Galapagos Island
In addition, here are a few scenic locations located on the Galapagos Islands. One scenic area of Galapagos Island is Bartolome and Pinnacle Rock.
One of the smaller islands in the GalГЎpagos Archipelago is BartolomГ© Island, which has its unique feature known as the Pinnacle Rock. This rock
has the most famous views of the islands. BartolomГ© lies south of the equator and east of the larger island known as San Salvador Island. Being
one of the most visited islands, BartolomГ© is covered with volcanic ashes and hardened lava mountain flows. As visitors arrive at the steps outlined
by the volcanic shoreline, they make their way up hundreds of steps made by Galapagos' native wood mounted by lava, reaching

Evolution And Evolution : Evolution Vs. Evolution
Evolution Vs Creation
Creation and evolution, may be very different theories, but do they have to conflicted each other so much as seen in society? Could they in fact
complement each other? The ideas of both evolution and creation, separates science from believe. It is seen as the dividing line, for two sides,
science and biblical believers, trying to explain how we how we have come to what we are today. Creationism describes that there is a God, who
created the world and the universe. From the bible, they have come to an conclusion that the world was created 6,000 to 10,000 years ago, and was
made within 7 days. God created the world and made the animals and created humans, in his image (Genesis). Evolution on the other hand, is
conflicted on what creationism says. They believe that living organisms developed from simple one celled organisms into what they are today, through
natural selection. The world was made 4.5 billion years ago, letting there be change in kinds (fish to a monkey, etc.), not just as adaptation, but
changing with time, becoming smarter into what humans are today. Creationism is more centred to the God based information and His word, the
Bible, and evolution is more science based, more time based. This brings conflict towards different groups and societies, all around the world.
Natural selection and adaptation are two concepts that people very easily get confused with. Adaptation is changing with the environment, helping an
animal to survive in their new habitat. What the difference is between natural selection and adaptation is, is that in evolution, the organisms have
evolved so much that they become a new species, so they can no longer breed with in the same species that they originally were. There is evidence of
adaptation all over the world, in different habitats, but there are no clues or seen fact that there is evolution. This is because, seeing evolution in place,
takes time, it is not testable in a science environment.
As already said, creation and evolution clash, their ideas are more than a little different from each other. The people in between both ideas, are forced
to side on either evolution or creation. But their ideas might be the connection that the both sides need.

Earth as the incredibly diverse and rather comfortable planet for copious amounts of distinct lifeforms as we know it did not directly materialize as
so. Rather, nearly 4.6 billion years ago Earth's core was formed via interstellar collisions, and coinciding with the physical development of our plant
over billions of years was the establishment and evolution of life as we understand today.
In the sciences, evolution is a widely–accepted theory that posits the development, alteration, and otherwise change of a population of species. The
evolution of a group of organisms is often mistakenly assumed to always be positive (i.e. the misconception that evolution is always a progression
towards a "better" organisms). Given that evolution is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accordingly, this discussion contends that genetic diversity, fitness, and adaptation are all collectively crucial components to measuring evolutionary
success, and these qualities are further exemplified by the class of spirochetes (of bacteria).
Fitness, as defined by modern biologists, is the ability of an organism to pass on its genes to successive generations of offspring. When viewed at the
individual level, the ability to reproduce may not entirely be necessary for a single organism. However, when observed collectively at the population
level, the ability to reproduce and pass on genetic information is essential for the maintenance, proliferation, and eventual evolutionary success of the
group in question. Without reproduction, a group of organisms will quickly become extinct; it is the collective success of fit individuals who are able
to produce offspring that contributes to the overall success of a species or population.
Further, building on the necessity of reproductive fitness for evolutionary success is genetic diversity, which is the amount of variety and differences
in the genomic sequence of individuals within a species. While individuals within a species share very similar genetics, variation in genomes caused by
mutations account for genetic diversity. Mutations have been celebrated as one of many factors that contribute to these genetic variations. Mutations
that occur within the genome of an individual may or may not exhibit phenotypic

Evolution And Its Effect On Human Evolution
Whenever people watch the movie X–Men, they come out imagining themselves mutated into laser–shooting Cyclops, or wild killing–machine
Wolverine. However, that kind of mutation isn 't the type of mutation that occurs in this realistic society. A mutation that people have are detrimental
and rarely beneficial. The quote by Professor Xavier, "Mutation. It is the key to our evolution" is very much correct. Beneficial mutation can be a next
step of human evolution as people get more adapted to their environment, greatly increasing their chance of successfully reproducing. Evolution is the
process of the characteristics of an organism changing over a long period of time. There are two types of evolution: micro, where gene frequencies are
shifted within the population, and macro, where a whole new species arises. Evolution occur through natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic
drift. Natural selection is the process in which organisms survive and reproduce by adapting to the environment. Through this process, each generation
become better adapted to the environment, which enables the organism to reproduce more offspring than others. Natural selection occurs through
mutation. Mutation is a change of sequence of bases in DNA and RNA. However, mutation isn 't as simple as A, B, and C. It happens through a
complex process of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction started since the primeval time as our defense to protect ourselves from infertility. As
external

Evolution Vs Unilineal Evolution
The question of evolution, being unilinear is a much debated question. Many modern day anthropologist still study and debate, if evolution of mankind
has been unilinear or of another route. An online article mentioned that Edward B. Tylor and Henry L. Morgan were the two founders on progressive
cultural evolution, meaning cultures were thought to progress from simple to complex states ("Genealogy of Religion"). From this idea stemmed the
idea of unilineal evolution, the thought that most societies were to take the same series of steps to arrive at a common or predetermined end point.
Tylor, and Morgan believed humans evolved biologically and culturally in three stages: hunting or savagery, herding or barbarism, and civilization, this
evolutionary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First is the one discussed in the first paragraph. Second would be the opposite of unilineal evolution, where cultural relativists see cultural
development as essentially divergent, and they focus on feature that distinguish societies from one another (Steward 4). There is also Multilinear
Evolution, which differ from unilinear and the divergent theory. Multilinear is when evolution can take several paths, in some may seem "primitive",
but would be considered to be in a high level of evolution within its own culture. As for the question: if evolution takes an organism through a
predictable series of steps. The book "Evolution: An Evolving Theory" explains that evolution "never" follows a strictly linear path and its rates
change constantly as a result of fluctuations in the environment (160). There is even a case in time where the leg of horses showed trend for
simplification; Not to mention the fact that mutation is also a fact, and can either hinder or help with survival. With this being said it would be
extremely hard to be able to predict an organisms path of evolution, and next to impossible to determine the end point of said

Evolution Of Evolution And Evolution
Title: Evolution
Author: Annette Gonzalez
December 9, 2014
Abstract:
This paper will cover the topic of evolution of organisms. Evolution is the process of constant change from a lower, more simple to better, complex
state (Merriam–Webster, 2014). In this essay, there are different philosophies that support the idea ofevolution. For instance, there is anatomical,
homology, natural selection evidence. This ideas will be explained in more detail in the body of the paper. Besides this, the report will explicate how
evolution of organisms does not occur in the course of time, rather organisms give rise to other animals. In addition, the paper will clarify what causes
mutations in genes. Moreover, it will elucidate what sexual recombination means and how it is relevant in relation to evolution. Lastly, there will be an
explanation to why evolution of organisms will come to a dead end at some point.
Introduction:
There are three main categories in relation to evolution that will be presented. The first section clarifies Charles Darwin's contribution to the concept of
evolution. Specifically, the different theories of evolution Darwin supported with evidence are explained. The second part of the paper clarifies how
genes and DNA are responsible for the evolution of organisms. In the third section, evolutionary trends in organisms are revealed.
Charles Darwin:
According to Stanley, Charles Darwin was a main contributor to the idea of evolution. He

Similarities Between Evolution And Evolution
About the 6th Century, people in Ancient Greece began thinking about their origins. Ever since that time, we have been struggling to find a
universal reason as to how the world came into being. Originally the Christian view of a Creator God was accepted, but when the world became
more secular, evolution began to arise. Only one can be right, so which one is it? This paper is going to use science to answer this long wondered
question. By looking at evolution through the scope of common ancestry, problems with genetic similarities to apes, evolution occurring today, and the
fossil record, ***fix according to Mrs. Johnson***point out the flaws in evolution while the universal code of DNA and the complexity of organisms
points to a creator. **Cite WH book
Common Ancestry, also known a common descent, is the idea that everything evolved from one single ancestor (Levine and Miller pg#). This theory
relies on the fossil record being in a certain order, evolution occurring today, and having genetic similarities to animals. Fossils do not lie, which is why
many scientists search nature's records for the answers to questions about our ancestry including finding a link between humans and apes along with
searching for evidence to support the evolutionary timescale. Cite
In order to prove evolution from a common ancestry standpoint, you need to have proof of apes gradually turning into humans. Some of the phases
were said to be found, but science was still missing the critical stages.

Evolution Without Death: There's No Evolution Without...
Without death, there's no evolution; at least as far as we know it. One could hypothesize some organism that might live forever that would butt off
mutations, but evolution as it works now operates by organisms dying and the next generations carry on. And those generations, for the most part, have
variance in them and then those variants are selected. So you can get a sort of design happening out of evolution over time, or you can get adaptations
occurring that did not exist.
This question is similar to asking why there is sunrise and sunset. The sun sets because for the purpose of rising. If it wasn't for the sun we wouldn't be
able to distinguish between light and shadow. So same way, there is no evolution withoutdeath. For the process of evolution, something or some
species must die and perish so that the new one comes. Like the old saying; "The old should make way for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Human beings too will succumb to extinction. All life on Earth will be wiped out when our dying sun expands into a red giant, finally engulfing the
Earth. Ultimately the universe will be incapable of supporting any life as it expands forever, leaving only residual heat and evaporating black holes,
or contracts back on itself, fusing all matter and energy into a final Big Crunch. Either way, all life in the universe will disappear forever. Such
considerations once led Bertrand Russell to conclude that any philosophy worth taking seriously would have to be built upon a "firm foundation of
unyielding despair".
Does the finality of death make life meaningless? Although many people feel that it does, Death appears to render life meaningless for many people
because they feel that there is no point in developing character or increasing knowledge if our progress is ultimately going to be thwarted by death.
Everyone dies, but almost no one really lives.
Life after

EVOLUTION Evolution is a scientific theory that was first introduced in the mid 1800's and it refers to the biological changes that take place within
a population of a specific species over the course of many generations. This theory was one of the most scientifically groundbreaking discoveries of our
time, and since its discovery, scientists have been working hard to find more and more evidence on the subject. Although there is much controversy on
the subject of evolution, it is hard to ignore the facts and observations that strongly support it. In the first chapter of Science, Evolution and Creationism
by the National Academy of Scientists, it explores different scientific discoveries and observations which even further confirm the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This specific island contained sedimentary rock that had apparently been there for approximately 375 million years. Why is this number important?
Because it was predicted that around 375 million years ago shallow water fishes were slowly evolving into land creatures with four legs. The team of
scientists believed that it was possible they found evidence of this hypothesis and they were not at all disappointed. What they found was the fossil of
a Tiktaalik. A tiktaalik is a fish that had several characteristics of tetrapods, or a four–legged creature. The fossil showed that the fish had four fins on
the front and back which contained bones that would allow the creature to prop itself up. This fossil is an example of what scientists call a
transitional fossil. A transition fossil is a fossil which gives us evidence of a transition from one species to another. It is a fossil that is in between
point A and point B. The tiktaalik is a superb example of this because it has characteristics of both a fish and a four–legged land creature, suggesting
that over time the tiktaalik probably actually became a species of the land after several generations of them growing leg–like appendages. The tiktaalik
would likely achieve evolving into a land creature through sexual reproduction. Reproduction plays a key role in biological evolution. When two
creatures of the same species reproduce, the offspring receives DNA that belonged to both

Evolution And Theory Of Evolution
Introduction
Humans have questioned their origins since the beginning of time and in the process, come up with a variety of theories to answer the age old
question, "Where do we come from?" The theory of evolution is just one of the many theories written over the centuries that attempts to answer this
question; however, it holds the distinction of being the only theory accepted as scientifically true in today's world. This paper will discuss the theory of
evolution in detail; topics addressed include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as
highlighting the theory's strengths and weaknesses and examining how effective the theory is in today's world.
I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution explains how all of the living species on Earth came to exist as they do today. Credited to Charles
Darwin, the theory of evolution states that all the living species of today – humans included – evolved over time; we can see evidence of their
evolution in the fossils of now–extinct species. In his book Origin of Species, published in 1859, Darwin wrote that species evolve over time through a
mechanism known as "natural selection." Basically, each species is born with a multitude of traits, some more favorable to survival than others. Because
some traits encourage survival more so than others, the animals equipped with those traits tend to breed more than the animals that lack those traits.
Over time, more and more

The Theory Of Evolution And Evolution
Since Charles Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection in this best–known work, On the Origin of Species, controversy has
followed. As a (computer) scientist, this student has no personal problem with the theory of evolution. However, since the debate of whether or not
evolution actually exists is still alive and well today, a brief exploration of the arguments against is not only interesting, but also increasingly
necessary. Why is there such disparity over this topic over one hundred and fifty years later? In order to understand the contrary side of this debate, the
question must be asked: "why would evolution not be possible?". This student will walk through possible reasons someone might not accept evolution
as a scientific theory, as well as some of the more well–known arguments , and provide responses to those arguments from the side of evolutionary
science . The first thing one must understand is that there are many different factions of people that do not "believe" in evolution. This is not to
disparage those of lower education or less privilege, but meant to illustrate the ease in which misgivings about evolution pervade the social circles of
certain groups of people. These people range in religious background, gender, and nationality. One of the only things most people have in common if
they do not accept evolution as a scientific theory is education. In fact, in a 2014 Gallup poll, this was addressed as follows: "Those who adopt the

Most things in science all eventually lead back to one thing, evolution. Evolution has been an interesting topic since mankind could wrap its mind
around the concept. Whether one believes in it or not, it is hard to deny the cold hard facts that back up how every being has changed from its
original form of life. From plants to humans, everything has adapted and evolved to be able to adjust to climate changes, habitats disappearing, and
new predators. All it takes is for one mutated gene to get a foothold and aid in the survival of a species for the evolu–tion to begin. Although many will
try and disagree, evolution has played a large role in every living beings survival. Even with evolution being such a key part of science, it did not quite
start out that way. "Pre–Darwinian science, heavily influenced by theology, held that all organisms were created simultaneously by God and that each
distinct life–form remained fixed and unchanging from the moment of its creation" (Audesirk). This idea lasted for many years, 427–347 B.C., as great
philosophers preached of this grand idea without anyone challenging their words (Audesirk). It gave a simple and easy answer to the tough question of
how everything came to be, which was enough for most people. It wasn 't until 1707–1788 when George Louis LeClerc suggested that maybe the
original sets of life had changed over time (Audesirk). This claim was bold and un–heard of before, and many viewed it as blasphemy. "However, by
the 19th

The Evolution Of Creationism And Evolution
Creationism and Evolution is a heavily discussed topic all over the world, sparking controversy on every turn. Whether humanity evolved from
monkeys over time or was created instantly by an almighty God; that has been the debate between creationist and scientist since Charles Darwin came
forth with the evolution theory in the late eighteen–fifties. It's hard to contest against the facts of science. Science tells us that the Earth was created
relatively 4.5 billion years ago and life evolved from single–celled organisms. But can science really be counted on? For thousands of years science
said that the universe always existed, that it never had a beginning, but now we all know how wrong they were. Religion had it right for thousands
of years. Religion said it first, in the Christian religion in the Book of Genesis the first passage says, "In the beginning God created the heavens and
the earth. At first the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
And God said, "'Let there be light,' and there was light" (The Holy Bible), a flash of light that created everything, doesn 't that sound a lot like the Big
Bang Theory. To mecreationism sounds far better than evolving from a bunch of apes, but I'll let you make your own choice. In science, we tend to
support the theories that can be provided physical proof of existence. We like to test theories about the world against the world around us. In school

For centuries humans have been left wondering how they were made and where they came from. Many found hope in the name of god. They had no
choice to believe that they were created by god, different cultures having their own beliefs and ideas. However, in the modern era there is a different
ideology, people have started to think logically and science has come a long way. It is now believed that evolution has resulted in the changes on planet
Earth and human kind was not just simply created by a 'God'.
What is evolution? What was Charles Darwin's contribution to ideas about evolution?
Biological evolution is the descent of organisms with modifications. Simply, the central idea of evolution is that all life forms which exist as of now or
had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gradualism o New species are not created suddenly, but gradually
5.Natural Selection o Change happens mainly through variation between individuals, therefore some modifications give the specific specie extra
survival probability
Darwin considered all these theories as part of one grand idea at the time, as he thought that they all occur together at the same time. How was it
possible to prove all these theories? Well there have been a lot of evidence left over for scientists to observe.
What are fossils?
One of the most helpful forms of evidence are fossils. Fossils are the remains of past life which have been preserved in rocks, soil or amber over a long
period of time. They are the remains of hard parts of organisms, mainly bones and shells. There are four types of fossils:
FIgure 1: A tablet displaying Trace Fossils
1.Trace Fossils
These fossils are the preserved evidence of an animals activity or certain behavior, rather than any actual remains of the organism.
2.Fossils with organic material preserved
As animals are deceased and degraded over time, some remains can undergo a variety of changes during fossilization; therefore some organic matter
can be preserved in the fossil.
3.Mineralized fossils

Such fossils are formed when organic matter in remains is gradually replaced with different types of minerals, eventually converting them into remains
such as 'rocks'.
4.Impression

Evolution Of Horse Evolution Essay
Evolution is the change of species over many generation. This topic allows people to learn where other animals come from. One animal that I am
interested in is a horse because I show horses, and have a passion for them. In this paper I will present researched information about the evolution of the
horse. The horse, a mammal of the family Equidae(extant horses, donkeys, and zebras). It came around 50 million years ago, transforming to a small
dog–sized. After a period of time it changed into regular horse size. The horse belongs to Perissodactyla (odd–toed.)They are all members who share
hooved feet with an odd number of toes, also their upper lips and similar tooth structure. Horses have a common ancestry with rhinoceroses. Modern
horses are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Domesticated about 3,000 years ago, the horse had a huge impact on human history. Therefore they were found in areas like, migration, farming, sport,
communication, and travel. The species of Equus lived from 5 million years ago until present. Living species include horses,donkeys, and zebras.
These fossils are found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. The pictures on the right show the Equus and Orohippus. Those are just a
few examples of horse evolution, now i'm going to tell you about it's inherited structures and some other body structures. First i'm going to tell you
about what you need to know about its inheritance. Horse breeds change and can develop differently over time. Horse breeders found that
characteristics and traits can be passed on from parents and their offspring. Horse breeders selected those who had desirable characteristics and
traits to breed each other. Horses within a breed can be closely related to each other, or interbred, which can have positive and negative affect. Most
horse breeds are established by few horses. Therefore, a breed's strengths are passed on to its offspring. Many horse breeds are established by a few

Evolution Of Natural Selection Evolution
Natural Selection–Evolution
Natural selection is the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce
the next generation. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) formulated this theory that has stood the test of time. Natural selection is important to anthropology
for understanding how species change. Anthropologists emphasize the complexity of evolution and how natural selection is much more than "survival of
the fittest."
Charles Darwin began the observing diversity of living creatures as well as fossils and extinct animals. Darwin noted that species varied according to
the environments they inhabited. Darwin's most famous book, On the Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and talked about a theory of
evolution accounting for change within species and for the emergence of new species in purely naturalistic terms. Darwin noted in his autobiography
that "It at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The
results of this would be for the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work".
Natural selection theory and observations noted that all species display a range of variation, and all have the ability to expand beyond their means of
subsistence. Organisms with variations that help them survive in a particular environment will reproduce with greater success than those without such

There are many different factors that can lead to the evolution of organisms over time. Evolution is one of the many ways that researchers have found
to help in the understanding of selection. Convergent evolution, which involves different lineages evolving similar traits independently, is just one of
the many ways. This type of evolution is seen in echolocation in mammals. Echolocation is a phenotypic trait that is known to have evolved
independently in two groups of bats (Yangochiroptera and Rhinolophoidea) and in toothed whales such as dolphins. This process involves many
different factors, with the most important being production/amplification, nerve transmission/reception, and signal recoding/processing of ultrasonic
pulses. The species described above both use echolocation for things such as obstacle avoidance, orientation, and hunting/feeding. Hearing in mammals
involves over 50 candidate genes. The hearing process has evolved into a variety of systems over time. In bats, laryngeal echolocation is shared by all
members of the suborder Yangochiroptera, but only some members of the other suborder, the Yinpterochiroptera. In Yinpterochiroptera, the Old World
fruit bats cannot echolocate, demonstrating that echolocation has either evolved separately in the Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera, or that it
was lost in the Old World fruit bats.
Researcher Davies and colleagues (2012) investigated whether adaptive convergence in Prestin is unique, or if similar

Evolution
What is evolution? How did life even come about? People really ask this questions not knowing how this thing called life came about. With this being
said this is where we come back to the question of what is evolution. Evolution the process in which life undergo changes over time. Also where
organisms are transformed or adjust into something different in order to cope with different surrounding changes. Just like anything else there is more to
evolution than just a change over time there is always something else more to it. Evolution shows how everything on earth shares a common ancestor.
If Darwin and Lamarck came up with this whole evolution theory, one had to be more accurate if they both had sort of the same theories of what was
happening. There have been many theories of evolution and how it is brought about and what it is exactly. Charles Darwin a scientist who came up with
his theory of evolution and how it works. Darwin felt as though evolution to him was that it occurred through natural selection. Natural selection is the
process of only traits that will survive are passed to the next generation. Species selection operates on variation provided by the largely random
process of speciation and favors species that speciate at high rates or survive for long periods and therefore tend to leave many daughter species
(Stanley, 1975 ). So Darwin believed that the next generations of animals or different species were created by taking only the traits of species

evolution
The majority of people in this world believe that a spiritual being created earth. In fact, "most religions and cultures believe the universe was
created by a 'creative hand,' either a sky god or some other physical object" (Encarta 1). Think of it, as a trial to see which will win, creation or
evolution. It has been the most argued debate in all of history, but creationism is more logical than evolution.
To first understand what creation is about, we have to know what creation is. The Bible defines creation as the action by God that brought the universe
and all its contents into being. The Bible also states, "God created great whales and every living creature that moveth, and so God created man in
his own image, in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michael Behe, author of the recent bestseller Darwin's Black Box, states, "I was amazed that people believe in evolution when there was this
clear argument against it" (Behe 3). At first Darwinism was taught at schools, but there were so many flaws that these ideas were turned down,
and a different form of evolution was taught. The new form was then taught along with a type of scientific creation (Encarta 2). This shows that
schools feel that Darwin was wrong, and Darwin is evolution's top scholar.
In order to disprove a way of thinking we must first know what we are trying to disprove. The definition of evolution is the complex process by which
living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function (Encarta 2). Thomas
Robert Malthus first stated that the human population was growing too fast for the food supply. This, he said, "Is regulated by disease, famine,
and war" (Infopedia 1). Darwin applied this to animals and plants and came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection. His theory stated
that the children of a species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend to be embodying favorable
natural variations and these variations are passed on by heredity. Therefore, each generation will

Evolution Of Evolution And Genetics
Biologists have been studying evolution and genetics to further advance human knowledge, discover the human origins, and to eliminate human
illnesses. Biologists like Lamark and Darwin have contributed much knowledge to the biology community and have helped many grasp the idea of
evolution. But there are still many questions left unanswered; regressive evolution is one of these puzzling questions left unanswered. Cavefishes may
help solve the mystery of why regressive evolution occurs and biologists have developed to hypothesis to explain this mystery. Additionally, solving
this mystery may further the health of the human race to solve eye related diseases.
Lamark's theory of use and disuse proposes that an organism's structure will steadily evolve and adapt to its environment, but only if it is being used
frequently. Using giraffes, Lamark explains that the constant stretching of their necks to reach for higher leafs on trees caused giraffes to develop
their long necks. Similarly, according to Lamark if a structure is no longer being used, it will slowly vanish over time. But people are quick to
dismiss the use and disuse theory because he mentions that any characteristics that a parent acquires throughout their lifetime will be passed on to
their offspring. This is known to not be true because a parent who loses a limb would not mean that their offspring would also be missing that same
limb. Additionally, the discovery of DNA disproves Lamark's theory because it shows DNA

The Process Of Evolution And Evolution
Sachs 1
Ella Sachs
Mrs.Jarvis
AP Biology
April 6th, 2015
The Process of Evolution
Evolution is "the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the
history of the earth," "Google." Google. Google, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015.Evolution is the reason there is change in the genetic makeup of a population,
the reason organisms are linked by common ancestors, and evolution is still happening today because of the constant change in environment. This
paper focuses on these subjects within evolution and will explore all areas of the process of evolution that creates diversity and unity in life.
One key component of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is a theory, first presented by Charles Darwin, that is well known across the
globe. It is the reason why there is change of genetic makeup in evolution. Natural selection is caused by the variation between generations, as well as
the survival of different individuals with different combinations of traits. The theory poses that organisms with characteristics that increase their
probability of survival will be given the chance to produce more offspring. This means that the organism is more "fit". These offsprings are then given
the benefiting characteristic. With time more variation throughout the species will develop. For an example of why evolution is dependent on natural
selection Berkeley College talks about a population of beetles.

The Debate Of Evolution And Evolution
Evolution has been a topic of conversation for generations. The purpose of this research is to show the sides of creationism but mainly evolutionism.
The research we have today proves my side of this very controversial topic. This paper goes in depth through pieces of studies that have been done in
hopes of enhancing the effect of evolution. This research will provide valuable information regarding why I believe the science of evolution and
proving my belief in science.
One of the biggest controversies among humans is where we come from. People often ask how we got here or how we became what we are today. It is
important to understand both sides of the argument, creationism or evolution.
The idea of evolution is beyond human evolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Darwin's study of the Galapagos he states that, "Natural selection will produce nothing in one species for the exclusive good or injury of another;
though it may well produce parts, organs, and excretions highly useful or even indispensable, or highly injurious to another species, but in all cases at
the same time useful to the owner."(Darwin,171) Humans even go through natural selection. Humans choose mates that they believe will give them the
best offspring.
While Darwin was in the Galapagos he wrote the book "Origin of Species." This book was the basis for most of modern day biology. Darwin wasn't
the first to come up with the theory that animals change into a new species. The first theory was designed by Jean–Baptiste Lamarck. He wrote the
book Philosophie zoologique that said that animals slowly move towards perfection. His theory was not entirely correct, which is why he is not as
well–known as Darwin. He was the first person to articulate a thorough explanation about the first ideas of evolution.
Mendel's theory of inheritance brought great confusion to those in the early 1900's. Scientists had a hard time connecting Mendelian inheritance to
natural selection. It was cleared up in about the 1930's when a group of independent population geneticists proved that they were compatible with each
other. This was proven in their many works of theoretical works. Before it had been

The Neanderthal: The Evolution Of Human Evolution
In the past, we have evolved differently than how we are evolving today. 1.7 million years ago, our direct ancestor the Homo Erectus/Sapiens was the
closest relative to humans. These primates stood upright instead of slanted and on two feet. They were also similar in size compared to humans. Our
closest living relative today, the ape, shows how much humans have evolved since then. It is believed that humans are at their "dodo moment of truth"
but unlike the dodo, humans are far from extinction and don't have to worry about total annihilation of the human race. Our life was theorized to begin
in Africa and we then traveled to different parts of the world. As time passed, our race evolved to adapt to their environment to survive. Our cousin race,
the Neanderthal, wasn't very intelligent compared to the Homo Sapiens/Erectus. Our direct ancestor, while smaller in size and brain capacity, and
weaker in strength, was more evolved and intelligent than our cousins. This is why the Neanderthal became extinct and Homo Sapiens evolved further
into humans. (Dresner)
Studies have proven that humans are still evolving in many different ways. Selection pressure is what drives our bodies to evolve. Currently though,
our bodies rely more on medicine than the natural drive that forces our body to evolve. An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is the HIV disease. In South Africa almost half the women are infected with the virus. Dr Philip Goulder and colleagues from the
University of Oxford found that women with a certain combination of traits, were immune to the virus, because the HIV allowed those traits to evolve.
Mothers immune to the HIV pathogens are likely to pass this onto their children and that would allow the immunity to be passed onto the population.
The HIV immunity is very rarely found in other populations besides Europe, this includes Africa as one of the rare populations. ("Are Humans Still
Evolving?"

When some peopled are asked about the definition of evolution, they might say some jumble thoughts about Darwin's theories and monkeys evolving
into humans. That may be all they can say about it, but they know there's more to evolution than that. This is probably all they can say with any
authority about what they know. In secondary school, teachers will often awkwardly past over the subject without going into much depth; this maybe
because of past controversies about the teaching of evolution in secondary school. But as college students, we now have the chance to learn from the
stance of new Anthropologists a more clear definition and idea about the process of evolution. In this essay, we will be describing evolution through the
four forces that drive the process. This will include the concepts of Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift. We will also discuss
the other concepts of evolution that relate to these forces to create a better understanding. The process of evolution comes in two forms
Microevolution and Macroevolution. Just as the term suggests, both takes place on a different scale in the process. Microevolution defined as
"changes in allele frequencies in populations." (Haviland, et al. 42) Populations are smaller groups of the same species that interbreed, and alleles are
the genes that create a trait within populations. This means that this evolution takes place on a genetic level in small groups, while Macroevolution
deals with formation of

Evolution is defined as a genetic change in population or species over generations. Evolution by natural selection is a very important concept in
biology since it lays the foundation of evolutionary thought of how organisms have developed gradually over a long period of time. The ideas of
evolution were not accepted until Charles Darwin published his book "On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859. Before the
evolutionary thought, people believed that all organisms were created at the same time and that each life–form was fixed and therefore did not change.
Many scientists had contributed to the evolutionary thought. It first started with Aristotle (a student of Plato) who organized all organisms into a
ladder based on their complexity. It was called the "Ladder of Nature." Humans, being the most complex, were at the top; then there were mammals;
then birds; then each organism after that was simpler than the one above it. After many scientists had traveled to new lands, many new species were
found that closely resembled one another. This led many scientists to believe that species that were similar to one another could have derived from a
common ancestor. Comte de Buffon was the first to propose the idea that species evolve gradually over a long period of time. Due to the fact that he
had no evidence and that many people thought the Earth was only 6,000 years old, his idea was not accepted since it was believed that the Earth did
not allow enough time

The Evolution of Evolution
The views of society towards the creation of humanity have rapidly changed since the discovery of evolution. Nevertheless, there was a time before
the world did not know the theory of evolution and the theories demonstrated by Sir Charles Darwin. Before the evolution, there were people who
were subjected to religious ideologies of how mankind was created, they believed that the upper class was known to be "divine creatures". However,
the introduction of evolution leads the theory to be the base of biology and changes the minds of people all over the world.
Firstly, before the theory of evolution, there was the idea of humans being created by God. For example, in Greek mythology it was believed that man
was created by Prometheus (The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people though rejected these views, and Darwin was one of them. When Darwin reached South America on the Beagle Voyage, Darwin's
views on the nature of slavery and the unity of different human populations as one species were created. On his return to England, Darwin lived in
London for a while and often visited London Zoo to discuss the specimens he collected with experts. In March 1838 Darwin saw his first ape, an
Orangutan called Jenny. Jenny had a big impact on Darwin, who wrote in one of his notebooks: 'Let man visit Orangutan in domestication, hear its
expressive whine, see its intelligence when spoken to; as if it understands every word said – see its affection. – to those it knew. – see its passion &
rage, sulkiness, & very actions of despair; ... and then let him boast of his proud pre–eminence ... Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work,
worthy the interposition of a deity. More humble and I believe true to consider him created from animals.'(Darwin and the descent of man., para.2).
Darwin did not publish his book "On the Origin of Species" right when he had proof of human evolving from other species because Darwin was
writing in a time of great social and political upheaval. The parliament was being reformed, and the treatment of the poor and the growing division
between the classes were causing a lot of anxiety (Darwin and the descent of man., para.3). However, Darwin decided to publish his book in 1871 as
by this time several other

Evolution is the concept published by Charles Darwin that organisms change over time. Evolution transpires by natural selection, which is the process
where an organism with beneficial traits, or fitness, produces more offspring than organisms with non–beneficial traits. Over time, this creates
organisms that are more adapted to survive for whatever place they are living in, because nature passes on the variations of organisms that are most
useful, and with the greatest chance of surviving. In order for evolution to occur, the traits must be heritable, there must be a difference in fitness within
the population, there must be limited resources, which leads to competition, and there must be variation.
Darwin knew the facts that must be true in order for evolution to occur and he had much evidence backing up his theory, but he did not have a
complete understanding of the pathways of evolution because the laws of genetics put forward by Gregor Mendel were not known to him. It wasn't
until the early 1900s when Mendel's work was published, that scientists understood the full process of evolution. From Mendel's experimentation, we
are now taught that variations of traits are heritable, and the variations are caused by alleles. Microevolution is evolution that occurs because of the
constant change in alleles over time. Macroevolution occurs over geologic time above the level of the species, which is shown by fossil records,
(CK–12 275). It is caused by microevolution happening over

Evolution is something that can be taken into different meanings, from the way you live. Some people can accept evolution and some can't. The
meaning of evolution is the way a different animal or species came to be, and how they are linked to a different of species that all share a common
ancestor (an introduction to evolution). There is a lot of evidence to shows that evolution is can be proven like DNA Sequences, Fossil Records,
Cladograms, and analogous/homologous structures, because there are so many ways to prove that there is evidence for evolution, but I 'm only
going to discuss four of them. One evidence that can back up evolution is DNA Sequences. DNA Sequences can show the similarities that two
different species share (genetic similarities: Wilson). You can look at DNA sequences from different animals to see if there is a common link
between the two. DNA sequences play a very important role in evolution. It gives a large amount of evidence of evolution by showing that living
species share something in common with the basic hereditary (evolution of DNA). With us being able to see that some species share a common link
with an ancestor, we can pair them up with species that have the most common links together to the ones that only have a few links in common
(evolution of DNA). Ever since we discovered DNA it has helped supported the theory of evolution, it also has helped scientist predict where evolution
will happen in the future.

Evolution Of Evolution And Natural Selection
Evolution and Revolution
What do a sponge and bird have in common? Believe it or not, they share a common origin. In the film, "Darwin 's Tree of Life," the narrator, David
Attenborough, presents the audience with the theory of evolution as documented by Charles Darwin in the 1800 's. The video is based on Darwin 's
perspective of evolution and natural selection. Darwin 's findings were revolutionary and caused out–rage among the religious who believed in the story
of creation beginning with Adam and Eve. In the video, "Darwin 's Tree of Life," Darwin 's theory of evolution and natural selection proved the tree
of life explains our evolution from a molecule to mammal. Charles Darwin devoted his adult life to trying to understand the process of evolution. At
22 years of age, he sailed off to South America to study various species of plants and animals. Darwin spent many years researching and documenting
what he believed was a logical and scientific explanation of our existence. He felt strongly that life started in the simplest form and then later became
more complex with each species over generations. Darwin was a radical of sorts. In the article, Darwin, published by the American Museum of Natural
History (2005–2006), he was referred to as a revolutionary, and even though he was hesitant to do so because he knew it would cause outrage; he
changed our view of the natural world (para. 3). In the video, Attenborough portrays Charles Darwin as a exceptionally inquisitive

What is the theory of evolution? Many people who don't understand science or Biology
don't know how to answer this question. "Evolution is the process of biological change by which
descendants come to differ from their ancestors." In our society today, there is many conflicts
that exist between creationism which is the belief that a higher power created the Earth and
made living things and the theory of evolution. Some people are debating whether to teach
evolution in schools because the subject is very touchy to others. In other areas of the world,
there is wars against religion and evolution. I am on both sides. I don't really care about either
because they both sound pretty good to me. Evolution makes sense to me. I like the history of
evolution. It's so cool to see how different species have evolved throughout time.
#1) Chapter 10.1–10.5, p. 280–301 (Early Scientist's observations, Darwin's
Observations, Theory of Natural Selection, Evidence of Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Today)
There are many scientists and people that study evolution and it's wonders. The most
well known was Charles Darwin who traveled to the Galapagos Islands and observed
evolutionary changes in different species or "a group of organisms that are very similar to each

other that they can reproduce and have children", but there are four major ones that we should
learn about in biology class. The first guy was Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish Botanist who
developed a

Convergent Evolution Of Human Evolution
A surprisingly recent instance of human evolution has been detected among the peoples of East Africa. It is the ability to digest milk in adulthood,
conferred by genetic changes that occurred as recently as 3,000 years ago, a team of geneticists has found.The finding is a striking example of a
cultural practice – the raising of dairy cattle – feeding back into the human genome. It also seems to be one of the first instances of convergent human
evolution to be documented at the genetic level. Convergent evolution refers to two or more populations acquiring the same trait independently.
Throughout most of human history, the ability to digest lactose, the principal sugar of milk, has been switched off after weaning because the lactase
enzyme that breaks the sugar apart is no longer needed. But when cattle were first domesticated 9,000 years ago and people later started to consume
their milk as well as their meat, natural selection would have favored anyone with a mutation that kept the lactase gene switched on.
Such a mutation is known to have arisen among an early cattle–raising people, the Funnel Beaker culture, which flourished 5,000 to 6,000 years ago in
north–central Europe. People with a persistently active lactase gene have no problem digesting milk and are said to be lactose tolerant.
Almost all Dutch people and 99 percent of Swedes are lactose tolerant, but the mutation becomes progressively less common in Europeans who live at
increasing distances from the ancient

Evolution And Evolution By Natural Selection

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