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Child and adolescent development
- 1. Teaching The Student In Front Of You A wholly inadequate crash course in differentiation, psychosocial development, and neuroscience
- 2. In table groups: List characteristics of a child that you know you will naturally like. List characteristics of a child that you know you will struggle to like.
- 3. You teach who you are. -Parker Palmer
- 6. Differentiation • The Changing Human ▫ Developmental Level • The Individual Human ▫ Unique Learning Profile ▫ The Universal Human ▫ What All Brains Like 6
- 7. What does this student’s unique brain need to learn best?
- 8. “The only time my education was interrupted was when I was in school.” — George Bernard Shaw “It’s a miracle that curiosity survives formal education." — Albert Einstein
- 9. Disclaimers • This won’t help you with any particular student. • Lots of frameworks, but no expectations that any particular student will follow them
- 10. Hopes • Awareness of the many, many ways and time frames in which normal people unfold • Think deeply about kids (ie. a diagnostic instinct): “I wonder what’s going on inside there?” • Handful of ideas, authors, research for further investigation
- 11. Do something. If it works, do more of it. If it doesn’t, do something else.
- 12. Cerebrodiversity
- 13. Cerebrodiversity • We have a collective neural heterogeneity • No such thing as an optimal brain. Even the brain that scores 2400 • Cerebrodiversity IS the reason for differentiation • If Cerebrodiversity is a fact, then differentiation is not negotiable • Grade levels and age-specific outcomes violate what we know about human development • All brains are unique. Each of our brains solve wiring problems in slightly or very different ways .
- 14. I.Q. changes Intelligence is malleable.
- 15. Intelligence Tests: A seriously flawed view • Volatile until 8 or 9 years • Volatile again in adolescence • Highly dependent on language • Not correlated to adult success • Full-scale IQ scores are worthless. Don’t use them. 15
- 17. Are you passionate about your subject? Is the person sitting next to you? Exceptional Weak Golf Cooking
- 18. Verbal Spatial Literacy Math Performance Social/Collaboration Executive Function Persistence Top of your school Bottom of your school Student 1 Verbal Spatial Social/Collaborat ion Persistence Student 2 Social/Collaborat ion Persistence EF Student 3
- 19. 10% - 15%Rate of Dyslexia U.S.
- 22. Intelligence: A better view 22 • Successful interaction with the environment. • Learning success and struggle are intimately tied to the ecology of the classroom • Equal onus on the environment to allow for different interactions with it • You, plus your “surround” • Multivariate (ie. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences)
- 23. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: Sternberg 23 Componential/Anal ytical •Dissemble problems •See novel approaches or solutionsExperiential/Creati ve •Unfamiliar tasks or ideas •Novel/Automated Practical/Contextu al •“Fit” with environment •Adaptation/adjustin g •Shaping environment
- 24. A Triad of Intelligence: Perkins 24 Neural •Genetics •Maturation •Unique mix of features •Variance of skills Experiential •Time spent in certain pursuits •“Street smarts” Reflective •Metacognition •Persistence •Task analysis •“How am I doing?”
- 26. 10085 115 13070 Independent Schools: Pathologizing the Normal?
- 27. Developmental And Learning Frameworks A Historical View 27
- 28. Maslow: Human Needs (1954)
- 30. Piaget: Learning Theory (1952)
- 31. Bloom: Taxonomy of Learning 1956
- 32. Bloom: Taxonomy of Learning 2001
- 33. The problem is… • Research does not agree about their validity People unfold in ways that defy the order • Assert you must successfully negotiate one level before moving to the next • Might imply a student “should” be something other than they are
- 36. 36 Sensorimotor 0 - 2 yrs Preoperational 2 - 6 yrs Concrete Operations 7 - 12 yrs Formal Operations 12 yrs - adult Piaget
- 37. 37 Trust/Mistrust 0 - 18ms Autonomy/Sha me 18 mos - 3 yrs Initiative/Guilt 3 - 5 yrs Industry/Inferior ity 6 - 11 Identity/Role Confusion 12 - 18 Intimacy/Isolati on 19-40 Erikson Generativity/St agnation 41 - 65 Ego Integrity/Despai r 65 and older
- 38. 38 Grade 1 6 yrs Grade 2 7 yrs Grade 3 8 yrs Grade 4 9 yrs Grade 5 10 yrs Grade 6 11 yrs Our Schools Grade 7 12 ys Grade 8 13 yrs
- 39. The Developing Brain Critical periods of development from birth to teen 39
- 42. • First Great Period of Brain Reorganization • 26 weeks: 50,000 neurons per second • At birth, same number of synapses as adults • By age 2 or 3, twice or three times the synapses as adults • After that, pruning based on what is used • By 8, back to adult levels • First years of schooling are critical!!!
- 43. • Last Great Push of Brain Development! • Several brain areas double or triple • Frontal lobe thickens11- 13, thins until 20 • Pruning of unneeded childhood memories • Decides what is important based on what is used • Growth in frontal lobes (DLPFC, OFC) • Hormonal changes make the body a new machine to learn how to work 43
- 44. • Facial expressions read with the amygdala,not fusiform face area • Brain grows in spurts (like the rest of the body) • Extremes of novelty seeking • Lack of planning (hard to see consequences) • Crowd morality (immature PFC) • Sensitivity to reward (actual, not adult defined) • Social context is HUUUUGGGEEE 44
- 45. The Social-Emotional Brain What stress is good and bad for the brain? 45
- 46. What is bad stress? • Ramped up physiology • Response to aversive stimulus • Feeling out of control 46
- 47. Effects of Bad Stress? • Adrenaline burst (RUN!!!) • Followup of cortisol balances adrenaline • We are designed for this in short bursts • Chronic: ▫ Deregulates blood pressure ▫ Increases stroke or heart attack ▫ Depresses immune system ▫ Hippocampus has lots of cortisol receptors: blocks neurogenesis 47
- 48. Stress and Fear
- 49. Good Stress? • Out of our comfort zone • Probably surmountable • Not chronic • Hippocampus thrives on this level 49
- 50. The High School Creature • Prefrontal cortex grows rapidly • Greater abstraction, the intellectual capacity to form identity • Stimuli during that time is more impacting, feeds more directly into our memories (memories during growth spurts are more easily made than during times of neuro- stability) • Limbic systems has greater relative influence • Brain has more dopamine during adolescence • Much less able to control fear response than as children or adults. 50 New York Magazine, January 26 2013 Why We Never Leave High School
- 52. Walla Walla, Washington • Lincoln High School in Walla Walla, WA, tries new approach to school discipline — suspensions drop 85% 52 Jim Sporleder
- 53. 53 2009-2010 (Before new approach) 798 suspensions (days students were out of school) 50 expulsions 600 written referrals 2010-2011 (After new approach) 135 suspensions (days students were out of school) 30 expulsions 320 written referrals
- 54. Good Stress? • Reduced calories • Learning new, challenging things • Exercising vigorously
- 55. Mirror Neurons
- 56. • Fire whether you move or just see movement • Purposeful vs. random actions and movements • The contagious yawn • Possibly the origins of language through shared gestures and facial expressions Mirror Neurons
- 59. Ostracism
- 60. Play and Fun!!
- 63. Developmental And Learning Frameworks Recent Ideas 63
- 64. Daniel Pink: Motivation and Self Determination Theory
- 66. Motivation Research on Rewards • Harms effectiveness • Reduces creativity and intrinsic motivation • Reduces collaboration • Increases unethical behavior • Rewards can boost completion of mechanical tasks, but hinders cognitive tasks • Strongest motivator? Feeling effective Drive, Daniel Pink
- 67. Research Study About Grades • Grades only: Made no learning gains post grades • Comments only: Made most learning gains • Comments and grades: No learning gains ▫ Probably due to focus on grades instead of comments Focus on Formative Feedback, Valerie Shute, Educational Testing Services, 2007
- 69. Mindset Research • Predicts motivation and achievement • Narrows the gender gap in math • Narrows the racial achievement gap • Correlates with higher grades and test scores http://www.mindsetworks.com/webnav/whatismindset.aspx
- 70. New Bloom: Marzano and Kendall
- 71. Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
- 72. Costa-Kalick: Habits of Mind
- 73. Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development
- 78. A Tour of the Brain 78
- 80. What does the brain do?
- 85. 85
- 86. You see with your brain, not with your eyes.
- 87. You hear with your brain, not with your ears.
- 88. You feel with your brain, not with your fingers.
- 89. You smell with your brain, not with your nose.
- 90. A newspaper is better than magazine. A seashore is a better place than a street. At first it is better to run than to walk. You may have to try several times. It takes some skill, but it is easy to learn. Even young children can learn it. Once successful, complications are minimal. Birds seldom get too close. Rain, however, soaks in very fast. Too many people doing the same thing can also cause problems. One needs lots of room. If there are no complications, it can be very peaceful. A rock will serve as an anchor. If things break loose from it, however, you will not get a second chance.
- 91. Kite
- 92. Architecture of the Brain 92
- 94. Homunculus
- 97. Processing
- 98. Plasticity
- 99. • The brain rewires itself all the time. • Intelligence is not fixed. • Study: Knowledge of the expanding nature of intelligence did more to boost math grades than how to study for math. • Teen brains have a natural variation of IQ test scores Plasticity 99
- 102. “Pay Attention!”
- 103. (McClosky, 2013) Interpersonal Control Arena Symbol System Control Arena Intrapersonal Control Arena Environmental Control Arena
- 104. Examples of Executive Functions
- 105. The Remembering Brain Memory and how to help it work better 105
- 109. • 106 students were interviewed the day after Challenger and journaled: ▫ How did you feel, what were you doing? • 2 1/2 years later, they were asked about it. • Fewer than 10% got the details right. • Most were certain they were right. • Many went with their memories instead of the documentation. A Study...
- 110. What is memory? • Stored: ▫ Information ▫ Procedures and processes ▫ Affective states ▫ Impressions
- 111. Semantic Meanings, understandings, knowledge Episodic Experience, emotions Things you know (and can say) Things you know how to do Declarative (Explicit) Non-declarative (Procedural, Implicit) Automatic actions without conscious awareness
- 112. What gets stored? • NOT a separate encoding for each memory • Sights, colors, sounds, content are stored across the brain in different places Yr dg chsd th ct • Reuses old memories if they approximately match • Reactivates the network of neurons when we recall • Functionally recreates the experience 112
- 113. How do we best remember? • Attentiveness and concentration • Interest, relevance, motivation • Emotional content • Environmental context • Multi-sensory input 113
- 116. %
- 117. Everything Important About A Subject Personally relevant Hands-on, multisensory Engaging problem- solving
- 118. Memory Strategies • “Repeat to remember” • “Remember to repeat” (space rehearsal) • Manipulate new information elaborately! • Invoke emotion and experience • Involve all senses • Attach it to a context • Talk about it right after! • Sleep!!!! 118
- 119. 119
- 120. 120
- 121. 121
- 122. 122
- 123. 123
- 124. 124
Editor's Notes
- going to discuss developmental theories, intelligence, and brain science relevant to education
- Incredibly personal endeavor, teaching Not just about the students’ development. It is critically about your own Keep a running list of your own strengths and weaknesses
- The brain is constantly busy doing something. In the name of schooling, we do lots of things in school that are counter to how the brain likes to engage in learning Learning is what the brain does. We just have to get out of its way.
- To do whatever works to move forward a student’s cognitive efficacy (that means social, artistic, academic, all of it) Research: Daily piano lessons as good as more math instruction, makes better readers Rhythm training as good as sound-symbol training for decoding basic sounds Includes all the multiple intelligences, subjects, relationships, etc. but with the goal of changing the brain to make it more effective. This is our job. We need to be sure that our choices as teachers match how the brain likes to learn. NOT learning styles NPR, debunking, the brain DOES NOT like a certain modality. It likes to use them all simultaneously.
- Universal Human: may not sound like differentiation, but if you do what the research suggests, much more likely to support the developmental and unique needs of your students
- To be the teacher that makes this not true A statement of the mismatch between schools and what the brain likes
- Gordon Sherman New Grange Princeton NJ
- Intelligence tests, WISC being most prominent Highly volitle until 8 or 9 years old Subtests can swing up to 15 points across adolescence Highly dependent on language Any IQ test measures analytical intelligence (ERB, IOWA’s) which is a thin sliver of what intelligence is. Analytical is verbal knowledge, fluid reasoning, patterns, sequences, analyzing data, memory component. Doesn’t measure creative, social, practical
- We don’t detract from Tiger because of his cooking, yet we say, yes, Karen is great in English, but she REALLY struggles in math. I’m not sure she’s going to graduate. NO Full-scale IQ
- Imagine this scale to be your school’s student population If the student-environment What about the kids who are skilled in the “non=school” items
- Did you know that some kids don’t learn to read until 7 or so, without being dyslexic? And without being distinguishable from peers later?
- Dave Packard Back to einstein and shaw: what does it mean for someone to be enormously successful in their lives, but “not right” for our schools?
- 1960‘s One of the first to go against the psychometric model of intelligence
- Hit hard in terms of independent schools Independent schools v. real world
- Major source of student behavioral struggle Consider these when you are having trouble with a student as a way to think about a starting place to help them
- 5-13 yo Child comparing self-worth to others (such as in a classroom environment) Child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. 13-21 Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescent / 12 years till 18. Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? Erikson believes, that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will conclude their own identity. However, if the parents continually push him/her to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion.
- Partially constructed at birth Not done until 20 Fine tuning until mid-forties
- No grade levels No science behind the idea brains are just a different in rates of growth as bodies No grade levels: Look at any given age. You see wide range of physical traits. Brain development is just as uneven.
- late adoptions infants recognize all human phonemes Babies have same number of connections as adults at birth, double or triple until 3, then cuts back dramatically. By 8, back to adult numbers. p58 At puberty, starts all over again with major growth, followed by pruning.
- DL-PFC motor planning, organization, and regulation. Sensory and mnemonic information regulation of intellectual function and action. working memory. OFC sensory integration, affective value of reinforcers, decision-making and expectation.[1] planning behavior sensitivity to reward and punishment.[4] After that, it’s mylenation
- Like starting the engine of a powerful race car with a really unskilled driver behind the wheel Amygdala swollen Prefrontal cortex shuts down on surge days suppresses sleep chemicals Hormones: testosterone overstimulates amygdala, anger bursts Girls surges of estrogen can lead to anxiousness and feelings of being overwhelmed Both much less controllable than in adults.
- Effects: Cardio-blood pressure is deregulated Too much adrenaline scars blood vessels, increasing susceptibility to stroke and heart attack. Immune response is weakened Study: drama students at UCLA. One group happy scripts all day, the other sad. Blood levels showed dpressed immune response in sad group Learning: Stressed adults do 50% worse than non-stressed Stress in the home: Kids who watch parents fight have consistently higher levels of cortisol in their urine
- Mechanism: Immediate release of adrenaline, fight flight Followup release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), which wipes out the unpleasant effects, resetting us to normalcy System designed for bursts of stress. When there is ongoing stress, the hormone builds up and is harmful. Hippocampus has lots of cortisol receptors If stress is not severe, the hippocampus performs better If too much, can prevent neurogenesis and can eventually kill hippocampal cells
- Math anxiety Tara study Regulatory skills make the difference Ramped up physiology Response to aversive stimulus Feeling out of Chronic: Deregulates blood pressure Increases stroke or heart attack Depresses immune system Hippocampus has lots of cortisol receptors: blocks neurogenesis
- American high schools are the most “sadistically unhealthy places to send adolescents” What about alternate paths to adulthood (jobs, apprenticeships) that place adolescents alongside adults? We sequester them.
- Paired tone with shock for mice, neutral color with a horrible noise for humans, which evoked fear response. Children, adolescents and adults. All associated the two, sweat response (meaning fear). Over next few days, showed the color without the noise. Children and adults dissociated the two. Adolescents remained as fearful as when they started, high alert. Mice 30 days later (adulthood) responded as if the experiment had just been done. Do humans take adolescent fears so strongly into adulthood?
- A student blows up at a teacher, drops the F-bomb. The usual approach at Lincoln – and, safe to say, at most high schools in this country – is automatic suspension. Instead, Sporleder sits the kid down and says quietly: “Wow. Are you OK? This doesn’t sound like you. What’s going on?” He gets even more specific: “You really looked stressed. On a scale of 1-10, where are you with your anger?” The kid was ready. Ready, man! For an anger blast to his face….”How could you do that?” “What’s wrong with you?”…and for the big boot out of school. But he was NOT ready for kindness. The armor-plated defenses melt like ice under a blowtorch and the words pour out: “My dad’s an alcoholic. He’s promised me things my whole life and never keeps those promises.” The waterfall of words that go deep into his home life, which is no piece of breeze, end with this sentence: “I shouldn’t have blown up at the teacher.” Whoa. And then he goes back to the teacher and apologizes. Without prompting from Sporleder.
- Ratey’s work
- Italian neuroscientist Giacomo Rizzolatti, testing motor neurons, surprised to see them fire when another monkey did something. Fire whether you move or just see movement Purposeful vs. random actions and movements The contagious yawn Possibly the origins of language through shared gestures and facial expressions Empathy starts, not with higher order thought, but with running when others run, laughing, crying yawning, sleeping, Yawn contagion works across species Imagining flexing a muscle increases both brain activity and muscle strength Cleveland Clinic Foundation, cited in SciAm Mind March/April p14 “Brainpower”
- One understands what another is doing or saying because they are in fact experiencing the same action.
- Even with no prior expectation, face to face contact, brain registers as pain DACC registers pain, insula judges pain severity Personality is not related to how severely the pain registers Not related to whether or not you like or dislike the person shunning you Why: Survival SciAmMind Jan/Feb 2011
- Ostraka: broken shards of pottery--ie. disposable True across all social animals (in non-humans, usually end up dead) Even in studies using computer avatars, those left out reported sadness, anger, low levels of belonging, lack of meaning in their real lives SciAmMind Jan/Feb 2011
- Reminder: Emotions connected to learning and memory
- What causes emotions to run too high? stress
- Where can we give kids autonomy, purpose? Ask, What could you do to Let kids create social contract for class Let kids come up with logical consequences when they cross the line Kids articulate rubric criteria evaluate their own work and the work of others choose direction for curriculum student honor councils
- Self:” Efficacy, Emotions, Beliefs about learning Metacognitive: monitoring learning goals, accuracy, clarity, execution
- Ultimately and argument for richness in experience that school structure has forced us to have to articulate Possible place to include piano lessons making kids better at language and the same as math with less instruction Gardner is not in favor of using this as a way of measuring intelligence. They’s taken my little theory and they’ve developed an entire industry out of it.
- Research on persistence
- A person can’t learn any more than their personal next step. Boredom is bad. Freaking out from stress is bad. Feeling effective is good.
- Music Athletics Dance
- Talk about: Architecture 2 major concepts of brain’s functional organization: Modularity and Plasticity WHY? Understanding the architecture and control over your own brain has shown learning gains
- Warm butter, jelly, soft tofu, toothpaste Doubled in size over our evolution 3 lbs, 2% of average body weight, but 20% of energy consumed Enough electricity to keep a 25W light bulb burning Responsible for every poem, every slam dunk, every war, every act of love, every song, every conversation Impossibly incomplete overview
- Converts photon energy, sound waves, and physical vibrations and pressure into electrical signals. Uses really poor input material to generate our experience. Fills in gaps of sensory input, sometimes getting it wrong. Rewires itself all the time. This is learning. Does lots of work we don’t know about. poor signal: yell at a feather and try to move it with your sound waves (no breath) ears ringing after a show study of letters on screen, fMRI Waking up with the answer We don’t question that our computer does lots of work aside from what we tell it. In fact, we’ll see in the sleep section how important this is.
- Optical illusions are studied regularly in cognitive neuroscience.
- Vision is King! Use it all over the place! Fully analyzed opinion of what the brain thinks is there. NOT A CAMERA The brain completely deconstructs the signal, then reconstructs it with what it thinks you should be seeing. You are hallucinating right now: Retinal blind spots are filled in by the brain with what is most likely to be there. Charles-Bonnet syndrome: 2 little policemen escorting a tiny criminal into a matchbox size van. Sufferers know it’s not real. Takes about half of the brains working resources Take oral presentation: 10 % memory after 72 hours. 65% if you add visuals Blind sight
- Teaching kids about the brain helps them learn. Math study where kids were taught either more math, or about the changing nature of the brain
- Considerations beyond the simple senses We see consciously,but also process sight unconsciously Story : Blind sight Story: learning to see Vision is for vision: braille, tongue reading Activity: Hand motions
- Talk about the need for hands on! Thumbs on today’s students must be even larger
- Connect HIppocampus to cortex
- Do “n” story activity Do pitcher activity if possible
- The 15 point swing I mentioned was correlated to an increase in the motor areas of speech production (verbal), and the motor areas of hand use (perceptual) London cabbies--Hippocampus makes a map of the external world
- Reduces, but never goes away
- Lot’s of effort, but 50% reduction in dementia
- When we have this urge, we are likely seeing a constellation of EFs not being realized
- Emotions DO add charge to memories. They just aren’t more accurate
- HM: man with destroyed hippocampus had no memory of learning a new procedural skill, but got better at it over time Semantic: meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences Episodic: (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) Procedural: performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences
- Nouns are stored in a place vowels are stored in a place (Stroke victim: Your dog chased the cat: Yr dg chsd th ct: vowels are in a different place than consonants
- Ask for types of cortex, make point about memory being better for having done the hand signals
- Memory and Learning Study: after a session of explicit learning, if a similar task was undertaken within 2 hours, the original learning was displaced. Cortex to hippocampus,listen in on what the cortex is receiving, hippocampus has return axons. Much of this happens when we sleep The hippocampus doesn’t stop this loop until the memory is stable. It can take years. • Declarative memories are stored in the same sensory cortical regions HIppocampus seems to be where the neurons created from exercise migrate to. When you remember something, it becomes unstable, and is reencoded with changes Story: Man with damaged Hippocampus can lay down new memories, retains old ones, can’t recognize aged faces.
- Considerations beyond the simple senses We see consciously,but also process sight unconsciously Story : Blind sight Story: learning to see Vision is for vision: braille, tongue reading Activity: Hand motions
- Forget 90% of what we learn in a typical class in 30 days. Medina
- What would make a subject personally relevant? French revolution, themes of adult power, kids feeling a lack of control, all very relevant for a teen.
- About 30 seconds to do something with it. Saying it back to your self very powerful The more elaborately we encode the information, the better we remember it. Memory traces are stored in the part of the cortext that perceived and processed it. We retrieve learning best in the context and state it was encoded in. Ideas: Real-world experiences: You need to know the meaning to best encode Compelling introductions Most of the factors that predict whether something learned will be remembered happen in the first few seconds of exposure.