2. SUMMARY
VERB TENSES:
PRESENT TENSES:
Present simple
Present continuous
PAST TENSES:
Past simplePast continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
FUTURE TENSES:
Be going to + infinitive
Present continuous
Will + infinitive
COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
A, AN, THE or NO
ARTICLE
VOCABULARY:
- Food and cooking
- Personality
- Money
- Transport
- Phrasal verbs
3. PRESENT TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
Form:
+ I am happy / He is happy / They are happy
I play football / He plays football
- I am not happy / He is not happy / They are not happy
I don’t play football / He doesn’t play football
? Am I happy? / Is he happy? / Are they happy?
Do you play football? / Does he play football?
Use:
- Habits, routine. e.g.Maria smokes
- Permanent actions. e.g. Pedro lives in Seville
- Eternal truths. e.g. The earth is round
4. PRESENT TENSES
PRESENT CONTINUOUS * Use it with action verbs
Form:
+ I am playing football / He is playing football / They are
playing fooball
- I am not playing football / He is not playing football /
They are not playing football
? Am I playing football? / Is he playing football? / Are
they playing football?
Use:
- Actions in progress at the moment of speaking in the
present.
- Temporary things that are happening now
5. PAST TENSES
PAST SIMPLE
Form:
+ I was happy / He was happy / They were happy
I played football
- I was not happy / He was not happy / They were not
happy
I did not play football
? Was I happy? / Was he happy? / Were they happy?
Did you play football?
Use:
Past finished actions
6. PAST TENSES
PAST CONTINUOUS
* Use it with action verbs
Form:
+ I was playing / He was playing / They were playing
- I was not playing/ He was not playing / They were
not playing
? Was I playing? / Was he playing? / Were they
playing?
Use:
Actions in progress at a specific moment in the past
7. PAST TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT
Form:
+ I have cleaned/ He has cleaned
- I haven’t cleaned/ He hasn’t cleaned
? Have you cleaned? / Has he cleaned?
Use:
- To talk about recent actions (to give news), not saying exactly when things
happened. e.g.: My sister has had a baby! / Someone has stolen my bike.
- To refer to events which have taken place in our life up to now, but the time
when they exactly happened is not mentioned. e.g.: I have been to China
- To refer to actions or situations that started in the past and are still true.
e.g.: I have lived in Málaga for 10 years.
* Sometimes, those events are repeated, non-permanent actions, that have taken
place in our lives (and we are alive) or during a period of time that hasn’t
finished yet and can happen again. e.g.: Ziggy Marley has won three Grammy
awards.
8. PAST TENSES
We use the following adverbials and prepositions with the PRESENT
PERFECT:
- just (to say something happened very recently) and already (to say
something happened earlier than expected) go before the main verb in
positive sentences.
e.g.: I have just finished my homework / I have already phoned Sarah
- yet (to ask if something has happened or say it hasn’t happened up to now)
goes at the end in negative sentences and in questions.
e.g.: Have you done your homework yet? / I haven’t met Paul’s girlfriend yet.
- ever (at any time of your life) goes before the main verb in questions.
e.g.: Have you ever broken a bone?
- for + a period of time and since + a point of time (to talk about the length
of time.
e.g.: I have lived in Spain for 7 years / They have known each other since
1999.
9. PAST TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS
Form:
+ I have been cleaning/ He has been cleaning
- I haven’t been cleaning/ He hasn’t been cleaning
? Have you been cleaning? / Has he been cleaning?
Use:
- To talk about continuous or repeated actions that have been happening very
recently (the actions have usually just finished and you can see their effect).
e.g.: What have you been doing? I’ve been playing tennis.
- - To refer to actions or situations that started in the past and have continued up
to now. It’s often used with “for” and “since”.
e.g.: The children have been playing computer games for two hours.
* Sometimes, those events are repeated, non-permanent actions, that have taken
place in our lives (and we are alive) or during a period of time that hasn’t
finished yet and can happen again. e.g.: I have been going to that gym for 10
years.
10. FUTURE TENSES
BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE
Form:
+ I am going to play / He is going to play/ They are going
to play
- I am not going to play / He is not going to play/ They are
not going to play
? Am I going to play? / Is he going to play? / Are they
going to play?
Use:
Future plans. e. g. I’m going to travel to Paris next year
Predictions when there is evidence. e.g. Look! It’s very
cloudy! It’s going to rain
11. FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form:
+ I am playing football / He is playing football / They are
playing fooball
- I am not playing football / He is not playing football /
They are not playing football
? Am I playing football? / Is he playing football? / Are
they playing football?
Use:
Arrangements. e.g. I’m seeing The hobbit next Friday, I
bought the tickets this morning
12. FUTURE TENSES
WILL+ INFINITIVE
Form:
+ I will play
- I will not/won’t play
? Will you play?
Use:
- Future predictions when there isn’t evidence (it’s just an
opinion). e.g. I think it will not rain on your wedding
day, it would be very bad luck.
- Promises, offers and decisions. e.g.: I’ll always love you /
Those bags are very heavy, I’ll help you. / I’ll have a tea.
- * Use “shall” for offers and suggestions, when they are
questions in the 1st person.
13. COMPARATIVES
SUPERIORITY
Adjectives
- Short adjectives (1 syllable): -er than
e.g. He is shorter than you
* 1 syllable adjectives ending in –ed usually
make the comparative with more than.
e.g. more tired than
- Two-syllable adjectives ending in –y:
y – i + -er than
e.g. You are prettier than her
- Long adjectives (2 syllables or more):
more than
e.g. Your sofa is more comfortable than mine
Adverbs
-ly adverbs: more than
e.g. Please, drive more slowly
- Short adverbs (1 syllable): -er than
e.g. He drives faster than you
- Long adverbs (2 syllables or more): more
than
e.g. He walks more carefully than before
*Irregular adjectives and adverbs
INFERIORITY
- Less than e.g. Peter is less talkative than me
- Not as … as e.g. Paul is not as tall as Sean
EQUALITY
- As …as e.g. My book is as big as yours
- The same+noun as e.g. the same distance as
14. SUPERLATIVES
SUPERIORITY
Adverbs
-ly adverbs: the most
Adjectives
e.g. He drives the most slowly
- Short adjectives (1 syllable): the -est
- Short adverbs (1 syllable): the -est
e.g. He the shortest in his class
* 1 syllable adjectives ending in –ed usually e.g. He drives the fastest
make the comparative with the most.
- Long adverbs (2 syllables or more): the
most
e.g. The most tired
- Two-syllable adjectives ending in –y: e.g. He walks the most carefully
y – i + -est
*Irregular adjectives and adverbs
e.g. You are the prettiest girl I’ve ever met
- Long adjectives (2 syllables or more): the
most
INFERIORITY
e.g. Your sofa is the most comfortable of all The least
e.g. Peter is the least talkative in the class
15. A, AN, THE or NO ARTICLE
DEFINITE ARTICLE
With definite nouns: the
- To talk about something we have already
mentioned
- When it’s clear what you are referring to
- When there’s only one of something
- With places in a town
- With superlatives
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
With indefinite, singular, nouns:
1. with words starting with a vowel
sound: an
2. with words starting with a
consonant sound: a
-
When you talk about something indefinite
-
When you say what something is or what
somebody does
-
In exclamations with “What…!”
-
In expressions of frequency
NO ARTICLE
With indefinite, plural nouns and uncountable
nouns: nothing
- When we are generalizing
- With some nouns after the prepositions at, to
and from
- Before meals, days and months
- Before next, last + day, week, month,…
17. VOCABULARY:PERSONALITY
(Vocabulary bank p. 153)
What’s the opposite?
Generous
Mean
Insecure
Self-confident
Reliable
Unreliable
Shy
Outgoing
Lazy
Hardworking
Clever
Stupid
Talkative
Quiet
Responsible
Irresponsible
Sociable
Unsociable
Tidy
Untidy
Selfish
Unselfish
Kind
Unkind
Honest
Dishonest
Mature
Immature
Organized
Disorganized
18. What are they like?
moody
bossy
vain
spoilt
charming
jealous
aggressive
bad-tempered
19. VOCABULARY: MONEY
(Vocabulary bank p.154)
Those earrings can’t be __________ $2,000, they look like plastic!
worth
How much do you __________ every month at work.
earn
Is it OK to __________credit card?
pay by
I used to have a piggy bank when I was young. That’s how I learnt to_______ money.
save
How much did the dentist __________ you?
charge
Our telephone __________ was very high last month
bill
If you open an __________ with this bank , you can get a microwave.
account
Do you have any change for the supermarket trolley? I only have a $10_________
note
I ____________ a beautiful house in the country when my uncle Paul died.
inherited
