Essay On How Pyrotechnics And Explosives Have Changed The...

Essay on How Pyrotechnics and Explosives Have Changed the...
Since man's first experiences with fire we have longed to control it and we wished to will it to do
our bidding. For very long we failed mostly, and we still do sometimes, but with the trials and
experiments we have done and died doing, we succeed now, mostly. The first formula that is still
written down of an "explosive or pyrotechnic composition" are the three examples of gunpowder in
the 1044A.D. Chinese military guide Wujing Zongyao which showed a few uses of this powder they
had experimented with for near a hundred years. The most used formula from it was approximately
50% KNO3, also known as Saltpeter in those times, and formally called Potassium nitrate today,
~25% S, Sulfur, and ~25% carbonaceous matter (mostly charcoal and ... Show more content on
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Pyrotechnics and explosives have changed the world, us ourselves, and our knowledge of chemistry
and what we learned from it. Chinese gunpowder is the first written and still standing formula of a
true explosive, or pyrotechnic composition. It was first discovered by someone trying to mix life
elongating elixirs, somehow he or she must have lit it up, or dropped it in fire and noticed the flash
and quick burn. It obviously spread decently throughout China because within 100 years or so the
Wujing Zongyao (1044A.D.) was written and it, as stated previously used gunpowder as a military
weapon. Also it was a commonplace to see fireworks of some kind at New Years, celebrations, and
also used to warn away evil spirits by 1000A.D. The "Tang Dynasty had plenty of gunpowder trade
in China and on the Silk Road" (Harmon 82) and their fireworks would bring in some currency for
the economy. Because they were the first to make gunpowder, the grandfather of all modern
pyrotechnics and bombs, except nuclear, biological, and chemical, they are extremely popular
within the pyrotechnic and explosives communities. They are known for quality powders, amazingly
colorful display mixtures, and going for crazy sized everything pyro–related. They used different
chemicals to attain these different colors, not chemicals to add to the boom, or burn, only the color.
Our understanding of
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Fireworks Chemistry
Fireworks don't just look stunning they are also quite educational! The chemistry that goes into
building fireworks is complex and interesting. It can even be a fun way to teach children about the
basics of chemistry with some fun experiments.
Here are some of our favourite chemistry experiments to make with children – whether you are a
science teacher or a parent looking to entertain your kids!
Create the Stunning Colours
Firework colours are all about chemistry and you can create them with the help of some basic tools.
The colours you create are made exactly the same way as inside fireworks!
You'll need:
A fire–safe surface
Paper fuse – make it by soaking a coffee filter in a concentrated potassium nitrate solution and let it
dry before use.
7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Place the metal salts in to individual piles on top of the paper sheets and add a small strip of paper
between each pile. This ensures they lit up one after each other. Light up and enjoy the show!
Shoot up a Rocket
There's something amazing about the way fireworks, such as rockets, shoot up in the air. You could
show the science behind this with this safe little

Burn Rate Study on Alliant (Green Dot) Smokeless Shotgun...
Burn rate study on Alliant (Green dot) smokeless shotgun powder and KClO4 Shalom AJ Cohen
Philadelphia community college 11/2010 Abstract: The purpose of this project is to measure if
differing amounts of potassium perchlorate, KCIO4, mixed with shotgun powder has an effect on
burn rate. The experiment was videotaped and the duration of burn time for each amount used was
recorded. KClO4, amounts ranging from .2g to 2g, were added to 4g of shotgun powder. A steel pipe
that is ТН inch wide and 6 inch, which is welded vertically to a steel plate base was used for
confinement. Ignition occurred from the top down. The hypothesis that was accepted is that the
concentration of KClO4 will accelerate the burn rate of smokeless flake powder. ... Show more
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The burn rate of the mixture was recorded with a video camera and the results recorded and timed.
The resulting footage was reviewed and the duration of the combustion noted on a tenth of a second
basis. 4 grams of Alliant Green Dot double–base smokeless flake powder with no KClO4 added was
also recorded twice in the same manner, to give a baseline burn time and averaged. Raw Data Gun
powder without additive burn time: Amount: Burn time: 4g 1.91s 4g 1.97s Amount of KClO4 added
to 4 g shotgun powder: Amount: Burn time: 2g 1.23s .4g 1.86s .6g 2.76s .8g 1.98s 1g 2.76s 1.2g
1.92s 2g 1.98s DATA Conclusion: The gathered data shows a negative skew pattern. The average
burn time for 4 g of Alliant, Green Dot double–base smokeless powder with no KClO4 was 1.94
seconds. The burn rate with KClO4 ranged from 1.23 to 2. 76 seconds. 4 out of 7 tests provided
results where the burning rate of the mixture were accelerated when KClO4 where added to the
shotgun powder. Two tests showed a slight decline in the burn rate. The final test using 1g showed a
decline in burn rate by 0.82 seconds. The declines might have been caused by residual shotgun
powder from a previous test. It would have been desirable to repeat the 1g test in order to

Fireworks
Introduction Whether it be the 4th of July, a day at Disneyland, or Chinese New Year, fireworks
can be used to appeal to people of all ages, genders, and races. These low explosive pyrotechnic
devices are primarily used for aesthetic or entertainment purposes. Fireworks come in various
forms, including sparklers, firecrackers, basic fireworks, and ariel or display fireworks. Those who
watch firework displays find that those can be broken into smaller categories by four primary
effects. These effects include noise, light, smoke, and floating material. Because of the varying types
available, it is common for fireworks to be classified by how they perform, whether it be on the
ground or more commonly, aerial. The overall dangers associated ... Show more content on
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The scientific aspect of fireworks grew in Germany, where advancement became the key goal in
pyrotechnics. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that fireworks also became popular in America.
Firework development, such as the forest green color, is still continuing today (Gondhia).
Discussion
A basic firework, sparkler, firecracker, and aerial all have different components in which produce
different reactions. Different components may also be added to an aerial firework to produce various
colors and shapes. A basic firework is made up of six basic ingredients. These ingredients include
fuel, an oxidising agent, a reducing agent, regulators, a coloring agent, and binders. Charcoal or
black powder is the most common fuel in fireworks. Other elements like thermite can be used in
place of black powder, although fuels usually contain an organic element. The fuel initially starts to
work inside the firework when it begins to lose electrons to atoms within the oxidiser, thereby
reducing and releasing atoms from the oxidiser. When this occurs, bonds are formed between the
fuel and oxygen atoms, causing the product to be somewhat stable. However, only a minimal
amount of energy is required to start the combustion of this fuel oxidiser compound. As a result, the
solid mixture liquefies and vaporizes into the flame of the ignition causing a massive release of
energy. This act marks the beginning of combustion (Gondhia). The oxidising agent produces

Essay on The Station Nightclub Fire West Warwick, Rhode...
The Station Nightclub Fire West Warwick, Rhode Island.
The building of the Station Nightclub was constructed in approximately 1946. Many restorations
and repairs were made to the building since the time of construction by different owners to fulfill
their business needs. The building was a wood–frame construction with wooden shingles on the
exterior walls that also included a flat roof, but the interior walls surrounding the stage were staffed
with sound proof polyurethane insulating foam. Windows were located on the north side of the
building and on the east side of the front entrance. All of the windows had security bars on them
(this could be an issue!). The building had only four doors; a front main door, a bar side exit door, a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had to request for mutual aid from the encompassing jurisdictions for any apparatus and
ambulances available. The end result was a combination of 583 fire, EMS, and police personnel
including 57 ambulances (BLS ALS) and two buses for transportation and shelter.
The Local, State and Federal agencies were called to investigate the Station Nightclub fire incident
and they found many issues. The polyurethane foam that was on the interior walls was the major
factor in the Station Nightclub fire. It was easily ignited and also contributed to a faster fire spread
within the building. According to NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, the interior finish is required to be
Class A or B for general assembly areas with occupant loads of more than 300. It has been
calculated that the number of occupants at the Station Nightclub was around 440–458 people,
obviously well over this limit. The ignition of polyurethane foam gave out a magnitude of smoke
and heat in such a short period of time and created mass chaos, thus resulting in a crowd–wide panic
towards the initial entry point. Also NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, section 13.2.3.6.1 states that the
main entrance/exit shall be of a width that accommodates one–half of the total occupant load and
shall be at the level of exit discharge or shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street. If the
owner of The Station Nightclub would have

Informative Speech On Firecrackers
What comes on your mind when you heard a word Firecracker? Firecracker is a small explosive
device primarily designed to produce a large amount of noise, especially in the form of a loud bang;
any visual effect. Fireworks has a different lights or colorful design and they have a firecracker a
small paper cylinder that is filled with an explosive and that produces a loud noise when it explodes.
Firecracker was made because for the celebration for the Christmas and New Year's Eve and other
occasion. And a tradition for the people to let go or away the ghost and the unlucky of our life and
you have experiencing the beautiful view of firecrackers. This is dangerous things you have to be
safety first before lighten the firecracker.
What good about the firecrackers? We create a huge sound or loud noise in the house the ghost will
go out for our house and go to the place quiet area and to let go or away the ghost and the unlucky
of our life. And was I experience of firecracker there are different design and explosion but this is
dangerous things. It is important to know that we are celebrating the and New year. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
And also I was cry because people said it was dangerous if you swallow the gun powder of the
fireworks or fire cracker. I was eat a lot of foods and drink water so that the gun powder was los and
I think that time I was okay then I feel comfortable so that I didn't played again with the fireworks
because I was afraid. That is my very sad Christmas day in my life. And we also create a huge sound
or loud noise in the house the ghost will go out for our house and go to the place quiet area and to let
go or away the ghost and the unlucky of our life. And was I experience of firecracker there are
different design and explosion but this is dangerous things. It is important to know that we are
celebrating the and New

Persuasive Essay On Noise Pollution
are being presented with a sense of urgency, we need to be concerned about the greenhouse gases
fireworks produce, which include Carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone. In addition, Fireworks fallout
can contaminate water supplies and residue on the ground can be carried away by rain and end up in
our lakes, rivers, or oceans. Along with both these types of pollutions, Fireworks can be loud and the
vibrations can travel far which results in noise pollution. In the middle of the night fireworks often
disturb people trying to sleep. Fireworks can exceed 140 decibels and noise at 85 decibels or above
can damage hearing. Some people also argue the noise from fireworks scares pets and wildlife like
birds, etc.
For the color effect of fireworks, toxic heavy metals like barium, aluminum, lead, mercury salts,
antimony, copper, and strontium can be used in firework compositions. Outdated heavy metals that
have been used in the past include rubidium and cadmium. Some toxic elements are supposedly not
used in fireworks anymore like lead compounds, chlorates, and mercury as mercurous chloride
(calomel), but some firework chemical outlets still sell some of these ingredients.
Experimental Procedure
Many fireworks are imported from China which is scary because they have a proven track record of
cutting corners by using cheaper, more toxic materials. Some of the metals also have radioactive
isotopes. The American Fireworks Standards Laboratory (AFSL) has established a testing and
certification program for Chinese and U.S. fireworks to determine if they are being produced
according to AFSL Standards, which means it meets all U.S. federal requirements. Along with the
AFSL testing's, there have been many case study that prove that fireworks can be extremely harmful
to the environment. The following table shows the toxic elements of Fireworks and what it is used
for. As it is examined, it is clear to see that all the elements from the combustion reaction can be
very harmful to the environment and the living population in multiple different ways.
The Toxic Elements of Fireworks – Pick Your Poison
Toxic Element Fireworks Usage Toxic Effect of Fallout Dust Fumes
Aluminum brilliant whites Contact dermatitis,

Chris Hupe Character Analysis
Webster's Dictionary defines a volunteer as a person who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a
willingness to undertake a service. In trying to decide on a person to nominate for this award I
looked for a nominee with exceptional qualities. Chris Hupe is the best candidate for the Historical
Hall of Fame because he strives for success, he is devoted to something bigger than himself, and he
is full of dreams and aspirations.
Chris Hupe should be in the Historical Hall of Fame because he strives for success in every way.
As an example from Steve Land, Chris is a person who strives for perfection. He expects the best
from himself; therefore he expects the team that he assembles to also give 100%. This is present in
the volunteer hours that he puts forth in the Chamber of Commerce, Wamego Visitors Bureau and
the Fireworks Chris uses his leadership skills to reach success in everything he does, he gives
100% on everything no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another example how Chris strives for success is from Tim Wolf, He is always eager to lend a hand
and always willing to listen to ideas. Chris doesn't settle for second best, and has a way of making
you feel as if you could conquer anything. He builds faith and trust in individuals even when they
can't themselves. Chris doesn't pursue for the glory and fame, instead he knows the strength of a
team and that to achieve greatness you need to build others up to help them achieve their potential.
Another example of Chris striving for success from Cherlyn Conklin Chris Hupe is an asset to this
community because he has a global vision of what Wamego can grow to be. He understands the
impact of tourism has on our community and he helps shape and guide our

Research Paper On Fireworks Malfunctioning
Fireworks Malfunction in Illinois, Ohio and Texas Injuring Spectators
Professional fireworks displays malfunction causing injuries to viewers in three states.
Fireworks, flags, and parades are traditional patriotic symbols displayed in big cities and small
towns across America, but for several states, incidents of fireworks malfunction put a damper on
fourth of July festivities.
The Kirkland Lions Club 4th of July Celebration in Kirkland, Illinois was temporarily halted when
an unexpected explosion occurred.
An employee of Mad Bomber Fireworks Products, the company commissioned to conduct the
holiday fireworks display, was injured when the fireworks malfunctined, sending the man to the
hospital.
A shell in one of the loading cylinders prematurely exploded, blowing apart several cylinders and
sending shrapnel flying. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He as a possible femur fracture and some minor burns.
Another mid–western state experienced it's own issues with fireworks malfunctioning, injuring 11.
Last wee, in anticipation of the upcoming Independence Day, Westlake, Illinois presented a
fireworks show during Crocker Park's 11th Annual American Liberty Fest.
Many onlookers gathered to watch the show, but just a few minutes in, something went terribly
wrong.
It was a ball of flame coming from the sky, said Jill Chetter in an interview with Newsnet 5
Cleveland. I saw it and I watched it as it went. It was quick, but my eyes were able to follow it, that
ball of fire just went into a mass amount of people.
Fireworks flared into the crowd, causing confusion and minor injuries to attendees of the event.
Once they started going off near us, people started running down the street, said Jason Hendrix.
We heard all this creaming, like something out of a movie, panic. It was scary, said Casey

How the Bureacrats Stole Patriotism
The year is 1776. July 3, 1776. One day before a new country was born, the United States of
America. The former colony of Great Britain has just finished it's Declaration of Independence, and
signing of the document by revolution leaders is planned for the next day. John Adams, a future
American president and one of the writers of the Declaration itself, sends a letter to his wife, Jane,
on this day. In this letter, he proclaimed that the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration should
be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and
Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.
The next year, on the first anniversary of the signing, Congress itself ordained this tradition,
enjoying a grand exhibition of fireworks... (Sneed). Fireworks have been a symbol of America's
freedom ever since that Fourth of July in 1777. Something about the luminous streaks of light
radiating from the sky mesmerizes Americans when they see it. There is no greater joy than to watch
the red, white and blue stripes proclaiming to all, America is free, and proud to be that way! Now,
however, that blood–tingling, heart–thrashing scenario is gone, stamped with a big red X by some
bureaucrat. The eye–popping pyrotechnics are no more, all one has left to do on the Fourth of July is
hold a stick burning at 2000ТАF. Sounds delightful, does it not? Why not talk some sense to the
people of Illinois, especially

Various Rocket Propellants and Their Characterstics
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Rocket
A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine.
In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use.
[1] Rocket engines work by action and reaction. Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by
throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.
Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century China.[2] Significant
scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was
the enabling technology of the Space Age, including setting foot on the moon.
Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Rocket propellant
Rocket propellant is mass that is stored in some form of propellant tank, prior to being used as the
propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form of a fluid jet to produce thrust. A
fuel propellant is often burned with an oxidizer propellant to produce large volumes of very hot gas.
These gases expand and push on a nozzle, which accelerates them until they rush out of the back of
the rocket at extremely high speed, making thrust. Sometimes the propellant is not burned, but can
be externally heated for more performance. For smaller attitude control thrusters, a compressed gas
escapes the spacecraft through a propelling nozzle.
Chemical rocket propellants are most commonly used, which undergo exothermic chemical
reactions to produce hot gas used by a rocket for propulsive purposes.
In ion propulsion, the propellant is made of electrically charged atoms (ions), which are
electromagnetically pushed out of the back of the spacecraft. Magnetically accelerated ion drives are
not usually considered to be rockets however, but a similar class of thrusters use electrical heating
and magnetic nozzles.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Chemical propellants
There are three main types of propellants: solid, liquid, and hybrid.
Solid propellants
History
The earliest rockets were created hundreds of years ago by the Chinese, and

Identification of Metallic Ions Essay
Identification of Metallic Ions
Peter Jeschofnig, Ph.D. Version 42–0160–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students' writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
obseRvations
The color of the flame is expected to be as follows:
Metallic ion Flame color
Sodium Na+ Yellow/Bright Orange
Strontium Sr2+ Red
Potassium K+ Light Purple
Barium Ba2+ Green Copper Cu2+ Green
Lithium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also how we can use this test as an identifier for certain compounds.
Conclusion:
In the experiment, I set up the 24–plate well, and added each solution one by one while keeping
track of which liquid was in which well. I lit my burner with matches and started assembling my
make–shift cotton toothpicks. My Q–tips were plastic, so I (with gloved hands) ripped the cotton off
the swab and wrapped it around a toothpick. I then proceeded to dip the cotton in and wait a second
or two before waving it through the flame.
I noticed the color change with the sodium immediately, but with the others it took a bit longer. I
repeated the process with each liquid three times just to be sure. Especially with the Potassium, as it
was very difficult for me to discern the color change. I tried to eliminate any major errors by taking
my time and redoing the experiment a few times, but I did spill a bit of the liquid as a cut the pipets

open. Also, my swabs may have been previously contaminated by the salt on our skin due to
frequent use.
MSDS INFO
Barium Nitrate: Toxic/oxidizer: harmful if swallowed; avoid contact with eyes and skin;
WARNING! VERY HAZARDOUS IF SWALLOWED. MAY CAUSE MODERATE TO SEVERE
IRRITATION TO EYES AND/OR
BURNS RESULTING IN CORNEAL INJURY. HARMFUL IF INHALED. CAN CAUSE
IRRITATION AND OR BURNS TO SKIN,
EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Calcium Nitrate:Harmful/Oxidizer: harmful of swallowed; avoid contact with eyes and skin
Cupric

Chemistry of Fireworks
The Chemistry of Fireworks A firework is an incendiary device or material that can be used for
signaling or entertainment. There are chemicals located in the nose of the rocket that explode,
producing the colors seen. Fireworks were originally created for the purpose of entertainment and
today they are still widely used in celebration to mark special occasions. The thrill and excitement
generated by fireworks, brightening the night sky and immersing it with vivid displays of color and
technicality, is what makes them a crowd pleaser. But behind all the excitement of fireworks,
chemistry plays an important role in creating the vivid colors we witness lighting up the sky. The
actual chemical reactions that take place in the explosions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The way that metal ions react when exposed to heat is the principle behind color production. Each
metal ion produces a specific color (see table). The color is produced when the electrons in the metal
ions are excited, causing them to jump to a different energy shell. It is when the electrons return to
ground state that they emit their own light. Color | Name | Formula | Blue | Copper acetoarsenate |
C4H6As6Cu4O14 CuCO3, CuS, CuC2O4 | Turquoise | Copper(1) chloride | CuCl | Yellow | Cryolite
| Na3AlF6 NaHCO3, NaNO3, NaClO4 | Pink | | CaCO3, CaSO4, CaC2O4 | Red | Lithium carbonate
| Li2CO3 | Brilliant red | strontium carbonate and strontium nitrate | Sr(NO3)2 SrCO3 | Green |
Barium carbonate | BaCO3 Ba(NO3)2, Ba(ClO3)2 | Bright green | Barium chloride | BaCl2 | Purple |
Sr and Cu compounds with calomel (deepens colour) | | White | Mg and Al compounds | | The social
significance of fireworks in today's society is to provide a means of nighttime entertainment. In
addition, the principles of fireworks and pyrotechnics have been applied for uses within industry,
search and rescue and for warfare. From its humble beginnings as firecrackers, the development of
this technology has evolved to see spectacular colors and a wide range of different types. As
fireworks evolve, the chemistry that goes into making them must also

Graduation Speech: Fireworks Essay
Even though you cannot see them yet, the fireworks will begin tonight. In bright stunning colors,
they will paint over the black world around them and they will glow. In all shapes and sizes they
will scatter over the stars and the moon. They will erupt in loud, almost deafening blasts to hushed
crackles of soundless glory. Each diploma received is a lighted match of fire. Each graduate is a
fuse. If you put a lighted match and a fuse together, you make sparks to create light. If you put a
diploma and a graduate together, you have fireworks.
As I look down into the mass crowd of parents, guardians, relatives, friends, teachers, and other
members of Southern Columbia's school community, I can only focus on my fellow graduating ...
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Both of these diversely sized accomplishments are what make the world complete. If the world were
filled with large accomplishments, what would build the climax to get ready for such awe–inspiring
displays? If the world were filled with small accomplishments, what would make the grand finale so
grand? Just like a fireworks display, every graduate has the potential to create a large canvas of
achievements or a small canvas of achievements. Every success has just as much importance as the
next. If you have ever closed your eyes for one second during a fireworks display, you can hear and
feel the energy they possess. Fireworks can give off loud bursts as well as crackles and fizzles that
are more appreciated by the ear. The human heart can also feel the explosion of the firework, for it
tenses and almost seemingly stops beating for a millisecond. The big booms make people jump and
feel the full affect of the explosion. The quieter rumbles still give off noise so they are not
completely overshadowed. Just like the size of the explosion, the noise it gives off leaves
impressions as well. Every graduate will hopefully accomplish something in their life, no matter
how big or how small, that will either be significantly noticed and felt in a large boom, or be
casually noticed but still heard in a crackle. They might not both receive the same recognition, but
both will entitle each other to create a magnificent display

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