Rise Of The Byzantine Empire Essay

Rise Of The Byzantine Empire Essay
The rise and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was an important event. No empire was strong enough to defeat the mighty Byzantine empire. This
empire was unstoppable and expanded far and wide. The Byzantine empire lasted for hundreds of years. Three main points in time of the Byzantine
Empire is when, the Roman Empire split forming the Byzantine Empire, when the empire converted to Christian start in the "holy wars" against the
Muslims, and when the Byzantine Empire falls from getting attacked from Mehmed the II. The emperor Constantine ruled all of Rome but Rome was
getting to big. Constantine divided Rome into two parts, the west side and the east side. The west side (Rome) was given to another emperor and
Constantine ruled the eastern side of Rome which is the Byzantine Empire. While Rome collapsed, the Byzantine empire lasted almost a thoudsand
years longer than the Roman Empire . The Byzantine Empire is located in Constantinople, Byzantium. The Byzantine Empire is located in modern day
Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Serbia, and Albania. The second... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
wars began between Christians and Muslims.While the wars between Christians and Muslims were going on, Seijuk Turks were attacking
Constantinople (the capital of the Byzantine Empire).The Byzantine empire needed help so they requested help from the west. All this started the
"Holy Wars".The first crusade was started by a Pope named Pope Urban the II. Pope Urban the II came from France which was Clermont. Armies
came to Byzantium from Germany, Italy, and France. (When they entered, the emperor of the Byzantine empire, Alexius, made all their leaders take an
oath stating that all the land taken by the Seijuk Turks will be restored and return to the Byzantine empire.)Alexius had his army retreat after losing and
regaining
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

King Louis Vii's Reign
Louis VII was a Capetian King of the Franks from 1137 until his death. He was the son and successor of King Louis IV of France, or most
commonly known as Louis the Fat. He was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe.
Reigned from 1137 to 1180; b. 1120. The second son of Louis VI and Adelaide of Maurienne. Louis's education at the cathedral school in Paris
prepared him for an ecclesiastical career; however, upon the death of his brother, Philip, in 1131, he became heir to the French throne to which he
succeeded in 1137. Following their return from the Second Crusade (1477–1149), Louis procured an annulment for his marriage with Eleanor of
Aquitaine on the grounds of consanguinity. He... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May 1152, Eleanor subsequently married the future Henry II of England (r. 1154–1189), whose possessions in France and powerful ambition became
a source of rivalry and conflict for Louis. His contemporaries, including Odo de Deuil, Stephen of Paris, John of Salisbury, and Walter Map praised
Louis VII for his piety and his favorable disposition toward the church. He undertook pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela (1154–55), the Grande
Chartreuse (1162–63), and to Canterbury (1179). Because of a disputed papal election, Alexander III sought refuge in France in 1162, where he
received Louis's welcome. Louis's protection of Thomas Becket, who had fled to France in 1164 to escape the wrath of Henry II, received
widespread approval. Louis asserted his rights over the French church, especially regarding episcopal elections in his realm and control over royal
churches. To provide continual support for his royal policies, elections to royal bishoprics often went to members of the king's own household or to
families loyal to Capetian interests. As a benefactor to the Templars, Louis gave them the land for their commandery at Savigny, along with sizable
rents and privileges. He also made generous grants to smaller monastic

King Richard I Research Paper
FAQs About King Richard I Q: What family heritage does King Richard I come from? A: King Richard I was born on September 8, 1157 most
likely at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England. His father was King Henry II of England and his mother was Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard was not
the eldest son amongst his siblings as he had two older siblings, however, he would've had three older siblings if King Henry II's first born, William
IX, didn't die during his infancy. Richard also had four younger siblings and he was the youngest of two half siblings. His father, King Henry, was
Norman–Angevin and descends from William the Conquerer as his great–grandson. Historian Ralph of Diceto mapped Henry's heritage through
Matilda of Scotland all the way to Anglo–Saxon kings of England including Alfred the Great, which links to Noah and Woden ("Richard "the
Lionheart", King of England"). In relation to Queen Elizabeth II, King Richard I is her 21st great–granduncle ("King Richard I The Lion Heart |
Britroyals"). How did King Richard rise to power? A: Historian Jean Flori believes that Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of Richard and his brothers,
convinced her sons to rebel against their father Henry II. The oldest brother, Henry the Young King, was the first to leave King Henry II and go to
the French Court seeking protection from Louis VII in order to start an overthrow; brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed and did the same as
Henry. The alliance was initially successful, but in the end

Comparing King John And The Magna Carta
: English rulers that clashed with nobles and the Church tried to raise taxes or impose royal authority. With these struggles, the evolved traditions of
government formed that would have great influence on the modern world. A clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler, King John, had three powerful
enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own English nobles. When John suffered a setback by losing a war with Philip II, he had
to give up lands in Anjou and Normandy. Then he fought with Innocent III over selecting a new archbishop of Canterbury. The pope excommunicated
him when John rejected the pope's nominee as well as placing England under the interdict––the papal order that forbade Church services in an entire
kingdom. To save himself as well as his crown, John had to accept England as a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1215, a group of barons concerned John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta which was a great charter. The two very important ideas that would
shape English government in the future comprised this document. First, it asserted that the nobles had certain rights. With time, the rights were
extended to all English citizens. Second, the Magna Carta made it clear that the monarch must obey the law. The barons included provisions that
recognized the legal rights of townspeople and the Church as well as protecting their own

King Philip Regime and Government in Paris 1200 by John W....
King Philip Regime and Government In the novel, Paris 1200 by John W. Baldwin, King Philip (Philip Augustus), was an important contributor to
the growth of the French Monarchy. He was able to increase the Monarchy better then any other King before him. He defeated many enemies,
sought to overtake the British crown and embarked on a third crusade. King Philip Augustus brought financial stability to the country and was
very popular amongst his subjects. King Philip when assigned King had many goals to achieve to make his Kingdom the most powerful. He
changed the political structure to better suit these goals and allow for a better transition with his changes. King Philip Augustus had different
relationships, good and bad, with the Catholic Church, the Parisian Elite and England. Philip II, starting at such a young age, had high
expectations for the development of the Kingdom. Philip Augustus was the late son of King Louis VII and it was a miracle that King Louis VII
could bear a son so late in his regime. "His birth at Paris on 21 August 1165 was the occasion of exceptional rejoicing for his parents, and for the
Parisian population because it brought long years of anxiety to a close" (Baldwin 71). The country finally felt secure knowing there was a male hair
in line to rule the Kingdom. King Philip was the son of Louis VII and Alix de Champagne. He was born in Paris and spent as much time as possible in
the capital area. His father planned to associate Philip with him on the

King Richard I : The Lion King
Richard I ruled as the king of England from 1189–1199. King Richard I, also known as "The Lion Heart" was a glorious warrior and military leader,
known to be extremely ambitious, that led England through many significant military accomplishments. His father, Henry II didn't believe that
Richard would be a successful ruler of England, but in his short reign of only nine years, he was able to make an enormous accomplishment for
England. His greatest accomplishment was the Third Crusade, and over a reign of only about nine years, King Richard I was able to recover much
of the Holy Land from Saladin, the leader of the Islamic forces during the Third Crusade. Even though he failed to recover the city of Jerusalem, he
negotiated a peace treaty with Saladin that allowed the Christians to practice their religion in all of the Holy Places in the city. Richard I was able to
reverse almost all of the conquests of Saladin, allowing the Christians to reoccupy the coast of Palestine. Richard I's conquests and significant military
accomplishments for England prove him a successful leader of England.
Richard I was born on September 8th, 1157, the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard's father was the grandson of Henry I of
England and his mother was the daughter of William X of France. King Henry II Richard had an older brother, young King Henry, and an older sister
Matilda. He also had two younger brothers, Geoffrey and John, and two younger sisters, Eleanor and Joan.

New France Essay
In the sixteenth century, France's efforts to colonize North America was jeopardized by religious conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants.
The French were interested in fur trade; this became the focal point of the economy and lead to the establishment of New France. The Company of
New France would be in authority of this settlement. Quebec would become the first French settlement in Canada because of Samuel de Champlain's
efforts. Ultimately, New France would have about 15,000 residents by the 1700s.
The Dutch Republic began expanding in the seventeenth century. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company competed with Portugal for control over
Asian and slave trade; the 1621 West India Company would be created. In 1624, the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tobacco would become very important to the colonies. In 1606, the Virginia Company and the Plymouth Company (joint–stock companies) were
created to earn money for the colonization. In 1608, John Smith took leadership of the colony. In 1616, the headright system was introduced to give
land in exchange for migration to Virginia. John Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian tribe's Chief Powhatan in 1614. Pocahontas died
in 1617 and Powhatan died in 1618. In 1624, King James made Virginia a royal colony.
Maryland was a proprietary colony owned by Calvert. When Calvert died, Protestants took over in 1634; they would also begin a headright system.
Calvert passed the Act for Religious Freedom in 1640.
In 1607, Maine was colonized. Within the years of 1620 and 1640, six colonies were founded. During this time, fighting among the Puritans,
separatists, and Protestants began. The Pilgrims were separatists who came to the Americas in 1620. The Massachusetts Bay Company received a
royal charter in 1629; Massachusetts was founded by Puritans and John Winthrop was the governor. Due to the Pequot War in 1637, Connecticut
would be given a royal charter in 1662 and become an independent colony. Roger Williams would found Rhode Island in

The Kingdom Of England Versus Valois Capetians For Control...
Why Did This Conflict Begin and Why Was It Fought? The Hundred Years War Was A Group Of Battles From 1337
– 1453. The Kingdom Of England
Versus Valois Capetians For Control Of The French Throne. This War Has Been Divided Into Three Separate Phases: 1. The Edwardian Era War
(1337 – 1360) 2. The Caroline War (1369– 1389) 3. The Lancastrian War (1415– 1453) It Was During This War That Saw The Burning Murder Of St
Joan Of Arc. The Key Battles Of This Conflict. The War Of Two Peters Was Fought From 1356– 1375 Between The Kingdoms Of Castile And
Aragon. The Two Rulers Were Peter Of Castile And Peter IV Of Aragon. This Was During The Edwardian War The 1383
– 1385 Crisis Was A Period
Of Civil War in Portugal. During this time no... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was King during the 1st phase of the Hundred Years War. He married once and had 11 children, 4 died upon birth. Both Charles VI and his wife
Joan the Lame died when the Black Death hit Europe. John I of Castile. He was King of Castile from 1379 to 1390 and during this time was the 1383
– 1385 Crisis. He was the last Spanish Monarch to have a coronation. During the 1383 – 1385 Crisis, John invaded Portugal. In 1385 Castile was
defeated and John and his wife Beatrice were dethroned as King and Queen of Portugal. He died in 1390 when he fell of his horse. His death was
kept secret to his family for 10 days. He was 32 years old. How Did Conflict affect England and France? England and France made peace with each
other. Both countries lost 5 kings during the Hundred Years War. Why did this conflict come to an end? The Battle of Castillon was the last war and
marked the end of the Hundred Year War. Although, England and France remained at war formally for another 20 years. After the English were
defeated in the Hundred Year War, landowner became angry due to major financial losses and cause unrest. England returned all their troops from
France back to England and as of then the Hundred Year War was over. Consequences Of The War. The Lasting Effects. England's landowners became
angry and caused unrest. This started another war 2 years later in 1455 and lasted 22

Comparison Of King John And The Magna Carta
In this essay I will discussing about King John and the Magna Carta. King John otherwise called John Lackland ruled England for a long time in the
Middle Ages. He was born in 24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace, Oxford to Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, John was the most youthful of 12
and the most loved child of Henry II. John was a disliked King for number of reasons like unsuccessful battles, requesting higher taxes, this gave
numerous haters. John was compelled to sign the Magna Carta, as a result of his poor choices he made towards England.
The Magna Carta is a record that goes back to the year 1215. The name is Latin for 'The Great Charter'. A sanction is a composed record that
characterises the privileges of a gathering of individuals. For this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They included promises to protect the freedom and rights of the Church, to counsel all the more intimately with the barons (particularly on
issues,such as taxes) and to ensure certain opportunities to every single free man. Therefore the archive additionally expressed that a chamber of
25 barons would be made to prompt the King. Some of the guarantees, or statements, in the report guaranteed that the King would not do whatever
he felt like but rather would be obliged by laws and appropriate procedures. For instance, he needed to ensure that on the off chance that somebody
was blamed for a wrongdoing they would be given an appropriate trial and would be judged by their associates (individuals of a similar status, for
this situation fellow Englishmen). The King was not permitted to seize property or belonging from individuals yet needed to pay for them like every
other person. Comparable types of abuse by the lord were likewise precluded by the record. The Magna Carta was not simply expected for the
gatherings engaged with its creation however for future gatherings too, especially any future Kings or

The Battle of Agincourt Essay
The Battle of Agincourt occurred in the middle Ages, on October 25, 1415. This battle is one of the most memorable and strategically fought battles
between England and France. The Battle of Agincourt involved England and France near Agincourt. The Battle of Agincourt happened during the
"Hundred Years War". The hundred year War began in 1337 and ended in 1453. The hundred years war actually lasted 116 years. The Hundred Years
war included England, France and later Burgundy. Sometimes England won the battles and sometimes France won (Keegan 79).
The Battle of Agincourt happened because of The Treaty of Bretigny. The Treaty of Bretigny came about because of Henry V's great
–grandfather King
Edward III. King Edward III mother was the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1405, King Henry IV got sick and Prince Hall took over most of his duties until his death in 1413. Prince Hal became King, took on the name of
King Henry V. King Henry V fell into his role as king quickly, and got involved in other battles prior to the Battle of Agincourt that prepared him for
that battle (Middle–Ages.org).
King Henry V wanted to continue the negotiations with France and made some demands that the French thought was ridiculous. King Henry V was
willing to give up some items in the Treaty but only if France paid 1.6 million crowns; part of the debt owed his ancestors for the capture of John II.
In addition, he wanted the France to give up Aquitaine, Normandy, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany, Flanders and other territories. King Henry would marry
the Princess of France, King Charles VI daughter and received pay of 600,000 crowns (Keegan 80).
France refused to negotiate; so King Henry asked the Parliament to tax France for the inheritance that they owed him. France ignored England's
demands. On April 14, 1415, King Henry V asked the Parliament to sanction war against France. The Parliament agreed and the Battle with France
will soon follow. England was preparing for the Battle of Agincourt (Middle–Ages.org).
King Henry V began to inspire his army with speeches that gave them pride, courage and hope. Shakespeare's St. Crispen's Day Speech puts in
perspective how Henry V led his army to fight the French.
The title of the speech was in honor of two

Last 100 Years War
I.Introduction
Question, what was the100 Years War and did it really last 100 years?
II
The 100 Years War was an on and off war between France and England from 1337 to 1453 over who was the rightful heir to the French throne,
among other disputes. Small disputes had been going on for years but the fight really escalated when King Charles IV of France died without a male
heir. He did have a sister Isabella the mother of Edward III. Therefore, Edward believed that because of this, he should be king of France. The French
however, decided that a cousin of Charles, Philip, should be crowned king.1
III
There were several battles during the 100 Year War but, some of the most significant battles included: Battle of Crecy led by Edward III,... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.
"Castillon: Last Battle Of The Hundred Years' War". Warfarehistorynetwork.com. Web. 5 Mar. 2017.
Cavendish, Richard. "End Of The Hundred Years War | History Today". Historytoday.com. N.p., 2003. Web. 19 Jan. 2017.
Cohen, Jennie. "7 Surprising Facts About Joan Of Arc– History Lists". HISTORY.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.
"End Of Europe's Middle Ages – Hundred Years' War
". Faculty.umb.edu. N.p., 1998. Web. 19 Jan. 2017.
Hickman, Kennedy. "End Of An Era: Battle Of Castillon". ThoughtCo. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.
"Hundred Years' War– New World Encyclopedia"
Newworldencyclopedia.org. N.p., 2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
"Hundred Years' War (1369
–89)". En.wikipedia.org. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
"List Of 5 Most Significant Battles Of The Hundred Years' War– History Lists". Historylists.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
"Siege Of OrlГ©ans – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.Com". HISTORY.com. N.p., 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2017.
"Siege Of Orleans – World History Online". Heeve.com. Web. 29 Jan. 2017.
The World Book Encyclopedia H Vol 9. 9th ed. Chicago: World Book, 1977. Print.
"Treaty Of Troyes". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan.

King Lear Act 1 Scene Essay
King Lear Act 1 Scene
What impact did Act 1 Scene 1 of King Lear have on you?
The first scene of the first act of King Lear had a genuinely dramatic affect upon me.
This first glimpse into the world of Lear and his subordinates sets the premise for the whole play, unravelling within the first few pages, themes which I
believe will become increasingly evident. The scene opens with the introduction of three characters – Kent, Gloucester and Edmund. Of these three
characters the only one who seems not to have been shown in an unfavourable light yet, by this brief introduction, is Kent. This could be intentional to
set It is made clear Edmund is a bastard, and therefore illegible for proper acknowledgement as the son of an Earl. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At this point of the scene it can be clearly noticed how similar Goneril and Regan are, as Regan asks Lear to measure her worth as he measured
Goneril's. This closeness seems symbolic in a way to the close–knit coven in Macbeth, as these women seem to have underlying deceptive qualities.
Before considering Cordelia's answer to Lear, we must note her comments made during Goneril and Regan's 'speeches'. This is keen use of the
aside speech by Shakespeare as the audience would be able to hear Cordelia's confusion over what her response shall be and her truthful belief that
her love is more ponderous than her tongue. Her indecision over what to say to her father shows really how much she does not want to offend him,
but instead she does the opposite, as he cannot see beyond his pride, to her loyal words.
When she says "Nothing", she is indicating to him that he should no the worth of her love for him. The king, shocked with this appearance of
ingratitude in his favourite child, desired her to consider her words, and to mend her speech, lest it should mar her fortunes. Cordelia then tells Lear
that she loves him according to her station, and as much as he loves her as his daughter. She is as she says "young...and true". Lear is obviously hurt
but it seems, due to the severity of his actions, that his pride and title have been harmed more. He disowns her and she becomes his "sometime
daughter". At this point Kent intervenes on Cordelia's behalf

Film Analysis: The Lion In Winter
The theatrical film The Lion In Winter stars Peter O'Toole as King Henry II, and Katharine Hepburn as his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Adapted
from his stage play of the same title, author James Goldman provides a fictional, but plausible, account of intra–family deceit and political conniving
within the large and powerful Angevin Empire, which spanned much of the land that is now Britain, and much of what is now Northeastern France,
within the medieval world. Directed and edited by Anthony Harvey, the story, set in the winter of 1183, details the succession crisis faced by the aging
King Henry II, as his three surviving sons vie for the crown, and Queen Eleanor plots, both with and against them, to regain her freedom, and become
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an era when the population was barely able to produce sufficient food for survival and the concept of large scale commercial trade was still
relatively new, it seems unlikely, even among royalty, that the gift from Geoffrey to John had any connection to the modern concept of Christmas
as a time of gift giving. It was, however, customary for a visiting dignitary to provide some type of gift to their noble or royal host. Next to arrive
is Prince Richard, greeting both younger brothers with a curt and surly attitude, then King Henry, passing by on his way to greet his temporarily
released Queen as her boat approaches the dock, briefly engages the brothers for an exchange of sarcastic greetings. The exchange of greetings
between King Henry and Queen Eleanor express distrust, dislike and anger, as well as love and affection, but also deceit, in that they walk arm in arm
from the dock to the castle and through the castle courtyard, giving the impression of unity to those that observe them. Trumpets sound to announce the
arrival of King Philip of France, and once again, King Henry and Queen Eleanor stride, regally, through the courtyard to greet the young King of
France, presenting a false united front to their subjects and to King Philip. King Philip has come to demand that either the terms of the agreement made
sixteen years earlier between King Henry and King Louis, the

Involvement In France
There are presently two primary camps held by scholars of Vichy government and World War II in regards to the popular topic of France's involvement
in the oppression of its Jewish residents during World War II. One faction argues that the actions of the French during the German occupation of France
were necessary to protect the nation, claiming that the occupation was one of accommodation. The second group argues that policy, at least for the first
two years of the German occupation, was controlled by the new Vichy government and that the anti–Semitic legislation was supported by French
politicians without Nazi persuasion; therefore, their occupation was one of collaboration or, at the very least, one of culpability. This project will
examine... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The issue had largely been avoided by the general French population and media until 1995 when the President of France, Jacques Chirac, acknowledged
the involvement of the French police in the Vel d'Hiv Roundup and admitted French culpability in the extermination of both French and foreign–born
Jewish people living in France during the German occupation. Thereafter the debate of France as a puppet state under the Germans during World War
II flourished with both scholarship and wider access to records from the time. Groundwork research does lean in favor of the camp that France
collaborated with the Germans and additional examination of both primary and secondary sources are likely to further support this

The Five Phases Of The Hundred Years War
A big name for a group of conflicts that were fought in an 116 year time period is the Hundred Years War (New World Encyclopedia). From
1337–1453, England and France both struggled in battle over the succession to the French Throne (Wheeler). This war has five phases it can be
divided into (Naval Academy). Many decades consisted of England dominating France and then it went back and forth. The nation that was winning
would always change throughout the series of wars (Wheeler). The result of the Hundred Years' War remained inconclusive since France and England
leaders were prepared for different phases of the war, were skilled in battle, and were victorious in different battles against their enemies. Although it
may seem that one particular... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The wars were declared by kings and not so much between nations or royal families (New World Encyclopedia). The Duchy of Gascony was one
source of friction while another cause was the establishment of strong alliance by the Flanders (Calgary). Both practical and constitutional aspects
were there to dispute over Gueyenne/Gascony (Naval Academy). Claims of the French crown by England was not as much a cause of the war than a
founded justification for it. Once King Charles IV died, the succession of the French throne was left confused to everyone. The thought of an attack by
the French and the Scottish from the north and the south of England concerned Edward III in 1335–1336. After being driven out in 1334 by Edward
III, Philip VI gave refuge to King David. (Naval

John Hay Open Door Policy
John Hay, the Secretary of State, first articulated the Open Door Policy in 1899. The Secretary of State's intentions for the Open Door Policy was
aimed to secure international agreements for policy, trade and commerce with China. Prior to John Hay, American policies with China were conducted
under similar principles however, were not official until he put the policy in writing and proposed it to the powers in Europe. The "Open Door" was
not an official United States policy but was considered "notes" sent between the Far East in the late 1800's and half of the 1900's. The Open Door
notes were never a policy and were only drafts of notes sent between John Hay and European countries in an attempt to establish equal trade commerce
and equal port availability regardless of nationality. John Hay battled for years throughout the 19th century putting these "notes" into place. He strived
to obtain full concurrence from all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hippisley and William E. Rockhill (history.state.gov). Both these men, experts in China economy, believed that China trades and port access would be
best protected by an agreement. Hippisley and Rockhill suggested an agreement that would provide a formality in trade and commercial activity among
European powers. During the same time the United States had just won the Spanish–American war and had gained control of Guam, Philippines and
Hawaii. With growing economical power, the United States became increasingly interested in China trade. Hippisley and Rockhill proposed their ideas
to John Hay. Hay would construct and draft the initial agreement. John Hay sent the preliminary notes of policy to the countries that had an interest in
trades and the ports open around China. These countries included Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan. The original proposition was to
establish a free and open market for equal trading opportunities between all nationalities invested with

The Battle Of Poitiers During The Hundred Year War
The next major battle that occurred during the Hundred Year War was the Battle of Poitiers. The Battle of Poitiers was a battle that occurred after
a six year break from war, warfare broke out again as Edward III's son, Edward the Black Prince had attacked France in 1356. The French had a line
of defense, however Edward was able to break through the defenses and attacked the French head on. The current king of France was King John II.
Edward the Black Prince was able to cause a disastrous battle in France and the result of the battle was that Edward the Black Prince was able to
capture King John II (Jean II) as well as almost 2,000 aristocracy members of France. Edward the Black Prince wanted a ransom. France was at a
loss without their king and did not know what to do so they signed the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360 that states that they would cede a large amount
of northern territory and the shoreline to England. In exchange for this deal, Edward the Black Prince was required to give up his claim to the
throne. After the loss of the two great generals of England, Edward III and Edward the Black Prince, the French regained control of most parts of
France and in 1389 the two sides signed a true as well as extended the treaty in 1396 for 28 years. In 1964, The Battle of Auray was the battle where
the English forces under John Chandos besieged Auray and the leader of the French army, Bertrand du Guesclin, was captured. During this time, the
French King known as King Jean II died

The Battle Of The War On France
The Hundred Years War was fought between the armies of England and France beginning in 1337 CE, and eventually leading to a French victory in
1453. The war had a number of consequences, from England losing the vast majority of its territories in mainland Europe to significantly advancing
European military technology. The origins of the conflict were in a dispute between the English and the French over the French throne. AfterCharles IV
of France died in 1328, leaving no male heir behind, he passed the throne to his cousin, Philip of Valois, who was crowned Philip VI. However,
many English believed their young king Edward III had the right to the crown, as his mother Isabella was Charles's sister. The other cause of the war
was the argument between both sides over Guyenne, a territory that the English had held in France for many years, and which was very valuable and
profitable for the English. Edward III declared war on France because of the strategic value of Guyenne and to distract the French from Scotland, rather
than his personal desire for the throne.
The French claim to their own throne was largely based on their decision that the crown should not be passed down to a woman. First of all, there
had never previously been any queens of France, because until then every French ruler had left a male heir behind. In 1316, following the death of
Louis X of France and his infant son John I, there were no more male heirs left, and there was a question over who would inherit the

Essay On The Hundred Years War
One of the longest conflicts in the history of warfare, the Hundred Years' War was a time that defined history for both England and France. The
war lasted from 1337 until 1453 passing over one hundred years and reaching a total of one hundred and sixteen years. It began in May 1337 when
King Philip VI of France tried to confiscate English territories located in Southwestern France and it then ended in July 1453 when the French finally
expelled the English from the continent. In the one hundred and sixteen years' time span, there were about sixty eight years of peace, and forty four
years of a series of battles full with raids, sieges, and naval battles. Like many other wars, it did not achieve anything except for destruction, disorder,
and the misery of the common people living in these events, though it marked the start of early modern times for England and France. (Bishop)
Although the war started in 1337, the roots trace back all the way to the reign of William the Conqueror. When William the Conqueror became king in
1066. He launched an invasion of England from Normandy, his territory within France. He then in the Battle of Hastings came out victorious and he
united England with Normandy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This battle took place at the present village of Crecy, in the department of France of Somme. The English army led by Edward III defeated a much
larger army led by Philip VI. About half of the French army was killed in this battle, including more than a thousand knights. For the first time
English archers on foot using new weapons such as long bows and crossbows proved to be more effective and efficient than the French knights on
horses. (Allmand) A year later because of the victory at Crecy Edward III of England laid siege to Calais and forced the city to surrender. TheBlack
Death or also commonly known as the Bubonic plague afterwards struck Europe, and forced the war to halt until the disaster

How Did John Adams Win The Election Of 1800 Dbq
The election of 1800 was a major event in the history of the United States of America. This elections marks the end of the Federalists as the leaders of
this great newly independent small power. The Federalists had always wanted a strongly unified government and opposed having two political parties
whereas the Republicans opposed giving too much power to the national government. Having for leader the great and venerated George Washington,
the Federalists had a lot of influence; after all he is the first President of the United States and also became the commander of the U.S. Army under John
Adams' presidency. The issue started when a cold war was happening with the French, the Federalists wanted a war against the French while the
Republicans were against it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By separating from the war hawks and sending a simple message to congress John Adams ultimately managed to avoid the war with the French which
were "Republican" actions when John Adams really was a Federalist. Also Washington's death completely shattered the Federalists as Larson states:
"With Washington gone and their unity shattered by Adams' overture to France, Federalists were fast becoming 'the antis'"(10 days vol II 201) This I
believe is the main factor why the 1800 elections were won by the very popular Republican Thomas Jefferson. With Adams ranking third it was the first
time a transfer of power happened without violent confrontation, this showed that the young nation was able to withstand two political

D Day Persuasive Speech
Celeste: Bonjour! My name is John and this is Juan. We will be your tour guides for today. Rachel: Welcome to Omaha Beach, one of the five D
–Day
landing beaches on the coast of Normandy. Celeste: As we make our way across this historical beach, we'll address its significance to our country.
C+R: Let's walk. Rachel: Juan, did you know that this year we are commemorating the 71st anniversary of the D–Day beaches which were established
on June 6, 1944 during an invasion? Celeste: You don't say, John! Yes, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword Beach stand to commemorate the efforts of
the soldiers in World War II. Today, there are many museums along these beaches, as well as remains, monuments and cemeteries left in tribute to the
history of one of the largest military operations in history. Rachel: Thanks for that. Now let us... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Did you know, John, that this beach is one of the most famous sectors of the D–Day operation? It was a landing spot for more than 40,000 American
troops who waded through the surf to face a barrier of German soldiers and artillery. Unfortunately, an estimated 5,000 Allied soldiers died within the
first few hours of landing. Celeste: But, by the end of the day, the Allies had successfully stormed Normandy's beaches. This is one of the reasons why
these D–Day beaches are so significant to this country – it was the beginning of the liberation of France! Rachel: In the following weeks, the Allies
battled their way across the Normandy countryside against the German resistance as well as across the dense landscape of marshes and hedgerows.
By the end of August, 1944 they reached the Seine River, Paris was liberated and the Germans were removed from north–western France which
effectively concluded the Battle of Normandy. Celeste: Not only did the D–Day landing beaches signify the battle which allowed the liberation of
France from the Nazis, it was seen as the beginning of the end of World War

Assize Of Clarendon Essay
1.The Assize of Clarendon was first created by Henry II. What was it? It was a law that helped organize the English law. The name applied when
the Council of Clarendon met. First off, it helped improve the criminal law, which is a law that gave punishment to crime. It had a jury to help. The
jury would tell the king's judges about any crimes that were committed. The crimes that Henry II commissioned were murder, theft, and robbery.
The men who were punished or subjected were punished in various ways. If a man was convicted of a severe crime, he would receive imprisonment
or an amputation of his hand or leg. All the men who were subjected had to receive the trial of water. One of the rules of the Assize of Clarendon were
if there were no prisons... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eleanor had first divorced Louis VII France. When they were married, Henry was 19 while his wife was 30. Eleanor had divorced Eleanor was
extremely beautiful and the richest woman in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. It was likely that they were actually in love when they
first got married, but they Henry got into another fight with her. Eleanor wanted Richard to become the next king instead of John, but Henry wanted to
clash heads as he wanted John to become the next king. Both of their personalities were egotistical, stubborn, and bold. In stories, it is said that Henry
had an affair with

Greatest Women In History: Eleanor Of Aquitaine
Biography – Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine is said to be one of the greatest women in history; but what makes this so true?
Personal information:
Eleanor was born in France, 1122 to William X, Duke of Aquitaine and Aenor de Chatterlot. Eleanor inherited the position of the duchy from her father
approximately in April 1137.
Eleanor lived with her first husband's family until she was of age and able to marry him. She had ten kids; two with her first husband Louis VII of
France and eight with second husband Henry II.
Major events:
Eleanor married Louis VII of France in 1137 and had two daughters; Marie of France and Alix of France. Eleanor then got tired of him and divorced
and then married Henry II and had five sons, and three daughters;

Philip The Fortunate Was A Very Good French King
Philip VI the Fortunate
Andrew Miller
10th History
12 – 27 – 16
Introduction
I think Philip the Fortunate was a very good French King. He was known for being the first French king of the Valois dynasty. His reign saw the
beginning of the Hundred Years ' War and the arrival of theBlack Death.
Body
In May of 1328, Philip of Valois became KingPhilip VI of France. In August of that year, the count of Flanders appealed to Philip for help in putting
down a revolt. The king responded by sending his knights to slaughter thousands at the Battle of Cassel. Not long after that, Robert of Artois, who had
helped Philip get the crown, claimed the countship of Artois; but a royal candidate did so, as well. Philip instituted judicial proceedings against Robert,
turning his one–time supporter into a bitter enemy.
It wasn 't until 1334 that trouble began with England. Edward III, who didn 't particularly like paying homage to Philip for his holdings in France,
decided to flout Philip 's interpretation of Salic Law and lay claim to the French crown through his mother 's line. (Edward was most likely spurred
on in his animosity toward Philip by Robert of Artois.) In 1337 Edward landed on French soil, and what would later be known as Hundred Years' War
began.
In order to wage war Philip had to raise taxes, and in order to raise taxes he had to make concessions to the nobility, the clergy, and the bourgeoisie.
This resulted in the rise of the estates and the beginning of a reform movement in

Causes Of The Berlin Wall
The Berlin wall had many events that led up to its construction. Some Major economic, political and social events that caused the building of the
berlin wall were world war II which had both economic and political events, the cold war (political), the berlin blockade (economic), the berlin crisis
(political), John F. Kennedys speech (social) and the four–power agreement (political).
World war two was a political event because it was between countries and it was an economic event because it left Germany destroyed. Germany was
allies with Soviet Union and they were against the United States of America, France and Great Britain during World War II from September 1, 1939
to September 2, 1945. World war II in Europe ended on May 7, 1945 after Germany surrendered. Germanys surrender caused Germany to divide into
four zones. the Soviet Union, United States, French and Great Britain zones. Since Berlin was the capitol of Germany it was split into four sections
even though it was in East Germany. World war II left Germany destroyed. West Germany recovered quickly, however East Germany was recovering
slowly.
Since Soviet Union was communist it meant their government was communist as well. Communism was the main thing that drove east Germans to
West Germany. People such as doctors and engineers were the first to flee communism. Once the soviets found out citizens were going to the west they
closed the eastern bloc borders because they wanted to prevent the people that remained in the

The Hundred Years's War: The Causes Of The Hundred Years War
One of the longest conflicts in the history of warfare, the Hundred Years' War was a time that defined history for both England and France. The war
lasted from 1337 until 1453 passing over one hundred years and reached a total of one hundred and sixteen years. It began in May 1337 when King
Philip VI of France tried to confiscate English territories located in Southwestern France and it then ended in July 1453 when the French finally
expelled the English from the continent. In the one hundred and sixteen years' time span, there were about sixty–eight years of peace, and forty–four
years of a series of battles full with raids, sieges, and naval battles. It was a war with unforgettable results, marking the start of early modern times for
England... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1420, he forced the French to sign the Treaty of Troyes. This treaty said that Henry would keep most of northern France, and would marry Charles
VI's daughter. Once they had an heir, their offspring would be crowned the king of England and France. In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died. The
son of Henry came to throne as Henry VI for both England and France, while Charles VI's son continued to rule a portion of southern France. Although
Henry VI became king, England continued to attack under the Duke of Bedford, Henry V's brother. With the help of the Burgundians, the English
dominated the northern half of France and were able to attack a major city in central

History Unit 1 Edexcel Past Year Paper
January 2009 1. How far did Henry's legal and financial reforms strengthen the power of the English monarchy? * Focus on key features of reform *
Ensure balance given to both legal and judicial * Consider how important were these reforms in maintaining and expanding royal power, esp. after
devolution of royal authority under Stephen Intro:– there was a necessity for reform (anarchy) –Briefly– Legal & financial reform –Themes: King
as central authority strengthen his authority Why there was a need for reform? Body:– 2 parts : Legal reforms & financial reforms *LEGAL
REFORMS – standardization : * writs * Legal procedure: henry attempted to formalize legal procedures, formed the 3 big assizes, by... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. How far do you agree that the weakness of royal finances was the main reason for the growth of opposition to King John? * What financial
difficulties did John face, i.e. Richard's ransom, loss of wealthy territory in France * At same time understand ability of England to generate large
degrees of wealth, at expense of people; how did this, in turn, aggravate society? * Note that financial difficulties was not sole reason for the
growth of opposition, took place alongside his personality problems, other flaws January 2011 1. To what extent did Henry strengthen the powers
of the Crown in England? * Refer to instability caused by Anarchy; what were the problems, how did Henry address them. * Judge how successful
was Henry in controlling England through the success of his reforms, and becoming Lord of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales * Balance against his
poor showing against the Church 2. How important was the part played by Philip Augustus in the collapse of English power in France? * Philip's
ability to play son off father and brother off brother while he was weak * When in position of strength, and against weak king(John when Richard
absent, and later dead), skilful military strategy * But note that his greatest conquests came during reign of John who was only a mildly successful
military leader, and who had alienated allies. May 2011 1. To what extent was Becket responsible for

Joan Of Arc Causes
The France and England have been battling at war from the beginning of time. When Charles IV of France dies leaving only daughters. His sister
Isabella of France who was also the the wife of the King of England. She claimed the French throne for her son Edward III of England because he
is the closest male relative. However the french nobles favoured Philip VI because they didn't want a foreign king. The One Hundred Years War
started in 1337 to 1453 and had many Kings during that time period. England was winning most of the war but because of the help Joan Of Arc
France came back into the war. She gave France life and without her they would have lost the war and England would have took over France. At the
beginning of the war England was dominating... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the age of thirteen she says she started having visions of God and other important figures telling her to fight the war. She went to the King at
the job and told him about her visions. France was losing the war and their back was up against the wall so they figured she couldn't hurt anything.
She served in the army dress up as a man and gave a lot of advice to the king. She came up with the plan to take back Orleans. After they took back
Orleans she marched to Reims with Charles VII the King Of France. The War was pretty much over after that both sides was done fighting at the
time because they couldn't loss anymore troops. A few years later the war resumed but didn't last long until France came out on top. During the end
Joan of Arc was captured by Burgundy and offered back to France for a ransom but they said no. She was a prisoner of war until England got her
and burned her to death for being a witch. Without Joan the war would have ended sooner with England winning but because of her she gave the
France life. She hyped them up and got them into the war and gave great advice to take back cities like Orleans and

How Did King Henry III Influence The Government
Henry II (1133 – 1189) was the grandson of Henry I, but only became king after having invaded England in 1153 and forcing his second cousin, King
Stephen to make him heir. He was only able to invade due to his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, as it made him Lord of Aquitaine and gave him
more power and influence in France. His succession to the throne in 1154 made him commander of an empire which stretched from northern Scotland
to south–western Europe. He made various significant changes to the empire during his rule. He controlled the power of the Church and set in place
various legal reforms which became the basis for the legal system still used today. He was known for being ruthless and having a very bad temper,
which were some of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He best known for his significant role in the Hundred Years' War with France over the throne. The war began in 1337 with Edward's attempt to
invade France, which resulted in his bankruptcy. Edward's role in the wars was eventually passed over to his son Edward, known as the Black
Prince, who was an able military leader. Edward III and his wife Philippa of Hainault were popular amongst the people. Edward's good personality
allowed him to gather support in the Hundred Years' War and his tactical and fighting abilities helped him win many of the

The Hundred Years War Essay
The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years' War was a war between England and France in which France defended its' crown against British rule. This
war had a great impact on the people of each country.
The origin of the war goes back to the conquest of William for England. In 1066
William, the Duke of Normandy, led an army into England. He won this battle and became the king of England. This was possible under feudalism.
Feudalism is a form of social classification in which the members of an upper class are granted fifes, or pieces of land, by higher ranking noblemen
return for their military service. The vassal, the person receiving the land, had to go through ceremony in which they would say that they would be ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He seized Mortimer and hung him the next morning. He left Mortimer's body hanging for 2 days and nights. Isabella was treated more carefully. She
was imprisoned and confined to several castles for life (16). In 1337 Edward III would return to France to claim what he felt what was rightfully his.
(Time Life 17).
On October 19, 1337, Edward III drafted a document to Philip of Valois that said that Edward was the rightful king of France and that Edward would
no longer pay homage to Philip of the French lands that he owned. This letter was given to him by
Henry Burghersh, the bishop of England. Philip just sat back and smiled and prepared for war (Time Life 17). Edward drafted this document because
he disagreed with the way that Philip was ruling the land that he owned. There were dukes and lords appointed by
Philip to rule over the lands of Edward III. Edward wanted to rule them himself. The two tried to work out their differences, but failed. This situation
was made more awkward because of other economic problems between the 2 countries. England and France depended on each other. France was
England's main supplier of salt and France depended on England for wool. English also held the port at Bordeaux in France enabling them to control
transportation along the English Channel. Philip of Valois wanted to control the sea traffic so he began to form links with Scotland, England's

King John 1 Research Paper
1. Q: How was King John I generally perceived as a king by his followers/citizens?
A: Under King John's reign, he issued a new coinage system that not only helped sustain the kingdom's economy, but promoted the importation and
exportation of goods and the development of urban areas. King John's motives would later escalate taxation, punishing those who weren't able to pay
them. Not only was he lustful of keeping an army of mercenaries, he was extremely restrictive of his land after his hold on Normandy was
relinquished from Phillip of France in 1204 (Sommerville). Due to this, many of his barons became more and more wary and unfavorable to King John
I. As the king kept on with his warring tendencies, he had started to obtain copious amounts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being the youngest son in his family, he was behind all of his brothers in line or succession and inheriting power from his father. When King Henry
II died in 1189, John's older brother, Richard overtook the throne in his place. After the death of Richard when he was slain in France, John took over
as King of England. When John died in 1216 on his way to war with rebels in England, his son took over the throne. John's son, Henry III became king
at the age of 9 ("John, Lackland").
Q: 8. How did John receive the nickname "Lackland" during his father's reign?
A: Being the youngest and favorite son of his father, King Henry II, he learned how to cunduct business as well as being taught knighthood. Of course,
he was in line to inherit what his father owned, but was in fourth behind his brothers. Having to wait to receive these assets, such as land, John was
given the nickname 'Lackland' for lacking land that he technically owned. This nickname picked up around England, and was stuck to John ("John,
Lackland").
Q: 9. When and how did he

French Revolution & Democracy in the Contemporary World
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FROM PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS
FRENCH REVOLUTION & DEMOCRACY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
FRENCH REVOLUTION
.'The eighteenth century France witnessed the emergence of the middle class'. Who were they and what were their ideas ?
в—Џ Middle class was a social group that had earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacture of goods.
в—Џ It included professions as lawyers or administrative officials.
They were educated and believed that :
(i) no group in the society should be privileged by birth.
(ii) person's social position must depend on his merit.
(iii) a society should be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. (iv) Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu were its main thinkers What
was the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(i) National Assembly held long debates to abolish slavery but did not pass any law, fearing opposition of businessmen whose income depended on
slave trade.
(ii) It was finally the convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves
(iii) But it turned out to be a short term measure because ten years later,
Napoleon reintroduced slavery
(iv) Plantation owners understood their freedom as including the right to enslave Africans in persuit of their economic interests.
(v) It was finally abolished in French colony in 1848. Who constituted the middle class in the French Society in the 18th century ? Explain the
conditions that helped them in bringing change in social and economic order in France ?
The prosperous social groups within the third estate like traders, merchants, manufacturers and professionals were termed as middle class.
Circumstances :
(i) Their prosperity and access to education and new ideas.
(ii) Having enough means and programmes to bring about a change.
(iii) The belief that no social group should be privileged by birth.
(iv) Ideas of philosophers helped in envisaging a society based on freedom and equality.

What was Jacobin club ? Who were its members ? How did Jacobins contribute to carry the French Revolution further ?
в—Џ It was a political club formed to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action.
в—Џ Its members mainly belonged to the less prosperous section of society.
в—Џ Their

Treaty Of Versailles Dbq Essay
In 1914, World War I started and ended four years later in 1918, almost a year later World War II had just begun. Treaty of Versailles would become
a peace treaty between the Allies and Germany in 1919. How did the Treaty of Versailles trigger World War II? German territorial loss, military cuts,
and the payment of reparations were all repercussions of the Treaty of Versailles, which later started World War II. The Treaty took a major amount of
coal–producing land from Germany, which reduced coal production by forty percent. Along with the reduction of coal–producing land, the German
military was limited one hundred thousand men, including officers. Additionally, Germany was required to pay reparations for the damage done during
World War I, which cost them over two billion marks (6 million USD). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After March 31, 1920, the German Army would have to make size changes to its troops so it would "not exceed one hundred thousand men"
(Document B). Germany was greatly affected by its strength and it became one of the weakest countries before Hitler went into control. The treaty
succeeded because Germany could no longer fight back. Germany argues with the Treaty, but cannot argue. France developed more rapidly while
Germany's military was dwindling. France had everyone under control with their six million troops (Document B). France took over Germany at the
start of the treaty. It was likely the money Germany was supplying for the damages went to the advancement and development of France's military.
During this time period, France had control over every country with the size of its military. This shows how the Versailles Treaty at first was
succeeded and slowly started to lose its

The Conflict Between France And Germany During The Franco War
Prussian Franco War
According to the video "Prussian Franco War" it shows the conflict between France and Germany in the Franco War (1870
–1871). This war began after
the alliance between German states caused by Prussian overthrowing France. The Prussia chancellor Otto Von Bismarck sent a telegram to William I,
who was a Prussian king. It stated that France insulted Prussia. However, it was a dishonest version of Bismarck to unify Germany nations. France
declared the war on Prussia and this was a tactic of Bismarck to unify German states with Prussia and the new German Empire started. The unification
of Germany demonstrated the nationalism between these countries. The negative reaction of France led to the ruins of Paris, the high human cost and
a big revolution between these nations. France lost the control over the entire Europe. Prussia became the leading country in the German imperial and
it dominated the entire Europe. According to the encyclopedia Britannica, nationalism is "a movement in history when people have established
territorial authorities....The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation–state are of primary importance. Also, it is the belief that a people who
share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination". Germany's unification with
Prussia demonstrated nationalism. Nationalism influenced by Napoleon III through Europe was turning against France. Nationalism was also influenced

The War On Britain 's Part, And The English
116 Years ' War." The war starts off with several stunning successes on Britain 's part, and the English forces dominate France for decades. Then, the
struggle see–saws back and forth. In the 1360s, the French are winning. From 1415–1422, the English are winning. After 1415, King Henry V of
England revives the campaign and he conquers large portions of France, winning extraordinary political concessions. From 1422 onward, however,
the French crown strikes back. The teenage girl Jeanne d 'Arc (Joan of Arc), a remarkable young mystic, leads the French troops to reclaim their
lands. Here 's the brief outline of events, with major battles put in bold red color: (1337–1360) King Edward the III of England, provoked by French
attacks on lands he owns in France, decides upon a desparate gamble. He declares himself King of France, arguing that he can legally claim the
French throne through line of descent via his mother, Isabella of France. In the French Salic law, possession and property can only be inherited
through the paternal line. This means that only males descended from the sons on the king 's side of the family can inherit the throne, land, or titles.
However, under English law, possession and property can also descend to male children through the maternal bloodline. This means that males
descended from the king 's sons OR male children descended from the king 's daughters have a claim to the throne. All that matters in English law is
that the "the blood of kings" runs in

The Barons: King John And The Paupers
King John Essay
Introduction
In my essay that is focused on King John I will assess and aspect the following areas: John and the Barons; King John and the Church; King John
and France; King John and the Paupers. The topic with the most importance here is his association with the Barons, mainly because it had a huge
influence on today's world. I will go into this subject in much more detail later. My main line of argument is that the British Empire was struggling
but able to cope before John's reign; however it became weaker and lost a lot of control due to his mistakes and that he was a failure.
King John and the Barons
The most significant thing that John did was to anger the Barons and thereby indirectly creating Magna Carta. When John ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, to argue with the Church during his reign was a foolish thing to do. No science existed so religion was centred around everyone's lives;
the Church was also wealthy which gave them a lot of power. King John refused to allow the Pope's choice of Stephen Langton to become the new
Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205. John decided to choose the new Archbishop himself, to show that he was more powerful than the Church, this
showed arrogance and that he was stubborn. This led to an interdict being passed over the United Kingdom as a punishment in 1208. This banned all
religious activity in England and Wales. This angered the religious English and Welsh monks and religious people, at John. John still would not give
in and sold all of the Church's property to fund his wars. To add to this, he punished many innocent monks to show that he was in control. In 1209,
Pope Innocent III had had enough and excommunicated John, which meant he was destined for hell. Eventually, John gave in. They made peace and
became allies. However, the pain and suffering caused by John trying to prove he was more powerful than the Pope was unnecessary if he had not just
obeyed the

The Lion In Winter Character Analysis
The movie, The Lion in Winter, is the story of a Christmas Court in 1183 in Chinon Castle. The purpose is for Henry II to announce his successor to
the throne; nonetheless, negotiating the crown is complex. Henry has three sons, Richard, Geoffrey, and John. Henry favors John and wants him to
marry Alice while Eleanor favors Richard and wants him to be king and marry Alice. The deal with Philip II though, is that Alice has to marry
Richard for the VExin to be passed on, but this is not what Henry wants. Henry is trying to negotiate with Philip the second to make Alice marry John,
so John will then be powerful with the Vexin. Based upon the research involving several topics it is clear that the movie is historically inaccurate in
some areas.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, from Eleanor of Aquitaine by Alison Weir, Philip agreed that the Vexin should be assigned to Alys, but Henry has to pay Margaret a
large allowance.4 More simply, the dowry of the Vexin was not actually Alice's, but was Margaret's at first and it was later transferred to Alice.
Alice's dowry was supposed to be given to John, and Margaret was supposed to mary Young Henry, and her dowry was the Vexin. When young
Henry died, Margarets dowry, which was the Vexin was given to her sister, Alice. The Lion in Winter portrays this much simpler than it actually
was. It did not specifically say that the Vexin has always been Alice's, so this proved the movie to be half inaccurate, for that information is very
important. The Vexin was not the only question raised historically. The Lion in Winter both accurately and inaccurately portrays the sons. First, the
movie portrays John more negatively than how he really was in real life. The book, "Medieval History the Life and Death of a Civilization" by
Norman F. Cantor states, "John... was something of an administrative genius."5 This description does not even closely align with the characteristics
of John in film. John in the movie may simply be described as weird, socially awkward, paranoid and often foolish. The Lion in Winter directors and
writers have failed to present the other side of John, which is a

Changes And Effects Of The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years' War is the seventh longest war in history lasting one hundred and sixteen years in which there were 3.5 million deaths. The
Hundred Years' War was between France and England from 1337 to 1453 over the succession to the French throne. When Charles IV of France died
without sons in 1328, his closest male relative was King Edward III of England. Isabella of France claimed the French throne for her son, but the
French rejected it. Philip of Valois, first cousin of Charles IV, succeeded the throne as KingPhilip VI of France. For about nine years the English had
accepted the Valois succession to the French throne but finally they rejected it and Edward III claimed the throne.England poured all of its resources
and manpower into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many different weapons, some old behind established and some new and created by the kingdoms. The creation of the longbow
changed the course of the war, giving a distinct advantage to the English. This weapon was utilized to its full potential because it changed the
feudal armies to small archery based troops. There were also developments of other weapons that the English and French did not create but used the
weapons for the first time in the location. The effect changed the way they traded and with whom they traded. New places began to trade with
France and England so they were exposed to different cultures and societies. France and England took these new weapons and made advancements
to them like adding a spear to the end of the gun or creating stronger bullets.21 New believes began to develop throughout France and England
including the belief of nationalism throughout the society. This new belief changed society drastically and made for a strong and powerful monarch
in both France and England. Because of these new believes army sizes grew which in turn caused more deaths but also increased manpower for the
king. These believes solved the crisis because the king needed troops and the commoners needed money. It also caused France and England to believe
that their country was superior to all others and therefore more powerful

Marcel-FranГ§ois Lefebvre: French Schismatic Archbishop
Marcel– FranГ§ois Lefebvre is a French schismatic Archbishop, who was born in Tourcoing, Nord, a French town near the Belgian border in
November 29, 1905. He was the son of a devout marriage composed of a textile manufacturer named RenГ© Lefebvre and his wife Gabrielle.
Lefebvre was the third of eight siblings, five of which entered religious paths. His brother Rene and he entered the Holy Ghost Fathers, Jeanne the
Sisters of the Marie Reparatrice/Mary Reparatrix, Christine with the reformed Carmelites, and his sister Bernadette who later became the founder of
the Sister of St. Pius X. Lefebvre studied at the Sacred School of Tourcoing and suffered the German invasion of the city during World War II. His
father had to scape in 1915 because he... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was ordained priest in 1929 by Achille LiГ©nart, Archbishop of Lille. After a year working in his own Diocese, having matured in him the
missionary idea and following the footsteps of his brother RenГ©, he joined the missionary congregation of the Holy Ghost Fathers. After his
year of novitiate, he made his religious profession on September eighth of 1932. Later on, he was sent to Africa, specifically to Gabon, where he
served as a missionary in various places. In there, he was a man of accredited intellectual stature and energetic and determined mood, even though
he was also known by being always oriented towards extremely conservative positions. Lefebvre made a brilliant missionary work in the African
territory. In 1939, he returned to France, but during the journey World War II was declared. Shortly after landing in France he was enlisted and sent
back to Africa, but this time as a soldier. While in France he just had time to say goodbye to his father, who he would not see again because shortly
after Father Lefebvre left he was arrested by the Gestapo for passing information to the British army and died in the concentration camp of

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