The Hydrocarbon Potential And Productivity Of The...

The Hydrocarbon Potential And Productivity Of The...
TRANSMISSIVITY AND PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEEP WATER AREA, NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA AYODELE MOSES
OYEWOLE1 ADIELA, U.P 2 1Department of Geology, University of Port–Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Petroleum Engineering,
Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt ABSTRACT The quality of the reservoirs in terms of porosity, permeability and transmissivity
decreases down the depth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the hydrocarbon potential and productivity of the reservoir sands can be classified
in decreasing order of arrangement as A, B and C. The reservoir A in well Bonn 007, 009, 013, 015, 017 and 019 is the best in terms of
hydrocarbon production and hydrocarbon in such wells can easily migrate to the wellbore as compared to other two reservoirs. (I)
INTRODUCTION Reyment (1960 & 1965) described the stratigraphy of the different depositional basins in Nigeria and created a large number of
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic divisions. Murat (1970) presented a paleogeographic description of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in
Southern Nigeria based on major depositional cycles resulting from three main tectonic episodes. Carter, Barber and Tait (1963), Jones (1964),
Adeleye and Dessavagie (1970), Kogbe (1972), Adegoke et al., (1978), Petters (1978), Alix (1983), Popoff et al.(1983), Whiteman (1982), Benkhelil
and Guiraud (1980), Benkhelil (1982 & 1986), Allen (1963, 1964, 1965 & 1980) and others have described the stratigraphy and
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Propagation Medium Porosity And Ficus Pumila Propagation...
Propagation Medium Porosity and Ficus pumila Propagation Success
Introduction:
Creeping fig (Ficus pumila) is a perennial vining plant native to Asia (Liang et al., 2012). The creeping fig has been used for many centuries in
Chinese folk medicine to treat a host of illnesses including but not limited to inflammation, diabetes, dizziness and high blood pressure(Liang et al.,
2012). The fruits have also been harvested for their natural pectin's, which are extracted in water to create a thick liquid that is considered a Chinese
delicacy (Liang et al., 2012). Ficus pumila is widely used in the land scape to control erosion on sloped ground. Its growth habit being low growing
and vining lead to great coverage of the ground preventing rain to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment investigated the effects of various propagation media on rooting success in Ficus pumila, the results of this experiment will allow
propagators to make more educated evaluations of the media they use in the propagation of commercial crops, increasing propagation success, and
ultimately increase the quantity and quality of the plants propagated leading to higher economic return.
Materials and Methods: The physical properties of bulk density, water holding capacity and aeration porosity of various soilless media were
determined with the following experiment to create a baseline for further interpretation of the effects of media on rooting.
Materials1:
4.5" pot
Tape
Digital scale
Water
Graduated cylinder
Beaker
Soilless medias: o Sand o Peat moss o Perlite o Vermiculite o 3:1 Perlite:Peat o 1:3 Perlite:Peat o Germination mix (store bought) o Greenhouse mix
(store bought) Procedure1: Using the tape cover the drainage wholes of the pot, fill container with water and using take the initial weight. Empty the
container and properly wet, mix and fill pot with soilless media. Slowly fill the pot with a measured amount of water to be level with media. Once
full remove tape over a beaker and measure amount of water once the container stops dripping, this will be representative volume of the aeration
porosity. Once fully drained weigh the

The Depositional Environments Of The Six Facies Displayed
1.The depositional environments of the six facies displayed in Figure 1 are as follows:
Fore reef (dark blue)–The mudstones indicate a low energy environment and small amounts of skeletal fragments creating a wackestone, suggesting an
infrequent presence of organisms. The conglomerates have formed due to gravity driven flows.
Reef crest (orange) – Indicated by the presence of red algae and Schleractinian corals e.g. .Acropora (Oppen, at el, 2000), which suggests a low energy
crest.
Lagoon (light blue) – Ooids can precipitate in depths up to 15m (but usually within the top 5m) indicating a shallow water environment. Green algae
and foraminifera represent a lagoon floor environment whilst the skeletal grainstones are more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.The facies distribution in both layers indicate that this platform has a rimmed shelf geometry, most likely an accretionary rimmed shelf,
however there is not enough distal data to determine how steep the fore reef slope is, see Figure 9 (Read, 1985). This platform follows a distal to
proximal trend moving from East to West. Within layer A, the facies in well A are fore reef and reef crest. Moving westwards, the abundance of
the fore reef decreases as water depth decreases, allowing the reef and lagoonal facies to become more abundant. The lagoonal facies in well B will
have a higher concentration of skeletal grainstones than green algae as it will be closer to the lagoon barrier than well C. Well C is dominated by
lagoonal facies with a small amount of a lower intertidal zone facies, indicating a more proximal environment. Wells D, E and F are dominated by
lower intertidal zones with small deviations into lagoonal and upper intertidal zone facies. The abundance of anhydrite and gypsum facies increases
moving westwards as the platform becomes more proximal and may be moving into a supratidal facies.
Within layer B, the platform begins with a fore reef slope and reef crest for the first 4km, followed by facies exhibiting a steady decrease in energy
moving westwards (oolitic grain stones to mudstones and wackestones). These layers differ as layer A has a larger reef crest and a lagoon which
extends more distally. The larger reef could lead to the larger

Grade 1 Chromatography Lab Report
There are many methods in the literature about measuring the porosity of porous material29. In our experiment, straight pieces of Grade 1
chromatography paper of 20 в…№ 1 cm2 are cut. These segments are laminated to reduce the evaporation effect of water and also minimize the
paper swelling upon getting wet. They were first weighed dry on a sensitive weighing balance. The bottom section of the laminated film is open, and
the paper strips are dipped into water and oleic acid in a vertical position. The top of the laminated section is pierced to allow atmospheric pressure to
act on both the sides and therefore not increasing the pressure increase inside the film as shown in Figure 1A.
The chromatography paper behaves in a similar way in that it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figures 2A and 2B show the flow variation by varying the width of the channel. Comparison between various channel widths ranging from 1 to 6 mm
describes the better picture of how the flow is affected by the hydrophobic drag inside the wax and SU–8 barrier. The results indicate a slower profile
in the case of wax printed channels as compared to SU–8. This is evident from the high value of hydrophobicity of wax than SU–8. Moreover, it is
confirmed by the droplet pictures, which are inset. A droplet of water on the top of wax surface makes a contact angle of 132В° and 86В° for SU–8.
This shows the higher hydrophobic nature of wax. As water propagates inside a smaller width channel, the ratio of this hydrophobic drag, caused by
the surrounding barrier, increases. Looking at the curve in Figures 2A and 2B, above 4 mm channel widths have no effect of this boundary drag
effect. The error bar in each experiment can possibly indicate (1) different orientation of paper fibers in the porous matrix (2) the lateral spreading of
wax having a minute inconsistency during heating process (3) small evaporation effects of water is also observed over 3 min of fluid imbibition (4)
Residual SU–8 chemicals in the channel from the cleaning process. Since the first two variables have been optimized to the best use of the available
technology, the evaporation of water can be dealt with a consistent room temperature and humidity control (within 5%), which were carefully observed
and monitored during our

Archie Equation Petrophysics
INTRODUCTION
Archie Unleashed is an attempt to put the basic log analysis methodology for computing water saturation into a readable reference document. The
beginning log analyst or petrophysicist should have little difficulty with the terms and concepts utilized in this paper, however, most terms are
redefined in appendix A.
The basic outline of this document closely follows a previous work written for the casual interpeter in log analysis. Archie Unleashed is meant to carry
that work one step further. Basic concepts are explained along with more detailed examples and explanations.
The personal computer has revolutionized the way we work and play. The kind and amount of data we work with in petrophysics can be easily
handled in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mark intervals selected for quantitative analysis on this log. Depth. correlate the other surveys to this reference log or the Gamma ray curve from this
log.
4.Select intervals with at least four feet of constant response whenever possible. Use a single representative value from the center of the zone for each
porosity and resistivity measurement. This procedure minimizes thin bed and bed boundary effects on the logs.
5.Consider how to keep the interpretation simple. Analyse the most clear–cut cases first. Look for: The obvious mineral markers (salt, anhydrite). The
cleanest, most porous, intervals. The cleanest, water–bearing, intervals. The cleanest, hydrocarbon–bearing, intervals. The fluid contacts: gas/oil, oil
/water. The transition zones.
6.Tackle one unknown at a time. For example, when deriving an Rw value from logs, choose a water–bearing zone as nearly identical as possible to
the hydrocarbon zone of interest. This means the two zones have the same lithology, have the same or very similar porosity values, have the same type
of pore structure (do not compare a zone with moldic porosity to one with granular or fracture porosity for instance), have the same formation water
chemistry, etc. Ideally, the two zones are identical except for hydrocarbon content.
Bear in mind what G. E. Archie said about his equations. "It should be remembered that the equations given are not precise and represent only
approximate relationships.

Seismic Profile Essay
Use of Seismics for Lithology Characterization Aditya Chakravarty Abstract This paper studies the application of Rock Physics Models by using
Seismic and Well log data to characterize the reservoir sedimentological parameters (viz. Porosity, sorting, cement content and fluid saturation). When
properly constrained by local subsurface environment, rock physics models can be used to predict the reservoir quality away from wells. Various
researchers have applied a combination of theoretical and heuristic models to generate diagnostic Rock Physics templates (RPT's). These RPT's show
the trend of Seismic attributes (Acoustic impedance, VP/VS ratio, Elastic Moduli and) of rocks with changing geological parameters like cementing,
sorting,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These models premise that the inclusions are ellipsoidal or penny–shaped. Although the Inclusion Models have significantly furthered our
understanding of the effects of compliant inclusions in rocks, the simplistic assumption of the pore shapes makes it difficult to compare them to actual
pore geometries. Displacement Discontinuity models represent the elastic response of rocks with oriented fractures under low frequency (e.g.
Schoenberg and Douma, 1988; Sayers and Kachanov, 1995; Schoenberg and Sayers 1995). These models assume fractures to be infinitesimally thin
displacement breaks which are defined by their normal and shear compliances. This represents the additional compliance of the rock in comparison to
the matrix, due to the presence of fractures. Their usage necessitates the knowledge of fracture compliances and over–simplifies the complex nature of
fractures as mere planes of discontinuity. Computational Models (e.g. Knackstedt et al., 2009) represent the actual geometry of the porous dry frame
through rigorous imaging using Computed Tomography (CT) scanning. The mechanical response of the rock is also computed, using Finite Element
Modelling (FEM) and Discrete Element Modelling (DEM) schemes. The obvious merit of such models is the realistic representation of the geometry
and elastic moduli. A high computational capability requirement and expensive equipment for pore scale imaging are the factors that limit their usage.
Contact Models represent

Factors To Affecting The Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage...
In order to determine the most influential geological parameters affecting the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage process, sensitivity analysis was
conducted through Design of experiments (DoE). DoE combines multi–level of each parameter to create many computer experiments evaluated by the
compositional reservoir simulation. The factors that were adopted in this case are horizontal permeability, anisotropy ratio $K_{v}/K_{h}$, and
porosity, all given for the entire reservoir. The most influential factors are diagnosed through building a statistical linear modeling, partial t–test, and
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Firstly, more than 80 computer experiments (simulation job) were created by the Latin Hypercube Sampling approach.
The simulation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a variable with horizontal straight line, it has no effect on the response and should be removed form the linear model, specifically the porosity
variable. Based on the full linear model and as shown in Figure ~ref{fig:sa1lm}, the reservoir porosity factor has no effect on the flow response as
it has horizontal line of residual. Figure ~ref{fig:sa1_lm} shows the basic diagnostic plots for the full linear model. The residuals vs. fitted plot is
used to determine if the linear relationship between the predictor variables and outcome variables are captured by the model. An accurate model will
have a residuals vs. fitted plot with a horizontal line with residuals above and below it without forming a patterns or groupings, as seen in the top left
plot. The normal Q–Q plot, shown in the top right plot, is used to determine if the residuals are normally distributed. A good normal distribution will
have a normal Q–Q plot which follows a straight line, as do our results. The Scale–Location plot shows if the residuals are spread equally along all
ranges of the predictors. Ideally, the residuals should be randomly spread across all fitted values and not trend to one area, as ours do in the bottom
left plot. Lastly, the Residuals vs Leverage plot determines how big of an impact outliers points have on the regression curve. Outliers away from the
Cook's distance will have a large impact, while those nearby will not. The bottom right plot shows that all but 3 residuals are

The Effect Of Sonic Logs On The Petroleum Industry And The...
Logging is a method which has been used over a period of time to better understand subsurface parameters and reservoir conditions. The Acoustic or
Sonic log is one such method which is used in combination with density and neutron logs in order to determine these parameters. Full–waveform
acoustic logging has advanced significantly in both theory and application in recent years, and these advances have greatly increased the capability of
log analysts to measure the physical properties of formations (Paillet et al 1992). This report focuses on the basic application of sonic logs in the
petroleum industry and the current advances made in their application. It is also explained how porosity of the rocks are obtained from shaly
formations using sonic logs.
The principle of sonic logging involves a transmitter and a receiver wherein a signal is sent from the transmitter and the amount of time taken until it
has reached the receiver is recorded. The speed of sound in the subsurface depends on the elastic properties of the rock matrix, the porosity of the
formations, fluid content and pressure of the formation (Petroleum Transactions, Members AIME 1958). Sonic logging is carried out after the well has
been drilled. Background: History of Sonic Logs
Sonic logs were first introduced in the 1920s as a part of surface seismic techniques in in oil and gas exploration. In the beginning there was an obvious
interpretation problem between the time and depth correlation. Although the

Disadvantages Of Hydroxyapatites
A mineral compound known as Hydroxyapatite (HAP) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is the primary inorganic component of hard tissues, like bones and teeth,
found in humans and other vertebrate animals [1]. One of the most known properties of HAP is that it is bioactive. It has the capability to assimilate in
bone structures and reinforce bone ingrowth and osseointegration. However, it is thermally unstable and putrefies at temperature ranges between
800п‚°C–1200п‚°C. Also, the mechanical strength of HAP is not that good making it unsuitable for long–term load bearing applications. [2] It is tough
but very brittle and weak in tension [3].
HAP can be synthesized starting from calcium carbonate and a variety of orthophosphate sources e.g. sodium and ammonium dihydrogen,
orthophosphoric acid, orthophosphates, and potassium [4]. A natural source of HAP includes human and animal bones. The Weston A. Price
Foundation said that the most effective calcium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ceramic hydroxyapatites entail nanocrystals cluttered into particles and merged together at high temperature to produce stable ceramic
microspheres. It comes in two types, Type I, with a high binding capability and medium porosity and Type II, with a lower binding capability but
larger porosity. Since Type I has a relatively high protein binding capability, it also has a much nobler competence for applications that involves acidic
proteins . Although Type II has lower binding capability, it has a finer and better resolve on nucleic acids and certain proteins. Type II is also expressly
fit for the cleansing of various species and class of antibodies or immunoglobulins. Fluoroapatite, on the other hand, is made by fluoridating HAP and
encompasses an "insoluble fluoridated mineral of calcium phosphate". Nonetheless, exposing native HAP and fluoroapatite to soluble calcium without
phosphate produces calcium–derivatized apatites.

Lab: Soil Porosity And Permeability
GEO101L Earth Science
Module 3 Lab: Soil Porosity and Permeability
Soils are made up of particles of rock, along with the spaces between those particles. Physical characteristics of soil particles, such as size and shape,
can influence how water moves through them. Aquifers are underground layers of rock that are capable of storing water. Anaquifer is recharged when
water filters through the soil levels above it.
In this lab you will investigate the characteristics of known and unknown soil samples. The Lab Kit includes gravel, sand, and top soil samples, and
you are to get a local sample from the soil at your home or a potted plant in your house.
This lab will look at the porosity and permeability of these soil samples. Porosity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In your own words. define porosity.
2. If you were an environmental engineer, where would you recommend placing a drinking water well after learning about soil porosity and
permeability? Explain why.
3. Which soil sample that you tested had the greatest risk of transferring harmful chemicals into a drinking water aquifer? Explain why.
Experiment 2: Soil Permeability
Methods to Measure Soil Permeability
Please read through the directions before starting your experiment.
1. Set up apparatus so the plastic funnel is in the graduated cylinder.
2. Place a piece of filter paper in the funnel so that solid material does not flow through. Watch this short movie on how to fold filter paper http:/
/www.youtube.com/watch?v=or6ex5toLVg
3. Using a beaker, measure 25 mL of your first soil type and place it in the funnel, on top of the filter paper.
4. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 50 mL of water and slowly pour it into the funnel. Let the water percolate through the soil and collect it in the
graduated cylinder below. BEGIN TIMING AS SOON AS THE WATER TOUCHES THE SOIL SAMPLE.
6. Continue to time until the water has stopped collecting in the beaker. Record the

Lab Report Essay
The purpose of this report is to confirm the lithology and porosity of the reservoir for my company, which is considering a water flood on a reservoir
overlain by a shale seal. Also to investigate the mechanical properties of the shale seal. в€…=(в€†t
–в€†t_ma)/(в€†t_f
–в€†t_ma )
...............................................(1) Firstly, the saltwater neutron–density cross plot from the Schlumberger chart book was used to find the porosity and
lithology of the reservoir. Figure 1 shows the usage of the neutron–density cross plot and by that the porosity was found to be 17% and the lithology
was read to be quartz sandstone. Then Eq. 1 was used to calculate the sonic porosity with substituting в€†t with 78 О
јsec/ft, в€†t_ma with 55.5 О
јsec/ft,
which is for sandstone and в€†t_f with 185 О
јsec/ft that is for saltwater based mud. Then, the sonic porosity was obtained to be 17.37%. The sonic
porosity for the reservoir is so close and does agree with the neutron–density porosity, which was found to be 17%. v=(1/2 ((в€†t_s)/(в€†t_c ))^2
–1)
/(((в€†t_s)/(в€†t_c ))^2
–1) ............................................(2) Ој=ПЃ/(в€†t_s^2 )*г
Ђ–13400*10гЂ—^6......................................(3) E=2Ој(1+v)
.........................................(4) Afterwards, the correct Poisson's ratio was found. This was calculated using Eq. 2 by plugging в€†t_swith 155 О
јsec/ft
and в€†t_c with 85 О
јsec/ft which were given in the assignment. So, the correct... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. This was found easily by substituting the correct Poisson's ratio that was found previously and equal to 0.285. The pore pressure gradient of 0.46
psi/ft and an overburden gradient of 1.00 psi/ft, those two numbers were multiplied by the provided midpoint depth of 6200 ft to give the P_o and
P_r which were used in Eq. 5 to find the fracture pressure. Also, with substituting О± with 0.5, the fracture pressure was calculated to be 5231.286 psi.
This impose a restriction on the water flood job so, to avoid fractures, it is necessary to maintain water–flooding operations below the fracturing

Test Material And Its Effects On The Human Body
TEST MATERIAL
SUBMITTED BY
Anuron Deka
A1218311004
B.Tech
8th Sem
Abstract
Thousands of people around the world suffer from injuries everyday which requires removal or reinforcements of the damaged tissues through
surgical procedures. Tissue engineering, especially scaffolds have a major role to play in such situations. Scaffolds, a porous cross linked structure
aims at the regeneration of the damaged tissue by supporting the cells mechanically while not altering the normal functioning of the cell and the
individual as whole. Scaffolds are generally made of synthetic biocompatible polymers. But such scaffolds are generally expensive and may take
longer time to decompose inside our body. So we looked for autologous biomaterials which have the desirable properties and can be used in place of
the polymers. The autologous biomaterials will also be cheaper and decompose faster compared to the polymers. In this report, I have mentioned three
such autologous biomaterials; albumin, collagen and B.mori silk fibroins, which are easily available and possesses the desired properties to
manufacture scaffolds from them. I manufactured scaffolds by the process of electrospinning and tested the porosity and swelling of the scaffolds.
Introduction
Tissue engineering is a field where scientists try to repair or regenerate damaged tissues or cells with the help of artificial materials. In layman's term,
tissue engineering can be defined as "an interdisciplinary field

Three Exam Questions and Answers
THREE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
–MY FIRST QUESTION AND ANSWERS
5) Discuss the different types of traps and seals and the importance of "timing". Give an example related to the Middle East.
"Trap" can be defined as shield against oil and gas movement. In other words, the trap system had been set up before the migration of oil and/or gas
to this location. After coming across the trap, oil and gas finished their journey under the ground if the trap is settled well. (I ignore some leakage of
them). By the way, trap could be just structure as barren or could be productive.
The highest point of the trap is the crest, or culmination. The lowest point at which hydrocarbons may be contained in the trap is the spill point; this
lies on a horizon contour, the spill plane. The vertical distance from crest to spill plane is the closure of the trap. A trap may or may not be full to the
spill plane, a point of both local and regional significance. Note that in areas of monoclinal dip the closure of a trap may not be the same as its
structural relief. This situation is particularly significant in hydrodynamic traps. The zone immediately beneath the petroleum is referred to as the
bottom water, and the zone of the reservoir laterally adjacent to the trap as the edge zone.
Gross pay is total thickness of the reservoir unit.Net pay is the fraction of the reservoir that has porosity

The Studied Sedimentary Succession Of Jamaica
The studied sedimentary succession are characterized by their on–lapping nature on top of Yellow Limestone Group, which is presented by impure
limestone occurrences in Jamaica. By using chronostratigraphic constrains derived from 87Sr/86Sr values, biostratigraphic information and
sedimentologic and stratigraphic characteristics of these successions, we propose a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Eocene–Miocene
carbonate deposits in Jamaica. Figure xxx show the sequence stratigraphic framework for 39 Ma – 18.5 Ma sedimentary record in the studied sections
in Jamaica. In this research, six third order sequence stratigraphic sequences are identified in this time interval. The studied field sections bear SB–1 as
the oldest sequence... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following MFS–2 is observed in packstones, but the sea–level change can be observed with the increasing amount of algal material and benthic
foraminifera. SB–3 lies in grainstones in Blowfire–1 and is dated approximately 33 Ma. After this boundary sedimentation starts with photozoans, but
with the increasing sea levels, algae and benthic foraminifera become abundant that shows a transition in the carbonate factory, where MFS–3 is also
observed. The deposits overlaying SB–3 start with photozoans that are micrite dominated and continues with a transition to heterozoans. In upper
sections, sedimentation continues with algae and benthic foraminifera dominated carbonates. Also, common dolomitization in this section marks an
unconformity as the characteristics of this dolomitization represents a subaerial exposure after deposition of this stack of carbonates. SB–4 is located
at the bottom of Ecclesdown–1 and occurs in heterozoan packstones. This shows a type II sequence boundary as sedimentation continues with
decreasing relative sea–level. On this boundary, a transition between carbonate factories is observed and in this transition, photozoan and heterozoan
species are present. During the sedimentation of this stack of sediments, due to tectonic reasons a photozoan section that belongs to shallowing is
present; however, with MFS–4, deepening starts and heterozoan constituents' reworking in

CZ Composition Analysis
The CZ composition shows the largest deterioration as a result of thermal shock cycle, with a ~62% decline in average MOR value. The
corresponding reductions in MOR for CSZ and CS were ~53% and ~47%, respectively. Although for pre–shock samples, CZ has a higher average value
of MOR, for post–shock samples the MOR value of CS is slightly higher than the other two compositions. In conclusion, based on the experimental
results, average values are calculated for elastic modulus, crushing strength and MOR of each composition. These values are tabulated in Table 2. The
measured minimum porosity for all three compositions is also summarized in Table 2. It is assume that this porosity exists either within the matrix, or
between inclusions and the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two salient damage mechanisms that were observed included cracking and deformation, exemplified in Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively. Figure
5 shows a section of the surface crack that emerged after thermal shock and the bridging that has discontinued the crack, as well as the enlargement of
the crack tips which seems branch–like, as expected [21]. Figure 6 is provided as one example of matrix deformation. Both pictures in this figure are
taken from one edge of the matrix sample before and after exposure to thermal shock. Although in both pictures the focus is on the top surface, it
can be distinguished that the matrix has been deformed and has obtained a rougher surface overall. Release of the crystalline water [41] as well as
ablation [60] can be considered as the main causes of this structural change. Moreover, both of these factors can be considered as contributing factors
to the previously reported mass loss. It is noteworthy that during later thermal shock experiments on composite samples, no such deformations was
observed on the surface of SiC and ZrO2 inclusions. The microstructure of all three composites prior to thermal shock are exemplified in Figure 7. As
can be seen, SiC and Durazon particles have random shapes with sharp edges, whereas ZrO2 bubbles are quasi–spherical. Although cracks can be seen
in the matrix, in the inclusion–matrix interface, and sometimes in the inclusions, some of it can be attributed to polishing of the

Reservoir Simulation Of Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
GLGY 655 – Unconventional Gas reservoirs Characterization
Paper Title: RESERVOIR SIMULATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS:
(A Review)
Author: Benard Okuidegbe (UCID: 10142489)
ABSTRACT
Abundant amounts of resources are left to be untapped from unconventional reservoirs. (Arthur 2008) observes that about 500TCF of natural gas are
contained in unconventional reservoirs. Unconventional gas reservoirs account for approximately one–third of the US natural gas production (Rafiqul,
2014). Over the years, reservoir engineers have relied on numerical simulators as a tool for modeling and predicting hydrocarbon recoveries (recovery
factor) from reservoirs, which translates into the economic viablility (or not) of a petroleum asset. The accurate modeling of reservoir fluid–flow using
simulators depend largely on the description of actual rock/fluid interactions that occur within the reservoir. Unlike for the case of conventional
reservoir systems, the flow physics for unconventional reservoirs (Tight gas, Coal–bed methane, Shale reservoirs) are complicated by their unique
features which include: extremely low permeability, complex fracture networks, non–darcy flow, Klinkenberg effects, adsorption/desorption effects and
rock deformation due to variations in effective stress in the reservoirs. Accouting for all of these features into numerical

5 Things Everyone With Low Porosity Hair Should Know
5 Things Everyone With Low Porosity Hair Should Know Do you know the porosity of your hair? Porosity is believed by many, including myself,
who believe that porosity is a much more important factor to take into account when developing a hair care regimen, than other factors such as curl
pattern. If you are unsure about the porosity of your hair, there's an easy test you can do to figure it out. This test basically involves you leaving a
couple of your clean strands in a class of water for a few hours and then checking to see if they sink or stay afloat. Low porosity strands will stay afloat
because low porosity hair resists water.
Low porosity hair has a cuticle layer (the outer layer) that is lays flat and is tightly bound which makes it difficult for moisture or anything for that
matter to enter the hair shaft. Low porosity hair is also typically resistant to chemical treatments such as dyeing. Low porosity hair can ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that clarifying your hair is absolutely necessary or you will only make it that much more difficult for hair to become moisturized. Low
porosity hair that is covered with product buildup has two barriers to moisture (buildup and tight closed cuticle) and you clearly do not want to make
moisturizing your hair more difficult.
Deep conditioning
Deep conditioning will help hair to become and retain moisture. Deep condition with heat to gently open the cuticles and allow moisture to enter.
Sitting under a hooded dryer or steamer will help you to get the most out of your deep conditioner.
Layer
Some curlies find success in layering products on top of each other to increase moisture retention. Keep your products lightweight to prevent build up
or ensure you cleanse hair often. Co–washing should be done sparingly as co–washing coats the hair strands with product leading to build up.
Seek out humectants and

Results And Discussion On Weight Loss
3 Results And Discussion 3.1 Wear Test Figure 4 shows the results of loss in weight for the samples as a function with the applied load. It has been
found that the wear behavior of unreinforced alloy is higher compared with the composites. This behavior back to the hard ceramic material protects
the surface from the severe contact [30–32]. The results given in figure 5 show that the weight loss decreases as the percentage of the nano SiC
particles increases from 0.5% to 4.5%. This could be occurred because the ceramic material on the composite surface protects the matrix from
severe contact. Figure 4 reveals also, that when the applied load increases, the wear rate of all investigated samples increases. Conditions of the
severe wear were clearly seen from the rate of weight loss. The recognized pattern is steady with that perceived by Alpas and Zhang [33] they
propose the wear rate increment bit by bit with the connected load in the gentle wear area. Then again, at a 'discriminating load ' that relies upon
sliding speed, the wear rate suddenly increments reflect the condition termed "serious" wear. From figure 6 we can see that the composites weight loss
is less than that of matrix alloy. The obtained weight loss results show that no single, unique wear mechanism operates over the wide range of the used
weight (0– 4.5%). Rather, there are several mechanisms while the change in their relative importance as both the weight % of nano ceramic particles
was varied and the

Upper Three Forks In Painted Woods Case Study
The upper Three Forks in Painted Woods has shown poor oil production and low oil saturation compared to the surrounding acreage. Previous
assessments suggested that the primary cause for this anomaly was due to the Pronghorn acting as a barrier for primary migration from the lower
Bakken shale into the upper Three Forks. Current assessment indicates that, while the Pronghorn is a tight and fine grained rock, it is not entirely
impermeable. The Pronghorn is believed to only partially inhibit primary migration, and is not the primary factor for the poor performance across
Painted Woods. The lower Bakken shale thins drastically across the Painted Woods region. This thinning greatly reduces the amount of hydrocarbons
generated across the region.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PRONGHORN AS A PRIMARY MIGRATION BARRIER Based off of MICP data collected from core (Figure 19), the Pronghorn siltstone has a
permeability on par with the upper and lower Bakken shales. The lack of permeability is supported by lithological analysis indicating a clay content
of up to 50 % (Figure 20) across the Painted Woods asset. The low permeability and high clay content shows that the Pronghorn does have the
potential to occlude primary migration of hydrocarbons from the lower Bakken shale into the underlying upper Three Forks. However, this only has a
minimal effect on the overall potential of the upper Three Forks as a whole. Saturation trends in the Pronghorn and the upper Three Forks (Figure 21),
indicates that hydrocarbons are being occluded from the lower Bakken into the Three Forks, but not entirely. Oil saturation gradually decreases from
the top of the Pronghorn to the base indicating less hydrocarbons are being pushed into the upper Three Forks. However, the oil saturation never reach
0% and only decreases to approximately 60 to 70 % water saturation. The oil saturation then gradually increases from the top of the Three Forks to the
top of the first claystone. This trend is observed throughout all the wells within Painted Woods, independent to the thickness of the Pronghorn. Even
though there is less volume of generated lower Bakken hydrocarbons, oil is still able to be transmitted through the Pronghorn across Painted Woods.
However, the quantities transmitted are likely less compared to other

Construction Materials Of Hydrated Cement
CE 2020: Construction Materials
Pore Structure in Hydrated Cement
Arjit Soni
ES13B1005
Introduction:
When concrete is prepared cement is mixed with water but the hardened concrete formed after hydration of cement is not solid mass but a porous
material. There is formation of pores due to extra water then required water for complete hydration added initially. Water occupies some fraction of the
total initial volume and after the hydration of cement water is held physically, chemically or is adsorbed on product after hydration. This leads to
formation of pore structure inside the hydrated cement.
The properties of concrete are affected by the manner in which the pores of various sizes are distributed within it. The porosity of concrete along with
pore size distribution determine the performance of such materials in construction applications. The performance includes the mechanical properties
such as strength and durability properties including the ingress of chloride and sulphate ions. The total porosity in the system has a noticeable effect
on the mechanical properties of construction materials , whereas the pore size distribution will mainly affect the durability properties. Concrete with
the same total pore volume can exhibit entirely different properties, depending on pore size that is if it has a small number of large pores or large
number of small pores. Concrete is a porous material and contains pore structures which are complex and inhomogeneous. The fine and

Development Of Penobscot Filed Offshore Nova Scotia
Development of Penobscot Filed Offshore Nova Scotia Sankaranarayanan Sai Darshan B00613681 Supervisor: Dr. Adam Donaldson Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Meng in Petroleum Engineering Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2015 CONTENTS Page No Introduction 1 History of Nova Scotia Offshore 2 Part I– Field
Development 3 Water Saturation 3 Permeability 4 Porosity 5 Volume calculation 6 Fluid Modelling 7 Part II– Reservoir Modelling 9 Rock Physics 9
1.Saturation

Mechanical Properties Of Bone Tissue Engineering
Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials Used in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review Study
Parag Borulkar(Student)*1,Mr.V .L. Bhanavse(Guide) *2
*1Mechanical Engineering, S.K.N College of Engineering
Poggy800@gmail.com
*2Mechanical Engineering, S.K.N College of Engineering
Vishavjit_bhanavase@rediffmail.com
Abstract– In the recent past a lot of research has been taking place in the field of bone tissue engineering related to repairing and replacement of bones.
In this paper we are going to study three basic bone tissue replacements technique and their mechanical optimization with the original bone. The three
techniques we are going to study are 1.Calcium Phosphate Biomineral.2.Scaffolds using 3D printed moulds.3.Emulsion Templated scaffolds.
Keywords: – Scaffolds, Fabrication, Emulsion
1. Introduction
It a multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of biology and Mechanical Engineering. One of the goals of tissue engineering
is to develop methods to construct Artificial Bones in the laboratory that can subsequently be used in medical applications. The Mechanical properties
of the actual bone and the engineered bone should be optimized. The process of Bone Tissue Engineering is as follows.
(1) Study the mechanical properties of the bone tissue (porosity, stress–strain curves, rigidity etc.)
(2)Start building material (e.g., extracellular matrix, biodegradable polymer), (3)Shape it as needed (4)Study the mechanical properties of the

How The Concrete Formed After Hydration Essay
INTRODUCTION
When cement is mixed with water in order to prepare concrete, the
hardened concrete formed after hydration is not a solid mass but a porous
material. There is formation of pores due to water which is initially added.
Water occupies some fraction of the total initial volume and after the
hydration of cement water is held physically, chemically or is adsorbed on
product after hydration. This leads to formation of different types of pore
structure inside the hydrated cement.
CLASSIFICATION OF PORES STRUCTURES IN HYDRATED
CEMENT
1. Capillary pores:–The hydration of cement leads to formation of a
network of hydrated solid product with the left empty spaces between
the hydrated products that are occupied by water left after hydration.
These residual spaces are known as capillary pores. The capillary porosity

of the cement paste depends on the original water–cement ratio and on
the amount of cement that has become hydrated. Capillary pores volume
reduces with time by precipitation of hydrates, into originally water filled
space. Capillary pores have high irregular shapes. Capillary pores are
assumed to have a major effect on transportation process but only minor
effect on hydration rates. These pores represents about 18.5% of the
original volume of dry cement. Further classification of capillary pores are
a) Large capillary pores: – These are pores with large space and they
b) Medium capillary pores: – These are medium pores

The Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand
A methodology has been developed for making low compressive strength cores that will be used to experimentally examine the Cold Heavy Oil
Production with Sand (CHOPS) process occurring in unconsolidated oil reservoirs. The main objective is to experimentally model wormhole (high
permeability channel) development during CHOPS and investigate the effect of various flow parameters such as core permeability and porosity,
compressive strength, oil/water viscosity contrast, confining pressure and injection rate. Modeling the wormhole development and propagation will
enable us be able to developing approximate Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves.
Sands blends have been developed by varying the ratios of aggregate, cementing material and water to prepare synthetic cores of compressive strength,
permeability and porosity ranging from 500 – 1500 psi, 0.5 – 1.5 Darcy and 20 – 30% respectively. Experimental setup is developed to simulate
wormhole propagation during CHOPS process. In this process water is injected at varying range of 0.1 to 10 ml/min using a syringe pump into
floating piston accumulator to drive the oil ahead of piston to 2"x 4"synthetic core in core holder at a confining pressure of 500 – 1500 psi. The
differential pressure across the core is monitored throughout the process. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, instrument control, measurement
analysis and data presentation.
Compressive strength test, Air Permeability Test and Porosity Test conducted on

Taking a Look at Bricks
Introduction
Bricks are mass of clay and water hardened by drying and firing (Kaushik 2007). They are the oldest and most durable building materials for mankind.
The clay materials used are compounds of alumina, silica mixed with small amounts of lime, magnesium or potash (Demir 2008).
Extrusion rates of twenty thousand bricks per hour are what modern brick manufacturers work with. Solid bricks used are of the size 215mm x
102.5mm x 65 mm and weighs 3 kg.
Brick manufacturing process
Harvesting of clay is by bulldozers, scrapers or mechanical shovels. Stockpiles are put to enable the blending of the various types of clay. The clay
piles are fed to the primary crushers to reduce the size particle to 3mm or less (Kaushik 2007). Conveyors carry the clay for secondary crushing in the
pan mill whose base is perforated the crushed material to pass through (Lingling 2005). Clay particles fall between high–speed rollers for grinding. Wet
clay is moulded into bricks.
Overall Dimensions and Tolerances
For this study the standard size of the manufactured brick is 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm with a mass 3kg. This is according to the BS EN772 and the
BS PAS 70 standard methods of testing.
Masonry unit Strength
Bricks compressive strength varies according to the different qualities of clay material used and the firing method. Compressive strengths of bricks
range between 3.5MPa to over 50MPa (Demir 2008). The durability of the bricks cannot be fully determined by compressive strength.

Determining Hair Types
As long as you are aware of the type your hair type, it is easier to care for the specific hair and maintain attractive and healthy looks. Being aware of
your hair type will enable you to style, cut and handle your hair more effectively. You will be able to choose hairstyles that are perfect for yourhair type
and achieve the exact results that you have been dreaming of.
The process of determining your hair types is based on your ability to understand various qualities of hair, which includes the hair density, elasticity,
texture, oiliness, porosity (ability to hold moisture) and curl pattern. With all this information at your fingertips, you will be able to choose products
that are specifically meant for your hair type with ease.
Determining Hair Density ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hold a chunk of your hair on the one side and move it around so that you can be able to see the hair roots clearly from a few angles. iii. If you are
in the bathroom, turn on the lights so that you can have a better view or you can possibly have someone hold a flashlight or lamp above your head. iv.
Estimate the hair density by looking at the scalp and hair roots closely. The hair density is based on the amount of strands that cover your head.
If you are not able to see much scalp, then you have a thick hair density.
If some scalps are visible, you have a medium density
If you are able to see a lot of scalp, then you must be having thin hair density. You can test other spots to confirm your findings.
Determining Hair Elasticity
i. Pull and stretch a strand of your dry hair. Hold the strands using your hands on both ends and try pulling it by stretching gently. Be keen and observe
what happens.
If the hair strand stretches long before it can break, then your hair is very strong and has a high elasticity.
If the hair strand breaks before it can snap, then you have a medium elasticity hair type.
If the strands break immediately when you start to stretch it, then be assured that you have low elasticity

Study Of Keratin / Alginate Blends Essay
3. Result and Discussion: 3.1 Compatibility Study of Keratin/Alginate Blends: The XRD spectra of blends were compared to the control spectra of
native keratin and alginate as mentioned in Figure 1. In XRD spectra, the native keratin and native alginate give a highest intensity at near 7543 and
4100 at about 19В° and 14В° angle of 2Оё respectively, which is also confirmed by other researchers [16–18]. The spectra of keratin/alginate blends
prepared at a ratio of 10:90, 30:70 and 50:50 gives a highest intensity peak 3573, 5128 and 3264 at 22В°, 6.8В° and 7.1В° angle of 2Оё respectively.
The XRD spectra of all blend ratios gives a new peak in between 6В°–8В° angle of 2Оё which is not present in the spectra of native keratin and
alginate, this depict that the structure of native keratin and alginate become altered and form a new structural pattern in blend form. The XRD spectra
of blend scaffold revealed that the intensity of blend has transformed as compared to the control XRD spectra which confirm that the compatibility
exists in between keratin and alginate. Several works are reported for the biomaterial preparation from various blends such as chitosan/agar, agar
/soy–protein, carboxy–methyl–cellulose/soy protein, soy protein/agar etc. [18], but in the author's best knowledge none of the report available which
can explain the compatibility in between keratin and alginate. 3.2 Optimization of Process Parameter for scaffold preparation: The results obtained by
the run of 20 experimental

Compatibility Study Of Keratin / Alginate Blends
3. Result and Discussion: 3.1. Compatibility Study of Keratin/Alginate Blends: The miscibility property of keratin and alginate was studied by
applying X–ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. 3.1.1. XRD analysis: The XRD spectra of blends were compared to the
control spectra of native keratin and alginate as mentioned in Figure 1. In XRD spectra, the native keratin and native alginate give a highest intensity
at near 7543 and 4100 at about 19В° and 14В° angle of 2Оё respectively, which is also confirmed by other researchers16–18. The spectra of keratin
/alginate blends prepared at a ratio of 10:90, 30:70 and 50:50 gives a highest intensity peak 3573, 5128 and 3264 at 22В°, 6.8В° and 7.1В° angle of
2Оё respectively. The XRD spectra of all blend ratios gives a new peak in between 6В°–8В° angle of 2Оё which is not present in the spectra of native
keratin and alginate, this depict that the structure of native keratin and alginate become altered and form a new structural pattern in blend form. The
XRD spectra of blend scaffold revealed that the intensity of blend has transformed as compared to the control XRD spectra which confirm that the
compatibility exists in between keratin and alginate. Several works are reported in which compatibility between blend components was examined by
XRD. For example, Tian et al. 19 performed the XRD study to identify the interaction between soy–protein and agar. The compatibility between the
carboxy–methyl–cellulose and

Analysis Of Porosity And Temperature By Qinwu Xu
Porosity and Temperature By Qinwu Xu, October 17, 2016 Introduction Metal primarily exhibits plastic and ductile behaviors in the cutting process in
which its behavior is often assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous [1]. The large deformation and unconstrained plastic flow nature of machining
metals can be modeled with an unstructured tetrahedral mesh, allowing for the adaptive local refinement and coarsening to alleviate mesh distortions,
maintain simulation accuracy and reasonable computational performance. However, modeling of ceramic matrix composites could be much more
complex due to the unique feature of this type of material: 1) the fracture and brittle behavior of materials; and b) the nonuniform distribution of
porosity in the ceramic matrix. CMCs are comprised of individual layers with unique material properties dependent on fiber orientation within the
polymer matrix which is typically in a woven pattern. Therefore, CMCs often exhibit anisotropic or orthotropic properties, and have lower strains and
higher degrees of fragmentations than metallic materials during machining. The unique features of CMCs make simulations more challenging due to
the complex nature of the problem considering material nonlinear fracture, anisotropic or orthotropic property and multi–phase interaction apart from
dynamic loading and plastic deformation in machining of metals. Different modeling approaches have been studied for modeling the machining of
composites and CMCs, including

What Is The Temperature On The Behavior Of The Low Cement...
According to the manufacturer, the type of SiC particles is green hexagonal, which means they are of the type О±–SiC. Therefore, I think we need to
look at the properties for this type of SiC only. Before this, for choosing the value of CTE for SiC, I used the room temperature values declared on
Table 3 of the 1997 publication by R.G. Munro, which is attached to this message. For room temperature the value 1.1 and for 500В°C the value 4.4
is given. I noticed that for all other experimental CTEs as well as theoretical assumptions, I am using CTE values that are averaged between room
temperature and elevated temperatures. Therefore, it makes sense to me to average these two values and use the number 2.75 for CTE of this type of
SiC particles.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do you think you possess any information that we can assimilate to our work? Is that plot referring to the same matrix which is described in this
draft? If so, I would appreciate if you provide that plot and its relevant raw data to me.
P.S.: For your further information, in the present work, CS stands for NLI–122, CZ for NLI–110, and CSZ for NLI–123.
I absolutely agree with you that this idea could make our work more powerful. Not only because it can provide an extra control, also because the
impact of the severity of the thermal shock response of (comparable) refractories has not been well explored in the literature, to my best knowledge.
I proposed the same idea as a research topic in the past, however, our time and resources have always been limited, and based on the available
resources it was decided to explore other aspects of the thermal shock phenomena. This experimental research could be generally designed in three
ways:
1–Apply one temperature profile to multiple types of refractory and characterize the response of the refractories.
2–Apply multiple temperature profiles to one type of refractory and characterize the impact of the temperature profile.
3–Apply multiple temperature profiles on multiple types of refractory and characterize the response of the refractories as well as the impact of the
temperature profile.
For the present research we chose the

Curl Pattern Vs. Hair Texture
Knowing Your Hair Type: Curl Pattern Vs Hair Texture, What's the Difference? As a natural hair enthusiast, or as I like to call myself, a Naturalista, I
believe it is important for all those who are considering making the transition, the big chop, or who have transitioned (from relaxed to natural hair), or
have made the big chop to know the challenges you will face when it comes to making these, in many cases, life altering decisions. I know this all
sounds very dramatic, and for some it is. So, for the sake of entertainment – and, if it will keep you reading, then let's continue with the drama. For those
of you who have no clue on where to begin, let me say this: The internet and blogosphere is saturated with naturalistas like myself who have taken as
much, if not more time to learn all there is to know about how to care for our natural hair.
If you care enough to do the research yourself, you will find that the market for this particular niche is very appealing to those who seek to make a
profit. Of course it's because many of them know ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The truth is, a black woman and a white woman both can have the same curl pattern (e.g. a 3c pattern), but have completely different textures. Now, is
this starting to make a little more sense? When I think of textures, I think of how something feels to the touch, to the taste, and even to the sight. Some
textures are smooth and silky, while other textures are rigid and rough. Then, there's this whole thing on porosity. I won't go into detail about porosity,
but just know that if you've relaxed or dyed your hair (and haven't chopped it off––sounds so drastic, doesn't it?) then more than likely the porosity of
your hair is high. The porosity of your hair determines how your hair may react to certain products because of its' ability to absorb or emit any kind of

Supersequences Of Discussion And Interpretance Of...
6.0Discussion and Interpretation 6.1Source Rock The major source units modelled for both transects include the blue whale supersequence, the upper
white point supersequence and the tiger supersequences, these three units are considered to have the highest potential of having sourced
hydrocarbons that we preserved in traps. 6.2Reservoir Fluviodeltaic sandstones of the Potoroo Formation have excellent reservoir potential (net to
gross ratio of more than 70% and porosities over 35% in Potoroo 1, and well over 20% in Gnarlyknots 1A even below 3000 m), but they may lack an
adequate regional seal. However, thick and laterally extensive claystone units within the Hammerhead Supersequence are likely to be present and
provide... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other principal reservoir candidates are deltaic sandstones of the Ceduna and Platypus formations, where porosities of up to 30% have been
encountered. Locally, marine sandstones of the Tiger Supersequence (Wigunda and Potoroo formations) also have excellent reservoir quality. Away
from regional highs, prodelta mudstone of the Wigunda Formation provides an effective seal for these highly porous intervals. Of secondary interest
are fluviolacustrine lithologies intersected within the Loongana and lower Borda formations. Although of highly variable reservoir quality, these
intervals have poor to moderate overall porosity, mainly due to the high depth of burial. Shales of the Madura and Toondi formations and
intraformational shale of the Loongana Formation can provide adequate seal for these potential reservoirs. Major cap rocks exist in the Borda and
Neptune formations. Excellent quality reservoir rocks have been encountered in the overlying Eucla Basin, within the marine Wobbegong
Supersequence (Pidinga Formation and Hampton Sandstone). 6.4Timing of Maturation and Migration Present–day maturity levels, based on the
constraints described above, are shown in Figure 16. On the northern transect (Fig. 16a), the oil window is typically reached at depths between 2.0 and
2.5 km below sea surface. Thus, along this transect, the lower Tiger Supersequence is mature for oil generation in the central part of the

What Is The Applications Of The Refractory Materials?
1.4. Composition of refractories in the present work Compositions containing ZrO2 or SiC are omnipresent in various applications of refractory
materials, including aerospace [60] and energy industry [61]. In many such compositions, alumina (Al2O3) is used as the matrix material, since it
benefits from reliable refractory properties such as high degree of hardness, melting point, and good electrical and thermal insulation properties [56].
In specific, Low Cement Castables (LCC) which contain lower contents of calcium and finer grains of alumina, benefit from superior thermal shock
resistance, as opposed to Conventional Castables (CC) [8], [56]. In general, compared to other refractory components, SiC has relatively low, and
Al2O3 and ZrO2... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different experiments are then performed on such porous samples before and after thermal shock so as to characterize their physics. Yuan et al. [33]
implemented fugitive inclusions as well as sintering method, and showed that the value of elastic modulus and thermal conductivity is independent of
the method of porosity generation, and only depends on volume fraction of porosity. Although not mentioned in their publication, this perhaps means
that in their experiments, they also did not detect any influence from the shape of the porosity on the aforementioned properties. However, they
reported that the fracture properties were dependent upon the method of porosity generation. Jin et al. [67] studied thermal shock behavior of porous
ZrB2–SiC ceramics, and discovered that both porosity and pore size can influence MOR, fracture toughness, and thermal shock damage resistance in
different ways. Saho et al. [37] established that fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and MOR will decrease by increase in porosity. Jin et al. [67]
concluded that most porous samples displayed higher thermal shock residual strength than the dense samples, and findings of Chong and Yansheng
[68] agrees with it. Conversely, Shao et al. [37] did not find introduction of porosity to be a reliable technique for enhancing the thermal shock response
in their specific ceramic, due

Sensitivity Analysis
In general sensitivity analysis, the most influencing parameters are identified through building a statistical linear model, partial t–test, and Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). Sensitivity analysis was conducted through Design of experiments (DoE) in order to determine the most influencing geological
parameters on the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage process performance. DoE combines multi–level of each parameter to create many computer
experiments evaluated by the compositional reservoir simulation to obtain the flow response factor. In this study, the parameters adopted for sensitivity
analysis are horizontal permeability, anisotropy ratio $K_{v}/K_{h}$, and porosity, all given for the entire reservoir. First, more than 80 computer...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, this fact can be also observed in Figure ~ref{fig:sa1lm} that decorates the component–residual plots for each parameter. If a variable has a
horizontal straight line of residual, it has no effect on the response and should be removed from the linear model, specifically the porosity variable.
Figure ~ref{fig:sa1_lm} shows the basic diagnostic plots for the full linear model. The residuals vs. fitted plot is used to determine if the linear
relationship between the predictors (parameters) and outcome factors are captured by the model. An accurate model will have a residuals vs. fitted
plot with a horizontal line with residuals above and below it without forming a pattern or grouping, as seen in the top left plot. Moreover, the normal
Q–Q plot, shown in the top right plot, is used to determine if the residuals are normally distributed. A good normal distribution will have a normal Q–Q
plot which follows a straight line, as do our results. Furthermore, the Scale–Location plot shows if the residuals are spread equally along all ranges of
the predictors. Ideally, the residuals should be randomly spread across all fitted values and not tend to one area, as ours do in the bottom left plot.
Likewise, the Residuals vs Leverage plot determines how big of an impact outliers points have on the regression curve. Additionally, outliers away
from the Cook's distance will have a large

Water Absorbance Test Lab Report
Results The absorbance of five substances _ sphagnum, true sponge, artificial sponge, and paper towel was tested with 5g of each material and
250ml of water for each. The materials were left to sit in the water for two minutes after which they were removed and the water left was measured.
sphagnum, which had the least absorbance left 245ml of water, which means it absorbed 5ml of water; second is paper towel whose beaker had
225ml left, that is, it absorbed 25ml of water; the third which is artificial sponge left 210ml of water in the beaker, which means it absorbed 40ml of
water; finally true sponge with the most absorbance left 190ml of water and absorbed 60ml of water (Table 1). Table 1. Water absorbance results
Material Amount of water... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the way the sphagnum was described in the lab manual, in the sense that "many gardeners use sphagnum in their yard because of its
ability to absorb water", made it look like there would be a twist in the result, and that the sphagnum would actually absorb more water, the
hypothesis was in fact proven right because the true sponge did absorbed the greatest amount of water, followed by the artificial sponge, then
paper towel, and finally sphagnum. This actually makes sense because all the substances are porous and permeable so they should all absorb at
least little quantity of water. Porosity and permeability are properties of solids that affect their absorbance. Porosity is the extent to which space is
present within the solid, while Permeability is the ability of a solid to prevent or allow the passage of liquid. The higher the number and size of
pores in a, the easier it is for liquid to pass through it. Accordingly a solid with high porosity is most likely to have high permeability (Kearsley and
Wainwright, 2001). Although paper towel had larger surface area, it was not as thick as the sponges and so it absorbed lower amount of water, in
addition, the true sponge was thicker than the artificial sponge.

Gas Porosity Lab Report
As stated previously, the objective of this porosity lab is to calculating the effective porosity of a core plug sample by measuring the bulk and grain
densities. The effective porosites calculated for the core plug sample using various techniques did not show huge differences. After using the caliper to
obtain five different diameters and three different lengths readings for the core plug sample at various locations, we were able to obtain an average
diameter of 3.86cm3 and an avarage length of 5.24cm3.
After obatining various pressure values during our lab experiement, these values were used to calculate of constants of the porosimeter. It observed a
higher volume two (V2В¬) value (275.88cm3) then volume one (V1) value (122.2cm3). Futhermore, we were able to obtain the core grain volume and
the value for pore volume from the Gas Porosimeter. Obtaining all the necessary values from our experiement, we were able to calculate for the four
porosity values and made a reasonable conclusion.
Comparing all four porosity values, we observed that Helium gas porosimeter method is highly effective and accurate considering that the helium gas
molecule can penetrate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results obtained from our calculations performed the core plug sample were desirable in that the values were ob effective porost conducted all
equipment give us an appropriate means by which we could calculate the densities of the toluene, water, and oil, as well as calculating for oil, water,
and gas saturations. One key thing about the lab is that it requires a lot of time and based on time consumption, we were not able to complete the lab
the same day. The result of the experiment might have been different from the true value taking into consideration the handling process of the in–situ
fluids, and human error when conducting this

Investigating The Water Retention Capacity Of Different...
2. Project Objectives
The project objective is to determine the water retention capacity of different growing substrates and whether the substrate has an effect on the quality
of runoff, under the climate conditions of Western Australia.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Substrate Mixes and Plant
Cynodon dactylon (Couch Grass) was selected as the model plant for the experiment, which was purchased from a local nursery. This is due to its
ability to survive on low amounts of water because of its extensive root system (BioNET–EAFRINET 2016). In order to reduce the effects of other
growing media on the testing substrate, the Cynodon dactylon (couch) roll was washed with water before planting onto planting pots.
For the present study, substrate preparation was based on an extensive green roof system, which has a shallower layer (6–20cm) of growing medium
(IGRA 2014). Therefore, in this case, the depth of substrate was fixed at 14 cm with inorganic and organic composition. The materials used for the
preparation of green roof substrate include vermiculite, perlite, sand and organic mulch. Vermiculite is a kind of materials which are
aluminium–iron–magnesium–silicates, resembling mica in appearance(DuprГ© Minerals Ltd. 2016). These materials were brought from the local
stores and used in their original form in experiments.
The physical properties of each substrate component were tested and listed in Table 1. Bulk density (at maximum water holding capacity) was
measured as per FLL

The Discovery Of Ekofisk Oil Field
Introduction
The Ekofisk oil field is one of the offshore giant oil field of the north sea with an estimated 6.9 billion barrels of original oil in place. It is located at
Block 2/4 in the Norwegian part of the North Sea which is about 300 kilometers southwest of Stavanger. Ekofisk has a few licensed owners namely
Total E&P Norge AS (39.90%), ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS (35.11%), Eni Norge AS (12.39%), StatoilPetroleum AS (7.60%) and Petoro AS
(5.00%) with ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS as the operator of the it.
The discovery of Ekofisk oil field was announced in December 1969. The discovery was a turning point for oil exploration in the North Sea as it
gave hope to the oil industry. Although the exploration in the North Sea was triggered by the discovery of the giant gas field, Groningen, but the
effort in search for commercial oil rapidly declines after drilling over 200 exploratory well. Since then, most of the oil companies consider exploration
in North Sea is infeasible or even impossible as the environmental conditions in the North Sea was harsh due to the strong gale–force wind, treacherous
water depth and high tidal waves. Those who endured the misgivings of others prevailed and discovered Ekofisk oil Field.
Fig 1– the location of Ekofisk
History of the field
In the year 1977, a blowout occurred on "Bravo" production platform of Ekofisk during maintenance. The blowout occurred due to a misplaced
blowout preventer. This cause approximately 202380 barrels

Wasco Oil Synthesis Essay
The Wasco oil field produces mainly from the Oligocene Vedder Formation and Eocene sandstones within the Kreyenhagen Formation in the San
Joaquin basin, California. The Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones in the Wasco oil field consist of fine
–to coarse–grain, very poor to well sorted,
angular to sub round, arkosic arenites. Porosity development in these deeply buried sandstones was significantly affected by compaction, dissolution
of framework grains, and precipitation of authigenic minerals. These diagenetic processes controlled the quality of the Vedder and Kreyenhagen
sandstone reservoirs. The data and interpretation for this study were based upon a detailed petrographic examination of sixty (60) thin sections
prepared from the core samples of the Kreyenhagen and Vedder sands from Mushrush wells 1, 2, and 5 of the Wasco oil field, California, and
supplemented by textural and chemical analyses of twelve thin sections obtained using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an
energy–dispersive x–ray spectrophotometer (EDS). The thin sections were studied to establish the mineralogical, compositional, and textural properties
of the Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones. The data collected were used to determine the diagenetic paragenesis including porosity development of
the Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones of the Wasco oil field.

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