2. Foraminifera are eukaryotic unicellular
organisms with the general characteristics of
protista.
Kingdom:- Protista
Subkingdom:- Protozoa
Phylum:- Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum:- Sarcodina
Superclass:- Rhizopoda
Class:- Granuloreticulosea
Order:- Foraminiferida
Till date approximately 5000 species of benthic
and about 1000 species of planktic foraminifera
were identified.
(Armstrong and Brasier, 2004) 9/11/2022
3. Biological importance:
Being numerous suitable for statistical
analysis.
Two morphological forms exist per species.
Visible morphology, complex architecture
which yields taxonomic and ecological
information.
Geological Importance:
Their rapid evolution make them good
biostratigraphic indicators.
Paleoenvironment and paleoecological
studies.
Significant contribution in oil exploration
projects.
Oceanographical Importance:
Exclusively marine, live in open sea,
paralic water bodies in all the
geographically and bathymetric
zones.
Used in paleomonsoonal studeis.
Show movement of water masses of
present and past.
9/11/2022
4. Utility in Biostratigraphy and High Resolution
Biostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy High Resolution Biostratigraphy
9/11/2022
5. In the Global and Local correlation such as
from ‘well to well’.
There are two methods for correlation
between well A and B.
One is comparison of the changes of
planktonic and benthic formaminiferal–
ratio (P/B ratio) between them the ratio is
calculated as follows.
Another method is a ratio of
aranaceous and calcerous bethhic
foraminifera (A/C)
This ratio is calculated as follows :-
In this case the high value of this
ratio indicates a stagnant
environment in the basin.
9/11/2022
6. Interpretation of the depositional
environment in which the rock unit is
formed, based upon the fossil found within
the unit.
Most of the micofaunna can be great help in
visualizing the environment (Provenance) at
the time of their deposition.
For example: Lacustrine Environment –
Diatoms and rare occurrence of foraminifera
Littoral Environment- sessile foraminifera
and ostracoda.
Laggoonal Environment spores and
pollens, conodont, arenaceous, and
porcelaneous foreaminifera
9/11/2022
7. Comparison of changes in isotope level
(benthic Forms show bottom water
conditions and planktic forms show
intermediate to upper water conditions
Coiling direction in planktic species for
paleotemperature
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8. Ecology of benthic forms helps
interpretation of paleomonsoonal
precipitation
Percentage distribution of two
morphogroups show considerable
fluctuations (Nigam et al.,1992)
More rounded symmetrical form: high rain
fall
More angular asymmetric form: poor
rainfall
Rate of sedimentation
Elongated form show calm water with
high rate of sedimentation.
Rounded form shows Agitated water
zones with high aeration and slow rate of
sedimentation.
Elongated form example:
Nodosaria, Bigenerina,
Rounded form example:
Conuspira planispiral, Overculina
9/11/2022
12. Photograph of the black shale sampling site in Dhonsa,
Kodki, Naliya Narayan Sarovar Road and Core
Sections of surface exposure
Core from Matanomadh
lignite mines
13. (a) Chlorite in shale collected from Dhonsa (b) Chlorite and halloysite from Kodki (c)
Smectite in NNSR (d) Pyrite crystals in NNSR (e) Chlorite in core samples (f) Pyrite
crystals in core samples.
14. • Organic carbon
from NNSR area are
type –III and IV (low
HI & high OI)
• Core samples from
44.1 to 59.1m are type
III/IV kerogen.
•Core samples from
60.7 to 74.1m are type
II/III kerogen
• Kodki and Dhonsa
area are Type IV- HI
(equal or less than 28)
and higher OI (53-
286)
15. Higher Tmax
values of black
shales from
Kodki and
Dhonsa
sediments to be
mature to post
mature stages of
oil generation.
The lower Tmax
values of black
shales from both
the Core and
NNSR sediments
to be in immature
stage or in early
stage of
maturation/oil
generation
