Early theories attributed mental illness to demonic possession or imbalances of bodily humors. Hippocrates and Galen promoted natural/physical causes like brain injuries. During the Middle Ages, demonic theories returned before asylums were established in the 1500s-1700s under poor conditions. The late 1700s saw biological links to diseases like syphilis. Freud established the unconscious and free association, laying the groundwork for modern psychology. The DSM standardized diagnoses based on objective symptoms and subjective descriptions across five axes.

4. 
Abnormal behavior was evil
spirits trying to get out.

Trephining was often used.

5. 
Demonology, Gods, and Magic
› Cause- possession of evil spirits
› Tx- exorcism

Early Greek and Roman Thought
› Hippocrates (460-370 B.C)
Cause
Mental Disorders have natural causes
Brain Central Organ of Intellectual Activity
Heredity
Four Bodily Humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and
phlegm)
 Tx





 Tranquil lifestyle, abstinence from excesses, bleeding, exercise
 Pleasant surroundings, massage, hydrotherapy, education,
 Bleeding, purging, mechanical restraints

6. 
Early Greek and Roman Thought (cont)

Galen (130-200 A.D.)
 Anatomy of Nervous System
 Causes
 Physical and Mental Categories
 Head injuries, alcoholic excess, shock, fear, menstruation
 Disappointment of love
 Tx
 Contrariis contrarius (opposite by opposite)

Middle Ages (500-1500)
› Return to Demonology & Superstition and away from
Physical Causes

7. 
Middle Ages (1500-1700s)
› Establishment of Asylums and Shrines
 Means of removing mentally ill from society
 Horrid condition of filth and deprivation including: darkness,
starvation, restraints, cold baths, tortures.

Beginning of the Modern Era
› Biological Link between Brain and Mental Disorder
 General Paresis & Syphilis
 Classification System (Kraeplin) & Medical Model

8. › Establishing the Psychological Basis
 Mesmerism
 Nancy School
 Psychoanalysis (Freud)
 Hypnosis and Catharsis
 Unconscious and Free Association
› Establishing An Experimental Research
 Laboratories
 Behavioral Perspective
 Classical Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning

9. 
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (DSM)

Introduced in 1952

Moving from a subjective to operational
definition.

Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms

Signs- objective observations of a patients
physical or mental disorder by a diagnostician.

Symptoms- patient’s subjective description

10. of a physical or mental
disorder.

Axis I - Particular clinical syndromes

Axis II - Personality disorders

Axis III - General medical conditions

Axis IV - Psychosocial/environmental
problems

Axis V - Global assessment of functioning

The DSM is organized into major etiological
groupings

11. 
Disorders secondary to gross destruction or
malfunctioning of brain tissue

Substance-use disorders

Disorders of psychological or sociological origin
having no known brain pathology

Disorders usually arising during childhood or
adolescence

12. 
Distressing but
one can still
function in
society and act
rationally.

Person loses contact with
reality, experiences distorted
perceptions.

13. 
a group of conditions
where the primary
symptoms are anxiety or
defenses against anxiety.

the patient fears
something awful will
happen to them.

They are in a state of
intense apprehension,
uneasiness, uncertainty,
or fear.

14. 

An anxiety disorder in
which a person is
continuously tense,
apprehensive and in a
state of autonomic
nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly
tense and worried, feels
inadequate, is
oversensitive, can’t
concentrate and suffers
from insomnia.

15. 
An anxiety disorder
marked by a minuteslong episode of intense
dread in which a person
experiences terror and
accompanying chest
pain, choking and other
frightening sensations.

16. 
Persistent unwanted
thoughts (obsessions)
cause someone to feel
the need (compulsion) to
engage in a particular
action.

Obsession about dirt
and germs may lead to
compulsive hand washing.

17. 
Flashbacks or
nightmares following
a person’s
involvement in or
observation of an
extremely stressful
event.

Memories of the even
cause anxiety.

18. 
Occur when a person
manifests a
psychological problem
through a
physiological
symptom.

Two types……

19. 
Has frequent physical
complaints for which
medical doctors are
unable to locate the
cause.

They usually believe
that the minor issues
(headache, upset
stomach) are indicative
are more severe
illnesses.

20. 
Report the existence
of severe physical
problems with no
biological reason.

Like blindness or
paralysis.

21. 
These disorders
involve a disruption in
the conscious
process.

Three types….

22. 
A person cannot
remember things with
no physiological basis
for the disruption in
memory.

Retrograde Amnesia

NOT organic amnesia.

Organic amnesia can be
retrograde or
antrograde.

23. 
People with
psychogenic amnesia
that find themselves
in an unfamiliar
environment.

24. 
Used to be known as
Multiple Personality
Disorder.

A person has several
rather than one
integrated personality.
People with DID
commonly have a
history of childhood
abuse or trauma.


25. 
Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

26. 
Unipolar depression

Unhappy for at least
two weeks with no
apparent cause.

Depression is the
common cold of
psychological
disorders.

27. 
Experience
depression during the
winter months.

Based not on
temperature, but on
amount of sunlight.

Treated with light
therapy.

28. 
Formally manic depression.

Involves periods of
depression and manic
episodes.

Manic episodes involve
feelings of high energy
(but they tend to differ a
lot…some get confident and
some get irritable).

Engage in risky behavior
during the manic episode.

29. 
Personality disorder
begins in childhood ,
personality disorder’s
are different with
one another.

They are disturbing
to the person or to
the others . they are
difficult to treat.

30. 
In this disorder. An
individual is not
interested in social
contacts like friends , life
partner.

Later in life, an individual
with this disorder often
lose personal appearance ,
hygiene and other social
polite conversations.

31. 

In this disorder , an individual are
interested in social skills but he has low
tolerance so he cannot manage social skill
like others.
He easily speak lie and blame to others
for his mistake.

32. 
About 1 in every 100
people are diagnosed
with schizophrenia.
Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
1.
Disorganized thinking.
2.
Disturbed Perceptions
3.
Inappropriate Emotions
and Actions

33. 

The thinking of a
person with
Schizophrenia is
fragmented and
bizarre and distorted
with false beliefs.
Disorganized thinking
comes from a
breakdown in selective
attention.- they cannot
filter out information.

34. 
Delusions of Grandeur

E.g. :That person walk on water

35. 
hallucinationssensory experiences
without sensory
stimulation.

36. 
Laugh at
inappropriate times.

Flat Effect

Senseless, compulsive
acts.

Catatonia- motionless
Waxy Flexibility

38. 


Disorganized speech or
behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
Clang associations
"Imagine the worst
Systematic, sympathetic
Quite pathetic,
apologetic, paramedic
Your heart is prosthetic"

39. 
Paraphilias (pedophilia,
zoophilia,
hybristophilia)

Fetishism

sadist, masochist

Eating Disorders

Substance use
disorders

ADHD